Dr. Bhaskar Borgohain discusses strategies for conducting an effective literature search. He emphasizes defining a clear research question, brainstorming keywords, using appropriate search techniques like Boolean operators and filters, and keeping detailed records of the search process. Maintaining a search diary and using a citation manager are important for reproducing and organizing search results.
Learn how to search on PubMed: basic module
- What is PubMed?
- Before starting your search
- Search operators
- What are MeSH descriptors?
- What is the methodology for an efficient search?
- Search strategy using MeSH
- Search results
- Sending results
- Using limiters (filters)
- Viewing articles
- Exercises
- Other tools
Learn how to search on PubMed: basic module
- What is PubMed?
- Before starting your search
- Search operators
- What are MeSH descriptors?
- What is the methodology for an efficient search?
- Search strategy using MeSH
- Search results
- Sending results
- Using limiters (filters)
- Viewing articles
- Exercises
- Other tools
A session for the Dent 610 course at the University of Michigan, on research methods and processes. Specific focus of this session on systematic review methods and processes, especially through database searching.
This presentation was funded by CDC and PEPFAR through the SUCCEED project at Stellenbosch University. The presentation was delivered by Ms Lynn Hendricks from the Centre for Evidence Based Health Care in July 2017
This presentation is a comprehensive summary about all aspects of back pain. Back pain is one of the most common orthopaedic morbidity or orthopedic disability. Sciatica and lumbar disc diseases are common cause of spinal disability. Back pain are divided into Red flags, green flags and yellow flags for quick clinical screening. both treatment, prevention aspects are covered. Spinal anatomy and Biomechanics are covered. Epidemiology and role of various types of spine surgery, microdiscectomy, endoscopic spine surgery are also described.
Currently favored Biomaterials in total hip replacementsBhaskarBorgohain4
It was Sir John Charnley who popularized total hip replacement after his phenomenal success using PMMA cold curing bone cement to perform cemented hip replacements. His method of fixation still remains the gold standard for component fixation especially for the femoral stem. Over the years cementless or uncemented designs have come into application to avoid risk of cement related complications. Similarly metal on polyethylene articulation has been criticized for PE wear and aseptic osteolysis. This led to increasing use of ceramic head on highly cross linked PE cup articulation. Metal on metal designs came and gone due to the problem of metalosis and pseudotumors. Ceramic on ceramic articulation is reportedly best in terms of wear rates. Hybrid hip replacements are also increasing especially in younger patients of AVN. Accelerated biotechnological developments are happening in this field to improve long term outcomes and implant survival.
Bone substitutes and void fillers in managing Cystic bone tumors and tumor li...BhaskarBorgohain4
In clinical settings there are several fairly common bone tumors or tumor like conditions that can causes a pathological bony cavity. These cavity can lead to pathological fracture. Giant cell tumors, simple bone cyst( SBC, UBC), fibrous dysplasia, giant cell tumors (GCT), aneurysm bone cysts( ABC) are well known entity. Autologous bone grafting , allograft or various bone substitutes are being increasingly used to fill up such voids or cavity after curettage to provide immediate cavity obliteration, provide mechanical support and promote long term healing the cavity.
arthroscopy of the knee joint is a relatively common orthopedic procedure to treat a host of sports injuries and other knee diseases. Commonly a 4 mm size scope is used via two standard arthroscopy portals. Arthroscopic examination of the knee confirms MRI findings. Synovial fluid and biopsy can be taken to confirm diagnosis.
Sports injury epidemiology: Its Treatment and Prevention in the Northeast India BhaskarBorgohain4
Love for sports is innate to youths of the north east India. the north eastern region of India is a sports talent pool. Mary Kom from Manipur captured the imagination of the nation by her boxing skills, Somdev Devvarman from Tripura by his tennis, Shiva Thapa by boxing...so on and so forth. There is a felt need but there is no regional sports injury management centre in the north eastern region. Sports injury surveillance is required for understanding, monitoring and formulate prevention strategy.
Total knee replacement is a salvage procedure in orthopaedic surgery to provide a painless, mobile and stable knee joint to improve quality of life of patients suffering from afvanced painful arthritis commonly osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and rarely post-traumatic arthritis. Damaged cartilages and bones are carefully removed by measured resection and the collateral ligaments are preserved and balanced for creating a equal gap both in knee flexion as well as in knee extension for restoring anatomy. the main indication for doing total knee replacement is pain relief. The overall functional outcomes in terms of functional results are good after total knee replacement. Wound infection must be prevented by strict aseptic precautions during surgery.
Once you have completed your research work the next important thing is to publish your work. you need to communicate your finding scientifically but while doing so you need to keep it short , precise, interesting, easy going and story like to have a wider scientific and public interest and appeal. The classical approach to present your work as a manuscript by follow the well known IMReD protocol: Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion. Every section is unique in its own right but all section must be cohesive and flowing from one section to the next like a flowing river of continuity and lucidity to sustain interest of the reader. The title of the manuscript is like the trailer of the movie. The abstract is the summary of the story in the movie. Originality, novelty, rigorous attention to details of methodology, appropriateness of statistical method, clarity and good language skills are a big advantages in avoiding pitfalls of manuscript in scientific and biomedical writing for research publications.
Management of Shoulder dislocations and shoulder instability in sports BhaskarBorgohain4
acute shoulder dislocation is one of the most common sports injuries especially in contact sports. recurrent dislocations are quite common after anterior dislocation of shoulder especially in young athletes who are engaged in sports with lots of overhead activities during their games. Bankarts lesion, Hill sachs lesion are common predisposing factors for recurrence. Simple acute first time dislocations may be reduced on the field by a trained person but further referral is must for detail evaluation. recurrent dislocation can be reduced on field too by less trained. complicated dislocations, neurovascular deficits, fracture dislocation are to be referred to hospital immediately. Practical scientific algorithms are presented for their appropriate management here.
Neurorobotics and Advances in rehabilitation engineeringBhaskarBorgohain4
Advances in robotics,mechatronics,cyborgs and disruptive technologies for heptics, brain machine interfaces and neurorobotics are bringing a sea change to the field of rehabilitation engineering. Carbon fibre cheetah blades, Bionic arms, c legs are helping the amputees to the extent that amputees can now run in competitive sports at the level of summer Olympics.
Common Musculoskeletal (orthopedic) disorders in elderlyBhaskarBorgohain4
elderly and geriatric old age people tend to suffer many orthopedic disability due to common functional limitations and mobility issues as a result of pain from osteoarthritis, osteoporotic fractures, low back pain and degenerative spinal disorders like lumbar spondylosis and vitamin D and nutritional deficiencies. early diagnosis , prevention, timely surgical interventions and optimum rehabilitation are paramount to bring elderly to pre-injury state of functional independence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
How to do a Literature search for your research and scientific publication
1. Literature Search
Dr Bhaskar Borgohain
MBBS (AMC), MS Ortho (Delhi Univ.), DNB Ortho (NAMS),
AO Trauma Fellow, (Germany), Arthroplasty Fellow (Computer Navigation)
Professor & HoD, Orthopaedics
NEIGRIHMS Shillong
www.neigrihms.gov.in
ublishing your dissertatio
Dr Murali Poduval
(Orth) DNB(Orth) PGDM
nt Engineering and Industrial Services
aConsultancy Services
Mumbai
or : Indian Journal of Orthopaedics
IJO-NILD-WBOA sponsored National workshop on Research Methodology and scientific
publication: Kolkata 29TH September, 2019
2. PubMed
• Pubmed is a free search database that
contains Medline, plus additional information
in dentistry, nursing, history of medicine and
complimentary & alternative medicine.
3. Million documents indexed in Google scholar
Million papers listed in Pubmed
Million papers listed in science direct
Scientific papers published every minute
4. We now live in
Information age
Information boom
Information overload
Problem of plenty
5. List of common medical databases
• Pubmed (Journals)
• Medline- Medical literature analysis and retrieval system online
• CINAHL- Cumulative index of Nursing and allied health literature
(Journals, books, conference proceedings)
• Cochrane library- EBM
• Science direct
• Ovid
• Psychinfo- psychological information (Journals, books, book
chapters, dissertations)
• Web of science (Journals, book chapters, conference proceedings)
A database is a system intended to organize , store and retrieve
large amount of data easily
6.
7. Examples of grey literature include:
• conference proceedings
• theses
• government documents- Ministry reports
• Research reports- e.g. ICMR annual Report
• annual reports- e.g. AIIMS
• fact sheets and bulletins- e.g. WHO Bulletin
• Reports – e.g. Joint registry of Sweden
• Newspapers- medical negligence
• informal communication (blogs, podcasts)
• pamphlets
May require manual searches
8. So you need a Smart Search strategy
Better to Begin with the end in mind
15. Choosing search terms: Define the key words
“Treatment and prevention of osteoporotic fractures in women”
• Identify synonyms: Define keywords for each concept.
- Treatment / intervention/therapy/cure/management
- Prevention / prophylaxis
- Women/ females
• It is very important to use targeted keywords.
• Vertebral, Wrist fractures, Compression fracture, postmanopausal
Tip: You can use a dictionary/thesaurus such as ‘VisuWords’ (visuwords.com) to identify
synonyms and related concepts
Break up the topic - find main concepts
Next, expand the list by writing down synonyms and alternative
phrasings for each keyword. Identify keyword from your topic
How to brainstorm
16. Search techniques:-
Refine your searches
Use of Filter to define Limit
• Age - children
• Time - last 5 years
• Language - English
• Article type - RCT, Metanalysis
• Subject - tumors
• [mh] to search a MeSH heading
• [majr] to search a MeSH heading that is a major topic of an
article
17. Brainstorming:
Checklist for defining keywords
• What alternative vocabulary is used by others in discussion of
my topic?
• Are there American and British variants of spelling or
vocabulary? Esophagus- Oesophagus
• Identify a truncation
e.g., child* to find child, children, or childish.
• Are common abbreviations, acronyms used?
Fat embolism, FES, Cerebral fat embolism
• What more general terms describe my topic?
• What categories I'd like to exclude?
How to brainstorm
18. To develop a search strategy :
• define and write down your research question - what is it that
you are going to research?
• determine a timeframe (When) from your research, if needed
• consider what type material you will include and why
• identify where you will search for the information
19. Wild card & Truncation
Internal truncation or Wild card
If you type Colo?r
It will find both color and colour-
And Both English , American Journals will be covered
External truncation
If you Type “ Prevent*”
It will search all of the following
• Prevention
• Preventable
• preventative
Search techniques
21. Search strategy: Combine Key words and Boolean logic
In adolescent
smokers is brief
counseling
session help to
quit smoking
Research question
P-Population
I-Intervention
O-Outcome
22. A hierarchy of terms is arranged in
‘trees’ starting with a broad topic and
branching into more specific ones
Search techniques: MeSH Tree
23. Example:
• If you type eye [mh] it will retrieve citations
indexed to:
Eye
Eyebrows
Eyelids
Eyelashes
Eyelids etc
Search techniques
24. Field tag
Type [au] for Author
e.g. John (au)
Type [ti] to search for Title of the paper
Type [ta] for search for the journal- but will not pick up ebooks
hypertension [ta]- to search for the Journal only
Note: this will find the journal named HYPERTENSION but not pick up the keyword
“hypertension”
Type [dp] for date of publication- period
blood[au] AND hypertension[ta] AND 2005[dp]
Search techniques
25. Use Boolean operator to search
• English Mathematician George Boole
• Must type in capital letter- AND, OR, NOT
• But not in small letters : and, or not
• PUBMED automatically uses AND if you don't
use any Boolean operators
Search techniques
26. There is no single correct way to do every search!
Searching is not always error free, the success depends on:
• expertise of the searcher
• searcher’s ability to define topic precisely
• how specific & accurate is the indexing
Search techniques
29. When more than two concepts are combined using different
Boolean operators, grouping (or nesting) should be applied. This is
because some computer programs process Boolean "AND" before
"OR", others process "OR" before, still others process strategy from
left to right, and in each processing different results are achieved
(shaded part below). To override this, grouping using parenthesis
should be utilized.
Search techniques
30. Phrase search
• Used to force retrieval of two or more words
next to each other, i.e. appearing as a phrase.
• “Fat embolism syndrome”
• “Damage control orthopaedics”
• “Mad cow disease”
• This will limit your search to the exact phrase
Search techniques
31. KEEPING A RECORD OF YOUR SEARCH ACTIVITY
• A search methodology could ideally include a search diary or document
detailing your search so that someone else can reproduce your steps and
get the same results.
• Keep a record of your search strategies, the sources searched and search
results from each.
• Include:
• The names of the sources you search- Pubmed, Cochrane, Ovid
• Author
• Journal
• Citation manager – endnote, Rayyan QRCI
• YEAR
32. A typical flow chart for Systematic review of literature
Keeping meticulous
records from the
beginning is critical
33.
34. Keep a written record of your searches
• Note down the names of journals that you come
across often during your searches.
• Over time, you will get a good idea of which
journals are most prominent in your field and
which journals you should consider publishing in.
• Keep a list of the keywords and keyword
combinations that return the best results- Reduce
time taken for future searches plus also yield a
list of terminologies that are common
35. Use a references manager
• With the huge number of studies you will probably have to sift
through and track, manual compilation of references is no longer an
option.
• Use a reference manager like Endnote (purchase required) or
Zotero (free).
• Reference managers allow you to download and save papers in your
computer’s library directly from journal websites with just one
button click.
• make it very easy to organize your library and compile reference
lists.
• Although these programs may be difficult to use initially, skimming
through their help manual or video tutorial along with a few days of
learning through trial and error are all that’s required to become
comfortable with them
36. I am starting to use Rayyan QRCI for systematic review
Multiple reviewer can work online
Mobile app also available
You can store your search
38. You can set up subject alert
• You can set up alerts for new articles on your
topic of interest. Such facility is available in
• Scopus
• Taylor and Francis online
• Science direct
• find more studies is by looking through the
reference lists of these articles (backward
searching)
• Also, look at the papers that have cited the
articles published (forward searching) & find
the newer studies
