1. Finding the evidence :
Advanced literature
searching
Sarah Robinson
Academic Liaison
Librarian
s.robinson@uos.ac.uk
@libraryhamster
2. Aim:
• To understand how to create a strategy to search for articles (create a
search strategy)
• To apply your search strategy in a database to search for articles
• To know how to document/record your search
• To give you the opportunity to practice searching for articles
Session aim
3. Your task
• To conduct a literature search using appropriate
search terms
• Document the results
• Apply inclusion and exclusion criteria
• Assess and select (primary research) articles
4. Search terms
Database
Cinahl
S1 Spirit* OR faith* OR
religio* OR God
44,024
S2 Terminal* OR end of life
OR EOL OR dying OR
death
185,032
S3 Acute care OR Actute
setting* OR hospital* OR
ward* OR inpatient*
469,505
S4 S1 AND S2 AND S3 1,020
S5 Trial* OR Find* OR quali*
or quanti* or sample* or
participant* or RCTs or
focus group*
1,441,181
S6 S4 AND S5 645
The end point
•Your table of
results
•You will need to
document how you
found the articles
that you are using
for your critique
Database search limits used
By date <5 years old 242
By peer reviewed/academic journal 114
By language English 103
5. Your search should aim to be:
Structured – you should use a methodical, consistent and structured approach
to search, refine, evaluate and select your articles
Auditable – you should record your search so that it is transparent and clear
how you arrived at your results
Tip – allow plenty of time for each stage of the searching process
Advanced literature searching
6. • 6 stages to your literature search
Stages in the literature search process
1
Identify
Key concepts associated with
your topic or research question
2
Select
Search terms using related
words, acronyms and
abbreviations
3
Apply
Search techniques to make
your search more effective
7. • 6 stages to your literature search
Stages in the literature search process
4
Databases
Select the databases that
you will use
5
Refine
Using limiters available in
the database
6
Final selection
From your final selection
make any further exclusions
8. What is your topic about?
What do I want to research?
Identify keywords
How am I going to find articles?
Databases to search – finding them
Apply search techniques
Save and document your search
9. Stages in the literature search process
1
Identify
Key concepts associated with
your topic or research question
• Write out your research question
• What are the key concepts associated
with your topic?
• How would you describe these topics in
terms of keywords?
• Each keyword will form the basis of a
search string
10. Identify the key concepts – what are they?
Dose in radiotherapy treatment of bladder
cancer
11. Identify the key concepts – what are they?
Your keywords will form the start of your search strings
Search string
Search string 1 Bladder cancer
Search string 2 Radiotherapy
Search string 3 Dose
12. Find alternative search terms
2
Select
Search terms using related
words, acronyms and
abbreviations
For each search string find alternative
search terms
13. For each concept many try to think of as many similar or related words as
possible
Example – my search includes the topic of improvement
Any of the following keywords could be used
Find alternative search terms
Improvement
Better Enhance Improve
Quality Satisfaction Upgrade
Tip! Use the online thesaurus to help with this
14. For each concept many try to think of as many similar or related words as
possible
Example – my search includes the topic of diet
Any of the following keywords could be used
Find alternative search terms
Diet
Dietary Food Meals
Malnutrition Nutrition Nourishment
Eating Malnourishment
Tip! Use the online thesaurus to help with this
15. To search comprehensively, you should use various types of search terms.
For example
Synonyms and antonyms
Synonyms (similar words)
For Head Also use skull OR cranial
For dying Also use end of life OR palliative
For anxiety Also use stress OR burnout
Antonyms (opposite words)
For success Also use failure
For nutrition Also use malnutrition
For exercise Also use inactivity OR sedentary
16. To search comprehensively, you should use various types of search terms.
For example
Acronyms and abbreviations
Acronyms and abbreviations
Use MRI For Magnetic resonance imaging
Use QOL For Quality of life
Use EOL For End of life
Alternative spellings
Use organisation OR organization
Use pediatrics OR paediatrics
17. Stages in the literature search process
2
Select
Search terms using related
words, acronyms and
abbreviations
Search string
Search string 1 MRI OR Magnetic
resonance imaging
Link your search terms
together with OR
18. Stages in the literature search process
2
Search string
Search string 1 Bladder Cancer or Urinary bladder
neoplasm
Search string 2 Radiotherapy or Radiation or
Chemotherapy
Search string 3 Dose or Dosage
Link your search terms
together with OR
We will come on to those *
in a moment
19. Stages in the literature search process
3
Apply
Search techniques to make
your search more effective
Truncation - searching on the stem of a
word (sometimes known as truncation
or Wildcard searches) uses an * to find
any letter after the point the * is placed.
Boolean operators – OR/AND
Phrase search
Proximity operators
20. * Searches for variants of the stem of a word and will increase you search
results
Nurs* finds: Nurse, nurses, nursing
Child* finds: Child, children, childhood, childbirth
Radiograph* finds: Radiographer, radiogaphers, radiography
Manage* finds: Mange, manges, manger, managers, management, managing
Midwif* finds: Midwife, midwives, midwifery
Apply techniques to make searching more
effective
- Truncation
21. • Boolean operators are useful for broadening or narrowing your search
results and to link keywords together
OR broadens (or widens your search) by finding any word use it within your search string
group your search words together on the same topic
using OR
AND narrows by finding all words Use it to combine your searches
most databases have AND set up for you
Apply techniques to make searching more
effective
- Boolean operators – linking together
Tip: it is good practice to use upper case for Boolean operators
22. Fish AND Chips – Both things together, in terms of searching your article will have both
search terms
Fish OR Chips – One or the other, in terms of searching your article will have one or the other
but not necessarily both
Apply techniques to make searching more
effective
- Boolean operators
Tip: it is good practice to use upper case for Boolean operators
23. Phrase search examples
Example search Search results
Nurse education Words may appear in different search fields (e.g. title
and abstract) so may be unrelated
“Nurse education” Nurse education (no other variations will be found)
24. Phrase searching using proximity operators
•
Database Phrase search Finds
Cinahl Nurs* N1 educat* Education of nurses
Educating nurses
Nurse educator(s)
Nurse as educator
Nurses as educators
Nursing education
Nursing educators
Proquest Nurs* N/1 educat*
Medline Nurs* NEAR/1 educat*
25. Some useful search strings
•
Search string Study OR research
Search string UK OR United Kingdom OR Britain OR England OR Scotland OR Wales OR
Ireland
26. Which of your topics can be truncated?
Which search terms are grouped together using OR?
Where do you use AND?
Activity
27. Our example
Search string
Search string 1 “Bladder Cancer” or “Urinary bladder
neoplasm”
Search string 2 Radiotherapy or Radiation or
Chemotherapy
Search string 3 Dose or Dosage
Search string 4 Study
28. Stages in the literature search process
4
Databases
Select the databases
that you will use
A-Z eResources
29. Specialist databases to use to find journal articles
Selecting your databases
Nursing and health databases
Name Provider
Cinahl Nursing & Health Ebsco
Health and Medical
Collection
Nursing & Health Proquest
Science Direct Medical, Science,
Health
Elsevier
Medline Medical Web of Science
Pubmed central Scientific, Medical,
Health
PMC
30. Our example
Search string
Search string 1 MRI OR “Magnetic resonance imaging”
Search string 2 Cartilag* OR meniscus
Search string 3 Knee* OR patella*
• Search on each search string separately – one line at a time
• Combine search strings in search history view
31. Combining searches
• From the search screen select Search history
• Results are shown in list format – S1, S2 and S3
• Tick each search and select Search with AND
32. Stages in the literature search process
5
Refine
Using limiters available
in the database
• Limit to a date range – last
five or ten years
• Limit to English language
• Limit to Academic
Journal/Peer review
33. Limit your search results using the refine options offered by the database (these
vary)
• Year of publication – normally the last 5-10 years, or since the latest
guidance on the topic was published.
• Academic or peer-reviewed journals – in order to exclude articles from
practice journals
• Language – to exclude articles in languages other than English.
Refine your search results – inclusion and
exclusion criteria
34. Stages in the literature search process
6
Final selection
From your final selection
make any further exclusions
Exclusions will vary depending on
your topic
You will need to view abstracts to
assess articles for inclusion or
exclusion
35. Recap - Steps involved in your search for your
dissertation
• Scoping your search or background searching - this includes developing your
search terms and undertaking an initial search, thinking about your inclusion
and exclusion criteria, adapting your question if required
• Initial search – record your results, question finalised
• Final search – final documentation
• Analysis of your results to assess suitability
– use of inclusion and exclusion criteria to narrow
your results down
36. A primary research paper will usually describe itself as a study
Other useful terms relating to primary research include:
• Trials
• Findings
• Qualitative
• Quantitative
• Sample
• Participants
• RCTs
• Focus groups
Tip! Avoid using the word research as this is too generic or studies which is more likely to find systematic
reviews
Filtering to primary research
37. A primary research paper will usually describe itself as a study
Other useful terms relating to primary research include:
• Trial* OR Find* OR quali* or quanti* or sample* or participant* or RCTs or focus group*
Tip! Avoid using the word research as this is too generic or studies which is more likely to find systematic
reviews
Filtering to primary research
38. The end point
Your table of
Results
You will need to
document how
you found the
articles that you
are using for your
critique
Search terms Cinahl
S1 Spirit* OR faith* OR religio* OR God 44,024
S2 Terminal* OR end of life OR EOL OR
dying OR death
185,032
S3 Acute care OR Actute setting* OR
hospital* OR ward* OR inpatient*
469,505
S4 S1 AND S2 AND S3 1,020
S5 Trial* OR Find* OR quali* or quanti* or
sample* or participant* or RCTs or focus
group*
1,441,181
S6 S4 AND S5 645
Database search limits used
By date <5 years old 242
By peer reviewed/academic journal 114
By language English 103
39. • Research methodologies include cohort studies, RCTs (Randomised
control trials), experiments
• Data collection methods include questionnaires, observations, tests
• Keywords such as statistics, validity, risk, ratios, sampling, scores
• If in doubt remember quant = quantity
Quantitative – how can you tell?
Look for clues
40. • Will be about people’s experiences, perceptions or attitudes
• Research methodologies include grounded theory, ethnography,
phenomenology
• Data collection methods include semi- structured interviews, focus
groups, narratives, diaries, observation or case studies
• Likely to use smaller sample sizes
• Remember qual = quality
Qualitative research – how can you tell?
41. Found too many results?
• Re-run your key search string as words in the title
• Experiment with this as you may need to use the title for one of your search
strings and leave the others as keyword searches
• Remove truncation on the most common variant of a word, eg. For old* use
older
• Add in an extra search string
42. Found too few results?
• Check your spelling
• Add extra search terms to your search string e.g. parent* OR mother OR
father
• Remove the least well defined concept string (to widen out your search)
• Are you searching in the right database?
43. Other tips:
Do not search within the abstract only
• Best practice is to search within the article citation – this includes all the details
about the article, including title, abstract and subject headings
• Limiting your search to words in abstract is not recommended as not all papers
include abstracts
• An abstract only search would not search within title or the major/minor subject
headings
44. Do not limit results to full-text only
• This is not good practice as your results will not be comprehensive
• You will lose the most recent articles where full-text has been embargoed by
publishers
• Many citations may have embedded links to full-text
• Full-text might be available by searching for the article title in Summon or
Google
45. Do not limit to results to the UK
• The geography limiter in Cinahl limits to articles published in the UK, not
articles about the UK
• This is not generally helpful as research done in other countries may still be
applicable to the UK, eg. Australia, New Zealand, Canada where healthcare
systems are similar
46. If the full-text isn’t available try the following
• Cinahl articles – check the citation for embedded DOI link
• Cut and paste the title of the article into Summon or Google
I have a good article but there is no full-text-
what can I do?
DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000001638
47. • Use the A-Z of e-journals link to search for individual titles
• You can usually browse all issues or search within a journal
• Useful for accessing journals not included in standard databases
Searching individual journals
48. If you can’t obtain the article from any of our sources we can order it for you.
• You will need to fill in a resource request form, this must be signed and returned to
the library either in person or by post (they can’t be scanned and emailed)
• Allow 5 working days for documents to be sent to you
Resource requests
49. • Step-by-step guide to advanced literature searching including:
• Links to past dissertations with example literature searches
• Video search guides – database examples
• Thesaurus – help finding search terms
http://libguides.uos.ac.uk/AdvancedLiteratureSearchGuide
Advanced literature guide
50. Book a one-to-one tutorial
Use the booking page on the learning services website
Small groups can be booked by numbers need to be advised of first if possible
Skype appointments possible
Support with your question or choice of articles – please see your tutor
Follow up support for your literature search
51. Thank you - questions
s.robinson@uos.ac.uk
Slides available
52. Image references
All images sourced from
Pexels
https://www.pexels.com/photo-license/
Free for personal and commercial use
No attribution required
Editor's Notes
The Aim of this session is to introduce searching to you, by the end of the session you should be able to create a search strategy apply it to a database and search for articles.
The session will also outline how to document or record your search
The workshop has been designed around your assignment and what you need to do for that which is
There are six steps to your literature search process, we will look at each stage in more detail but they can be defined as the following steps
The first stage is to identify the key concepts associated with your topic or research question, these topics need to be converted into search terms or keywords that we will enter into a database
Select – or decide on your search terms thinking about related terms that you could also search for , this might include acronyms or abbreviations,
Use standard search techniques (Boolean operators, truncation, to make your searching more effective
4. Once you have your search terms selected you can go on to select the databases that you want to use. The key database for Nursing subjects is Cinahl, however there are others
5. When you have your search results you can apply date and language limitators
6. Your final selection can be made and you can apply any further exclusion criteira
There are six steps to your literature search process, we will look at each stage in more detail but they can be defined as the following steps
The first stage is to identify the key concepts associated with your topic or research question, these topics need to be converted into search terms or keywords that we will enter into a database
Select – or decide on your search terms thinking about related terms that you could also search for , this might include acronyms or abbreviations,
Use standard search techniques (Boolean operators, truncation, to make your searching more effective
There are six steps to your literature search process, we will look at each stage in more detail but they can be defined as the following steps
The first stage is to identify the key concepts associated with your topic or research question, these topics need to be converted into search terms or keywords that we will enter into a database
Select – or decide on your search terms thinking about related terms that you could also search for , this might include acronyms or abbreviations,
Use standard search techniques (Boolean operators, truncation, to make your searching more effective
Our aim is to search a database comprehensively, in order to do this we need to consider alternative words for your concepts this is because not everyone refers to the same thing in the same way, people use different words to describe the same thing.
We can’t guarantee that different articles are going to talk about the same thing using the same words
There is a helpful online thesaurus on the Advanced searching page in the nursing guide online – the thesaurus can be found in step 3 developing your search terms. Use this to find alternative keywords to common subjects.
Our aim is to search a database comprehensively, in order to do this we need to consider alternative words for your concepts this is because not everyone refers to the same thing in the same way, people use different words to describe the same thing.
We can’t guarantee that different articles are going to talk about the same thing using the same words
There is a helpful online thesaurus on the Advanced searching page in the nursing guide online – the thesaurus can be found in step 3 developing your search terms. Use this to find alternative keywords to common subjects.
Further examples of alternative keywords are synonyms – similar words to describe the same thing
Or Antonyms – opposite words for something – this can sometimes yield results
Remember to think about acronyms or abbreviations
As well as alternative spelling – especially around USA and UK spelling
There are six steps to your literature search process, we will look at each stage in more detail but they can be defined as the following steps
The first stage is to identify the key concepts associated with your topic or research question, these topics need to be converted into search terms or keywords that we will enter into a database
Select – or decide on your search terms thinking about related terms that you could also search for , this might include acronyms or abbreviations,
Use standard search techniques (Boolean operators, truncation, to make your searching more effective
There are six steps to your literature search process, we will look at each stage in more detail but they can be defined as the following steps
The first stage is to identify the key concepts associated with your topic or research question, these topics need to be converted into search terms or keywords that we will enter into a database
Select – or decide on your search terms thinking about related terms that you could also search for , this might include acronyms or abbreviations,
Use standard search techniques (Boolean operators, truncation, to make your searching more effective
There are six steps to your literature search process, we will look at each stage in more detail but they can be defined as the following steps
The first stage is to identify the key concepts associated with your topic or research question, these topics need to be converted into search terms or keywords that we will enter into a database
Select – or decide on your search terms thinking about related terms that you could also search for , this might include acronyms or abbreviations,
Use standard search techniques (Boolean operators, truncation, to make your searching more effective
Using truncation will broaden your search so that you find more results
Where you put the * symbol will result in a database finding anything after the * (see examples)
Could add study as a potential search string
4. Once you have your search terms selected you can go on to select the databases that you want to use. The key database for Nursing subjects is Cinahl, however there are others
5. When you have your search results you can apply date and language limitators
6. Your final selection can be made and you can apply any further exclusion criteira
There are a number of databases to search, the key for nursing is Cinahl, however the databases listed could all be potentially useful
4. Once you have your search terms selected you can go on to select the databases that you want to use. The key database for Nursing subjects is Cinahl, however there are others
5. When you have your search results you can apply date and language limitators
6. Your final selection can be made and you can apply any further exclusion criteira
There are a number of ways to limit your search – using inclusion and exclusion criteria
We can limit to year of publication – or a date range
We can limit to Academic or peer-reviewed journals, this will exclude articles from practice journals so we know we are getting academic literature
We can also limit to articles that are in English
This should help to refine your search further
4. Once you have your search terms selected you can go on to select the databases that you want to use. The key database for Nursing subjects is Cinahl, however there are others
5. When you have your search results you can apply date and language limitators
6. Your final selection can be made and you can apply any further exclusion criteira
If your initial search comes back with too many results we need to add studies into the mix,
Add this into the search
Study OR Trials OR findings OR Qualitative OR Quantitative OR sample OR Participants OR RCTs OR Focus Groups
Add this into the search
Study OR Trials OR findings OR Qualitative OR Quantitative OR sample OR Participants OR RCTs OR Focus Groups
Your table will show each step of your search including
Search number
Search terms used
How many results found
Quantitative – related to quantity – related to measuring through numbers
Seeks answers to research questions through measurements
Methodologies used might include cohort studies – following a group of people through something over a period of time.
Randomised control trials – normally associated with treatment and its effectiveness
Methods of data collection to look out for include questionnaires, observations and tests
In published articles look out for keywords – statistics, validity, risk, ratios, sampling or scores.
Qualitative = quality related to assessing or measuring through experiences
Seeks to answer research questions through experience
Methodologies used might include grounded theory – offering a systematic approach to research where the researcher aims to develop theory that can explain behaviour – often related to predictions about behaviour
Ethnographic research design – originally used by anthropology – understanding other points of view
Phenomenology – or the lived experience of individuals
Methods of data collection to look out for include questionnaires, observations and tests
In published articles look out for keywords – statistics, validity, risk, ratios, sampling or scores.
What you can do if you find too many results
What to do if you have too few results
Some tips
Resource request allowances
L4 5 requests countersigned by the tutor
L5 5 requests free of charge
L6 10 request free of charge
Taught post grad 10 requests
Research post grad 20 requests
Staff 20 requests
Resource request allowances
L4 5 requests countersigned by the tutor
L5 5 requests free of charge
L6 10 request free of charge
Taught post grad 10 requests
Research post grad 20 requests
Staff 20 requests