Download to read offline
More Related Content
Similar to Finding the evidence - nursing apprenticeship
Finding the evidence - nursing apprenticeship
- 1. Finding the Evidence- Advanced Literature Searching Sarah Robinson Academic Liaison Librarian s.robinson@uos.ac.uk @libraryhamster
- 2. Aim: • To knowwhere to search for journal articles (that provide evidence) • To know how to search for articles • to understand how to create a strategy to search for articles (create a search strategy) • To apply your search strategy in a database to search for articles • To know how to document/record your search Session aim
- 3. Your task • Touse evidence in your assignment To underpin care in order to improve practice
- 4. Where will Ifind evidence? NICE • What do the guidelines say? Cochrane • What is available through Cochrane? Journal articles • Find articles to support your arguments
- 5. Sources From MySuffolk NICE –National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Contains practice guidance NICE Pathways - brings all guidance together into one interactive flowchart https://www.nice.org.uk/
- 6. Sources From MySuffolk Cochrane LibraryBrings together High quality evidence to inform healthcare practice Includes Trials Systematic Reviews Clinical answers https://www.cochranelibrary.com/
- 7. Where will Ifind evidence? From MySuffolk Summon Searches for a range of content types – books, ebooks, newspaper articles and journals across our sources of information (or databases) Cinahl Plus with Full-Text Key resource for high quality journal articles – access via the A-Z of eResources Health and Medical Collection (Proquest) Covers all elements of health research – access via the A-Z of eResources Medline Medical database, access via the A- Z of eResources
- 8. 6 stages toyour literature search Finding journal articles 1 Identify Key concepts associated with your topic or research question 2 Select Search terms using related words, acronyms and abbreviations 3 Apply Search techniques to make your search more effective
- 9. 6 stages toyour literature search Finding journal articles 4 Databases Select the databases that you will use 5 Refine Using limiters available in the database 6 Final selection From your final selection make any further exclusions
- 10. • Write outyour research question • Identify your keywords Research question The experiences of fathers in caring for premature babies Step 1 – Identify the key concepts
- 11. Using PICO andPEO frameworks to help define your question and develop keywords • The PEO and PICO models are used widely in nursing and health research and in professional practice and are strongly advocated by the NHS. • They help you to formulate an answerable question and to identify the key concepts within it. • They also help you to develop your inclusion and exclusion criteria. You should refer back to these when you are making your final selection of articles.
- 12. PEO – useto develop your topic and the keywords you use •P Population, patient or problem. Who are the users - patients, family, practitioners or community being affected? What are the symptoms, condition, health status, age, gender, ethnicity? What is the setting e.g. acute care, community, mental health? •E Exposure to a condition or illness, risk factor e.g. smoking, screening, care, treatment, rehabilitation, service etc. •O Outcome or themes e.g. experiences, attitudes, feelings, improvement in condition, responsiveness to treatment, care, mobility, quality of life or daily living.
- 13. PEO – useto develop your topic and the keywords you use •P Population, patient or problem. Adults •E Exposure Type 2 diabetes •O Outcome or themes Improved self management
- 14. PICO – includesa comparison •P Population, patient, problem - Who are the users (patients, family, practitioners or community) being affected? What are the symptoms, conditions, health status, age, gender, ethnicity? Is the setting acute care, community or mental health? •I Intervention - What is being done to or for the population - pharmacological (e.g. a drug) or non-pharmacological (e.g. therapy, screening, surgery, service or test). •C Comparison - Is there a control scenario or comparison element e.g. different treatment options, a new drug versus a placebo? Often there is no comparison. •O Outcome, expectation - What do you hope to achieve or change/measure, e.g. mortality rates, a patient’s condition or satisfaction, reduction in referrals or length of stay.
- 15. PICO – applythe format to the question •Research question: Are post-menopausal women on hormone replacement therapy at risk of developing breast cancer? • P Post-menopausal women • I Hormone replacement therapy • C Not applicable • O Risk of developing breast cancer
- 16. Identify the keyconcepts The experiences of fathers in caring for premature babies Search string 1 Fathers (Population) Search string 2 Premature (exposure) Search string 3 Experiences (outcome)
- 17. For each conceptmany try to think of as many similar or related words as possible Example – my search includes the topic of diet Any of the following keywords could be used Step 2. Find alternative search terms to create search strings Diet Dietary Food Meals Malnutrition Nutrition Nourishment Eating Malnourishment Tip! Use the online thesaurus to help with this
- 18. To search comprehensively,you should use various types of search terms. For example Step 2. Synonyms and antonyms Synonyms (similar words) For Head Also use skull OR cranial For dying Also use end of life OR palliative For anxiety Also use stress OR burnout Antonyms (opposite words) For success Also use failure For nutrition Also use malnutrition For exercise Also use inactivity OR sedentary
- 19. To search comprehensively,you should use various types of search terms. For example Step 2. Acronyms and abbreviations Acronyms and abbreviations Use MRI For Magnetic resonance imaging Use QOL For Quality of life Use EOL For End of life Alternative spellings Use organisation OR organization Use pediatrics OR paediatrics
- 20. Community Nursing OR Districtnurse OR CNS OR Home Nurse OR SCPHN OR Public health OR Community nursing OR health visitor Finding alternative search terms
- 21. Treatment OR Intervention ORDrug OR Pharmacology OR Prevention OR Relief Finding alternative search terms
- 22. Find alternative searchterms The experiences of fathers in caring for premature babies Search string 1 Fathers OR paternal OR dad OR dads Search string 2 AND Premature OR neonatal OR preterm OR pre- term Search string 3 AND Experiences OR life OR lives OR living
- 23. Find alternative searchterms Topic is Sepsis in the elderly
- 24.
- 25. Note UK/England searchstring Search string can be added • England or Wales or Scotland or Ireland or United Kingdom or UK or Britain or British This will limit down articles to UK to some extent – not perfect by any means and you may miss useful European content
- 26. 1. Searching onthe stem of a word (sometimes known as truncation or Wildcard searches) uses an * to find any letter after the point the * is placed. 2. Boolean operators – OR/AND Step 3: Apply techniques to make searching more effective
- 27. * Searches forvariants of the stem of a word and will increase you search results Nurs* finds: Nurse, nurses, nursing Child* finds: Child, children, childhood, childbirth Radiograph* finds: Radiographer, radiogaphers, radiography Manage* finds: Mange, manges, manger, managers, management, managing Midwif* finds: Midwife, midwives, midwifery Step 3. Apply techniques to make searching more effective - Truncation
- 28. • Boolean operatorsare useful for broadening or narrowing your search results and to link keywords together OR broadens (or widens your search) by finding any word use it within your search string group your search words together on the same topic using OR AND narrows by finding all words Use it to combine your searches most databases have AND set up for you Step 3. Apply techniques to make searching more effective - Boolean operators Tip: it is good practice to use upper case for Boolean operators
- 29. Fish AND Chips– Both things together, in terms of searching your article will have both search terms Fish OR Chips – One or the other, in terms of searching your article will have one or the other but not necessarily both Step 3. Apply techniques to make searching more effective - Boolean operators Tip: it is good practice to use upper case for Boolean operators
- 30. Which of yourtopics can be truncated? Which search terms are grouped together using OR? Where do you use AND? Activity
- 31. Apply truncation andsearch operators The experiences of fathers in caring for premature babies Experience* OR life OR lives OR living AND Father* OR paternal* OR dad* AND Prematur* OR neonat* OR preterm* OR pre-term*
- 32. Phrase search examples Examplesearch Search results Nurse education Words may appear in different search fields (e.g. title and abstract) so may be unrelated “Nurse education” Nurse education (no other variations will be found)
- 33. Phrase searching usingproximity operators • Database Phrase search Finds Cinahl Nurs* N1 educat* Education of nurses Educating nurses Nurse educator(s) Nurse as educator Nurses as educators Nursing education Nursing educators Proquest Nurs* N/1 educat* Medline Nurs* NEAR/1 educat*
- 34. Specialist databases touse to find journal articles Step 4. Selecting your databases Nursing and health databases Name Provider Cinahl Nursing & Health Ebsco British Nursing Database Nursing & Health Proquest Nursing and Allied Health Nursing & Health Proquest Medline or Pubmed Medical Psychology Database Mental Health Proquest
- 35. Cinahl database • CumulativeIndex to Nursing and Allied Health – a specialist database for nursing, health, midwifery and radiography • Provides access to journal articles from academic and practice journals • Advanced search functionality enables deeper searching than Summon • Access Cinahl through the A-Z of eResources list Step 4. Selecting your databases
- 36. A primary researchpaper will usually describe itself as a study Other useful terms relating to primary research include: • Trials • Findings • Qualitative • Quantitative • Sample • Participants • RCTs • Focus groups Tip! Avoid using the word research as this is too generic or studies which is more likely to find systematic reviews Filtering to primary research
- 37. A primary researchpaper will usually describe itself as a study Other useful terms relating to primary research include: • Trial* OR Find* OR quali* or quanti* or sample* or participant* or RCTs or focus group* Tip! Avoid using the word research as this is too generic or studies which is more likely to find systematic reviews Filtering to primary research
- 38. Limit your searchresults using the refine options offered by the database (these vary) • Year of publication – normally the last 5-10 years, or since the latest guidance on the topic was published. • Academic or peer-reviewed journals – in order to exclude articles from practice journals • Language – to exclude articles in languages other than English. Step 5. Refine your search results – inclusion and exclusion criteria
- 39. Found too manyresults? • Re-run your key search string as words in the title • Experiment with this as you may need to use the title for one of your search strings and leave the others as keyword searches • Remove truncation on the most common variant of a word, eg. For old* use older • Add in an extra search string
- 40. Found too fewresults? • Check your spelling • Add extra search terms to your search string e.g. parent* OR mother OR father • Remove the least well defined concept string (to widen out your search) • Are you searching in the right database?
- 41. Limits • Limit toa date range • Limit to English language • Limit to Academic Journal/Peer review
- 42. Other tips: Do notsearch within the abstract only • Best practice is to search within the article citation – this includes all the details about the article, including title, abstract and subject headings • Limiting your search to words in abstract is not recommended as not all papers include abstracts • An abstract only search would not search within title or the major/minor subject headings
- 43. Do not limitresults to full-text only • This is not good practice as your results will not be comprehensive • You will lose the most recent articles where full-text has been embargoed by publishers • Many citations may have embedded links to full-text • Full-text might be available by searching for the article title in Summon or Google
- 44. Do not limitto results to the UK • The geography limiter in Cinahl limits to articles published in the UK, not articles about the UK • This is not generally helpful as research done in other countries may still be applicable to the UK, eg. Australia, New Zealand, Canada where healthcare systems are similar
- 45. If the full-textisn’t available try the following • Cinahl articles – check the citation for embedded DOI link • Cut and paste the title of the article into Summon or Google I have a good article but there is no full-text- what can I do? DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000001638
- 46. • Research methodologiesinclude cohort studies, RCTs (Randomised control trials), experiments • Data collection methods include questionnaires, observations, tests • Keywords such as statistics, validity, risk, ratios, sampling, scores • If in doubt remember quant = quantity Quantitative – how can you tell?
- 47. • Will beabout people’s experiences, perceptions or attitudes • Research methodologies include grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology • Data collection methods include semi- structured interviews, focus groups, narratives, diaries, observation or case studies • Likely to use smaller sample sizes • Remember qual = quality Qualitative research – how can you tell?
- 48. What is ajournal article? Articles are written by academics or researchers reporting on their current research Peer Review When journal articles are submitted for publication in a journal, they go through a rigorous editing and review process by other experts in the field, therefore becoming ‘peer’ reviewed to indicate a high quality of research.
- 49. • Journals areAcademic magazines • Cover a specific topic or discipline • Published on a regular basis • Made up of volumes with issues (or parts) • Each issue contains a number of articles Main source of evidence – journal articles
- 50. The structure ofan article Usually a peer-reviewed journal article is made up of the following sections: Note - Some of the terminology will vary dependent on the criteria that publishers have chosen to use. Also the order of parts may differ too Introduction Methods Results Discussion References
- 51. • Use theA-Z of e-journals link to search for individual titles • You can usually browse all issues or search within a journal • Useful for accessing journals not included in standard databases Searching individual journals
- 52. If you can’tobtain the article from any of our sources we can order it for you. • You will need to fill in a resource request form, this must be signed and returned to the library either in person or by post (they can’t be scanned and emailed) • Allow 5 working days for documents to be sent to you Resource requests
- 53. • Step-by-step guideto advanced literature searching including: • Links to past dissertations with example literature searches • Video search guides – database examples • Thesaurus – help finding search terms http://libguides.uos.ac.uk/AdvancedLiteratureSearchGuide Advanced literature guide
- 54. Book a one-to-onetutorial Use the booking page on the learning services website Small groups can be booked by numbers need to be advised of first if possible Skype appointments possible Support with your question or choice of articles – please see your tutor Follow up support for your literature search
- 55. Thank you -questions