water softener circuit detail and water monitoring system using Wireless Sensor Network (zigbee configuration) Arduino software coding and real time matlab plotting of arduino data.
Solar street lighting system should be implemented everywhere to decrease the 40% energy demand in highways we are using here both conventional energy and solar energy for reliability purpose
The document discusses an intelligent street lighting system that uses LED technology to reduce power consumption. It aims to make the street lighting system more efficient and economical. The system will automatically adjust the brightness of lights based on vehicle and human movement detected by sensors. Lights will turn on at lower brightness levels for human movement and higher levels for vehicles. This auto brightness adjustment alongside turning lights off during non-peak hours helps greatly reduce power usage. The system allows for reliable, low-maintenance street lighting that saves energy.
Final project report on Solar street light Darshil Shah
The document describes a project report for a solar powered LED street light with automatic intensity control. It includes a functional block diagram and explanations of the components, including a solar panel, charge controller circuit, rechargeable battery, voltage divider circuit, and Arduino UNO microcontroller. It also covers the software implementation through simulations of the charge controller and voltage divider circuits. The coding for the real time clock and PWM in Arduino is shown. The hardware implementation, operation, and testing are described as well. Intensity levels are controlled at different times of day and night based on readings from the real time clock.
In this paper, we are going to discuss the streetlight system
and the accident avoidance system which may help society to
reduce the number of accidents which is usually happening in
u-turns and also with the help of IOT based smart street
lights, we can reduce the energy consumption. Streetlights
play an important role in cities which means to avoid
accidents, secure roads and provide better vision since
evening to morning. As the world is ready to accept the
technology, we need to upgrade that street light system which
will reduce the energy consumptions and save energy. Also
one of the major problems happens in cities is accidents, so
we are applying IR mechanism to avoid the accidents that
usually happens in u-turns. As our goal is to save energy, so
we are using LEDs which is directional light source it can
emit light in a specific direction thereby optimizing the
efficiency of streetlights. The IR sensors detect the objects and
set the intensity of LEDs to high for some time. The work has
achieved better performance and reduces energy consumption
as compared to the current system.
Solar street light technical specification solar lighting & street lamp man...Eric Cao Solar
The document provides the technical specifications for a solar street light system. It details the key components of the system including the solar photovoltaic module, LED street lamp, battery, pole, and accessories. It specifies the requirements for the solar module, luminaire, lighting output, battery, pole materials, and operating voltages. It also outlines the testing, packaging, documentation, environmental conditions, quality control, and applicable international standards for the solar street light system.
1) This document describes a smart street lighting system that uses solar power and sensors to reduce energy consumption. Sensors detect vehicle movement and switch on lights ahead of the vehicle while switching off lights behind to save energy.
2) The system uses IR sensors, an LDR light sensor, NE555 timer IC, and a solar panel charged battery to power street lights only when needed. When a vehicle is detected, the IR sensors trigger the timer to delay-switch on lights ahead of the vehicle.
3) This smart street lighting system aims to eliminate manual operation, significantly reduce energy costs through auto on-off control based on vehicle detection, and utilize solar power as a renewable energy source. It provides an energy efficient solution
The document describes an automatic road lighting system that uses an IR sensor to detect vehicles and control LED street lights. The system aims to reduce energy waste from manual lighting controls. When a vehicle is detected by the IR sensor, a signal is sent to an op-amp that activates the LED lights. When no vehicle is present, the lights are turned off. The system uses low-power IR sensors and LEDs to automatically illuminate streets only when needed, saving on electricity costs for road lighting.
This document is a project report submitted for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. It discusses a project to develop an automatic street light control system using an LDR sensor. The system aims to automatically control streetlights based on brightness levels to reduce energy consumption compared to conventional street lighting. The report includes chapters on objectives, introduction, literature review, description of components, circuit diagram, working, advantages and applications. It was submitted by five students and supervised by an assistant professor.
Solar street lighting system should be implemented everywhere to decrease the 40% energy demand in highways we are using here both conventional energy and solar energy for reliability purpose
The document discusses an intelligent street lighting system that uses LED technology to reduce power consumption. It aims to make the street lighting system more efficient and economical. The system will automatically adjust the brightness of lights based on vehicle and human movement detected by sensors. Lights will turn on at lower brightness levels for human movement and higher levels for vehicles. This auto brightness adjustment alongside turning lights off during non-peak hours helps greatly reduce power usage. The system allows for reliable, low-maintenance street lighting that saves energy.
Final project report on Solar street light Darshil Shah
The document describes a project report for a solar powered LED street light with automatic intensity control. It includes a functional block diagram and explanations of the components, including a solar panel, charge controller circuit, rechargeable battery, voltage divider circuit, and Arduino UNO microcontroller. It also covers the software implementation through simulations of the charge controller and voltage divider circuits. The coding for the real time clock and PWM in Arduino is shown. The hardware implementation, operation, and testing are described as well. Intensity levels are controlled at different times of day and night based on readings from the real time clock.
In this paper, we are going to discuss the streetlight system
and the accident avoidance system which may help society to
reduce the number of accidents which is usually happening in
u-turns and also with the help of IOT based smart street
lights, we can reduce the energy consumption. Streetlights
play an important role in cities which means to avoid
accidents, secure roads and provide better vision since
evening to morning. As the world is ready to accept the
technology, we need to upgrade that street light system which
will reduce the energy consumptions and save energy. Also
one of the major problems happens in cities is accidents, so
we are applying IR mechanism to avoid the accidents that
usually happens in u-turns. As our goal is to save energy, so
we are using LEDs which is directional light source it can
emit light in a specific direction thereby optimizing the
efficiency of streetlights. The IR sensors detect the objects and
set the intensity of LEDs to high for some time. The work has
achieved better performance and reduces energy consumption
as compared to the current system.
Solar street light technical specification solar lighting & street lamp man...Eric Cao Solar
The document provides the technical specifications for a solar street light system. It details the key components of the system including the solar photovoltaic module, LED street lamp, battery, pole, and accessories. It specifies the requirements for the solar module, luminaire, lighting output, battery, pole materials, and operating voltages. It also outlines the testing, packaging, documentation, environmental conditions, quality control, and applicable international standards for the solar street light system.
1) This document describes a smart street lighting system that uses solar power and sensors to reduce energy consumption. Sensors detect vehicle movement and switch on lights ahead of the vehicle while switching off lights behind to save energy.
2) The system uses IR sensors, an LDR light sensor, NE555 timer IC, and a solar panel charged battery to power street lights only when needed. When a vehicle is detected, the IR sensors trigger the timer to delay-switch on lights ahead of the vehicle.
3) This smart street lighting system aims to eliminate manual operation, significantly reduce energy costs through auto on-off control based on vehicle detection, and utilize solar power as a renewable energy source. It provides an energy efficient solution
The document describes an automatic road lighting system that uses an IR sensor to detect vehicles and control LED street lights. The system aims to reduce energy waste from manual lighting controls. When a vehicle is detected by the IR sensor, a signal is sent to an op-amp that activates the LED lights. When no vehicle is present, the lights are turned off. The system uses low-power IR sensors and LEDs to automatically illuminate streets only when needed, saving on electricity costs for road lighting.
This document is a project report submitted for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. It discusses a project to develop an automatic street light control system using an LDR sensor. The system aims to automatically control streetlights based on brightness levels to reduce energy consumption compared to conventional street lighting. The report includes chapters on objectives, introduction, literature review, description of components, circuit diagram, working, advantages and applications. It was submitted by five students and supervised by an assistant professor.
The document describes a solar powered smart street light system project. It includes the construction of a prototype solar tracking system to maximize solar energy collection and conversion. The solar energy is then stored in batteries and used to power an automatic street light control system. The street lights are automatically turned on and off in response to detected vehicle movement to conserve energy. The overall goal is to develop a system using solar energy to automatically control street lights as needed.
This document describes a project to develop an automatic street light system based on vehicle movement. The system uses an infrared (IR) sensor that detects when a vehicle passes by and triggers the street lights to turn on. When no vehicle is present, the lights will turn off. The goal is to create a street lighting system that conserves energy by only illuminating when needed. The system will use an IR sensor, amplifier circuitry, LED lights and a power supply. It aims to provide energy-efficient street lighting without manual operation.
The document is a project report on smart street light technology submitted by five students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses designing a system to automatically control street lights using sensors to detect vehicle movement. When a vehicle is detected, lights ahead are turned on and trailing lights are turned off to save energy. The system aims to reduce energy consumption of street lighting by only illuminating areas where vehicles are present.
Automatic street light control using LDR.Fazlur Rahman
The document is a project report submitted by Md. Fazlur Rahman to Eastern University of Bangladesh that details an automatic street light control system using a light dependent resistor. The system aims to automatically control street lights based on changes in light intensity by using an LDR to detect light levels and a triac controlled circuit to adjust the intensity of the street lights accordingly. The project report includes sections on the objectives, components, theory of operation using a microcontroller, thyristor, optocoupler and circuit design.
Full information of Thermal Power Plant by Rupesh KumarRUPESH KUMAR
This document is an internship report submitted by Rupesh Kumar to UKA Tarsadia University about his internship at Power Mech Projects Ltd. at the 2x660 MW Jaypee Nigrie Super Thermal Power Plant in Nigrie, Madhya Pradesh. The report provides details about various aspects of the 400 kV switchyard and transformer yard at the power plant, including the layout and functioning of different bays in the switchyard, SF6 gas circuit breakers, protection systems, battery banks, and monitoring equipment. It describes components like the control room, isolators, disconnectors, reactors, transmission lines, and gives readings and maintenance procedures. The report is certified by various faculty members and the
Automatic solar LED street light automation by using RTC and I2C protocols d...PRASHANTH RAO
This project will work without human interfacing and it will use natural resources .Here using solar panel.This panel converting solar energy to electrical energy.In this project the street light do automatically on and off based given program. here we have to fix the on and off time .when real time reaches to given on time then street lights on automatically.when real time reaches to off time. The street light automatically will off.
automatic street light control using aurdino,PIR,LDR tinker cad circuitanujabarge3
This document describes an automatic street light control system that uses PIR sensors and LDR sensors to reduce energy waste. The system aims to automatically switch street lights on when motion is detected and regulate the lights based on available natural light. It consists of an Arduino, PIR sensors, LDR sensors, an LCD display, resistors, and bulbs. When a PIR sensor detects a vehicle, the corresponding street light will turn on and remain on for a set time before switching off. The LDR sensors monitor light levels and regulate street light intensity during day and night. This automatic control system is expected to significantly reduce unnecessary street light use and wastage of electricity.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Street Light Monitoring and Control SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed automatic street light monitoring and control system using a microcontroller. The system is designed to detect vehicle movement and switch on street lights ahead of vehicles while switching off lights behind to save energy. Current sensors at each light report any faults to a centralized system using GSM. This allows workers to easily locate issues to repair lights faster. The system aims to reduce wasted energy from lights remaining on when not needed and improve maintenance of street lights.
street light intensity control using micro-controller krunal103
This document describes an automatic street lighting system that uses an LDR sensor, infrared sensors, and a microcontroller to intelligently control street lights. The system turns lights on when it detects vehicles using infrared sensors and turns them off during the day based on light levels measured by the LDR sensor. This allows energy to be saved by only powering lights when needed. The system aims to reduce energy costs, greenhouse gas emissions, and maintenance costs compared to a conventional street lighting system.
IRJET- Smart Street Light Control SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a smart street light control system that uses an Arduino UNO board, LDR sensor, and IR sensor to reduce electricity consumption. The LDR sensor detects light levels and turns the street lights on and off accordingly. The IR sensor detects moving objects and signals the microcontroller to turn on street lights in that area. When fully implemented, this system will automatically switch street lights on only when needed based on light levels or detected movement, thereby reducing unnecessary lighting and electricity usage compared to traditional street light systems.
Solar Tracker Module with Automated Module Cleaning Systemtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
STREET LIGHT GLOWS ON DETECTING THE VEHICLE MOVEMENT USING ARDUINO UNOIAEME Publication
This paper proposes how street light can be controlled in the presence or absence
of vehicle to reduce the wastage of energy. The proposed work is accomplished by
using Arduino UNO and sensors that will control the electricity based on night and
object's detection. Meanwhile, a counter is set that will count the number of objects
passed through the road. The beauty of the proposed work is that the wastage of
unused electricity can be reduced. The aim of this project is to design a street light
control system using Arduino UNO, which automatically turns on or off the street
lights by detecting the movement of vehicles. The working of the project is explained
here. When there is not any vehicle in front of the IR sensor module, the receiver can’t
get any infrared signal So the circuit remain in open loop condition and the lights are
in off condition. When there is any vehicle in front of the IR sensor module, the
receiver get the infrared signal. So the circuit is in close loop condition and the lights
are in on condition with respect to the IR module. If the car blocks the first IR sensor,
the first three LEDs are turned ON by the microcontroller. As the car moves forward
and blocks the second IR sensor, the corresponding next three LEDs will be turned
ON and the first LED of the previous set is turned OFF. The process continues this
way for all the IR Sensors and LEDs.
This document provides an overview of Electronics Projects Vol. 26, which is a compilation of 21 electronics construction projects and 71 circuit ideas. It was published by EFY Enterprises Pvt Ltd in November 2013. The projects and circuits were tested at EFY Labs and cover topics such as microcontrollers, energy meters, security systems, inverters, timers and more. The document provides details on the publisher, includes a table of contents for the projects and circuits sections, and briefly describes the content and goals of the publication.
This project report summarizes a solar panel based LED scrolling display project completed by 5 students under the guidance of an assistant professor. The report includes an introduction describing the project as developing an LED scrolling display powered by renewable solar energy. It also includes sections on literature review, the proposed work including objectives, modeling and analysis of the components and circuitry, programming and testing results. The report concludes the display was efficiently designed and can be integrated into commercial display boards while using solar power to minimize load on conventional energy sources.
The objectives of these guidelines are to:
Improve the safety, performance and reliability of solar photovoltaic power systems installed in the field.
Encourage industry Best Practice for all design and installation work involving solar photovoltaic power systems.
Provide a network of competent solar photovoltaic power systems designers and installers.
Increase the uptake of solar photovoltaic power systems, by giving customers increased confidence in the design and installation work.
The performance of a reliable installation that fulfills customer expectations requires both careful design and correct installation practice.
IRJET - The Implementation of Arduino based Single Axis Solar Tracking Sy...IRJET Journal
This document describes the implementation of a single-axis solar tracking system using an Arduino microcontroller. The system uses two light dependent resistors (LDRs) placed on either side of a solar panel to detect the amount of light falling on each side. The Arduino reads the LDR sensor values and controls a DC motor to rotate the solar panel towards the side receiving more sunlight, maximizing energy capture. Experimental results show the tracking system improved solar panel output voltages compared to a stationary panel throughout the day. The system provides a low-cost way to automatically track the sun's movement and increase solar energy harvesting for applications like rural electrification.
This project presents an overhead bridge electromagnetic crane that can automatically measure and place objects on a conveyor belt based on their length and height. The crane uses sensors to detect objects, a microcontroller to process the measurements and control the electromagnet and motors, and can operate either automatically or manually via joystick. It is intended to help automate material handling in industries like shipping, steel mills, and petroleum refineries.
This document describes an automatic highway lighting system that uses sensors to detect vehicle movement and controls highway lighting accordingly to save energy. Infrared sensors placed along the highway detect approaching vehicles and signal a microcontroller to turn on a block of lights ahead of the vehicle. As the vehicle passes, the lights behind it are automatically turned off. When no vehicles are present, all the lights remain off. This system aims to reduce energy consumption compared to conventional highway lighting that remains on all night.
IRJET- Digital Dynamometer for Stationary WavesIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a digital dynamometer to measure forces in a stationary wave system. Engineering students designed a compact dynamometer unit with a pressure sensor, LED display, and Arduino programming. The dynamometer was 3D printed and calibrated using metrological weights. Testing showed the dynamometer accurately measured and displayed the forces in the stationary wave system. The digital dynamometer provides an improved tool for physics laboratory experiments at the Technological University of Tlaxcala.
This document summarizes a project report on developing a permanent emergency light system. It includes sections on the introduction, literature survey, system development, features, future scope, estimating and costing, results, and conclusion. The system is designed to automatically provide lighting in the event of a power failure by using a battery that is continuously charged by the main power supply. When power is lost, the battery powers LED lights. The report provides circuit diagrams and descriptions of the components used, including a transformer, relay, battery, LEDs, and other parts. It aims to create an inexpensive and compact permanent emergency lighting solution.
This document discusses using Simulink for embedded coding of an automobile start-stop system. It describes using Simulink's graphical environment and state-flow blocks to model the system behavior, then generating C code. The start-stop system automatically shuts off the engine at stops to reduce idling time. Key aspects modeled include inputs, signal conditioning, a controller section, state transitions, and code generation to flash to an automotive controller. Relay drivers are also discussed to control the starter and fuel relays.
The document provides details about a project to develop a vehicle monitoring system using a PIC microcontroller and Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol. The system will monitor various vehicle parameters like temperature, carbon monoxide levels, battery voltage, and light detected by an LDR. Sensors will detect the parameters which will be sent to a microcontroller via CAN protocol and displayed on an LCD near the driver's seat. The document discusses the hardware and software requirements, CAN protocol features, operation of a PIC microcontroller, and sensors to be used like temperature sensor, gas sensor, LDR.
The document describes a solar powered smart street light system project. It includes the construction of a prototype solar tracking system to maximize solar energy collection and conversion. The solar energy is then stored in batteries and used to power an automatic street light control system. The street lights are automatically turned on and off in response to detected vehicle movement to conserve energy. The overall goal is to develop a system using solar energy to automatically control street lights as needed.
This document describes a project to develop an automatic street light system based on vehicle movement. The system uses an infrared (IR) sensor that detects when a vehicle passes by and triggers the street lights to turn on. When no vehicle is present, the lights will turn off. The goal is to create a street lighting system that conserves energy by only illuminating when needed. The system will use an IR sensor, amplifier circuitry, LED lights and a power supply. It aims to provide energy-efficient street lighting without manual operation.
The document is a project report on smart street light technology submitted by five students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses designing a system to automatically control street lights using sensors to detect vehicle movement. When a vehicle is detected, lights ahead are turned on and trailing lights are turned off to save energy. The system aims to reduce energy consumption of street lighting by only illuminating areas where vehicles are present.
Automatic street light control using LDR.Fazlur Rahman
The document is a project report submitted by Md. Fazlur Rahman to Eastern University of Bangladesh that details an automatic street light control system using a light dependent resistor. The system aims to automatically control street lights based on changes in light intensity by using an LDR to detect light levels and a triac controlled circuit to adjust the intensity of the street lights accordingly. The project report includes sections on the objectives, components, theory of operation using a microcontroller, thyristor, optocoupler and circuit design.
Full information of Thermal Power Plant by Rupesh KumarRUPESH KUMAR
This document is an internship report submitted by Rupesh Kumar to UKA Tarsadia University about his internship at Power Mech Projects Ltd. at the 2x660 MW Jaypee Nigrie Super Thermal Power Plant in Nigrie, Madhya Pradesh. The report provides details about various aspects of the 400 kV switchyard and transformer yard at the power plant, including the layout and functioning of different bays in the switchyard, SF6 gas circuit breakers, protection systems, battery banks, and monitoring equipment. It describes components like the control room, isolators, disconnectors, reactors, transmission lines, and gives readings and maintenance procedures. The report is certified by various faculty members and the
Automatic solar LED street light automation by using RTC and I2C protocols d...PRASHANTH RAO
This project will work without human interfacing and it will use natural resources .Here using solar panel.This panel converting solar energy to electrical energy.In this project the street light do automatically on and off based given program. here we have to fix the on and off time .when real time reaches to given on time then street lights on automatically.when real time reaches to off time. The street light automatically will off.
automatic street light control using aurdino,PIR,LDR tinker cad circuitanujabarge3
This document describes an automatic street light control system that uses PIR sensors and LDR sensors to reduce energy waste. The system aims to automatically switch street lights on when motion is detected and regulate the lights based on available natural light. It consists of an Arduino, PIR sensors, LDR sensors, an LCD display, resistors, and bulbs. When a PIR sensor detects a vehicle, the corresponding street light will turn on and remain on for a set time before switching off. The LDR sensors monitor light levels and regulate street light intensity during day and night. This automatic control system is expected to significantly reduce unnecessary street light use and wastage of electricity.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Street Light Monitoring and Control SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed automatic street light monitoring and control system using a microcontroller. The system is designed to detect vehicle movement and switch on street lights ahead of vehicles while switching off lights behind to save energy. Current sensors at each light report any faults to a centralized system using GSM. This allows workers to easily locate issues to repair lights faster. The system aims to reduce wasted energy from lights remaining on when not needed and improve maintenance of street lights.
street light intensity control using micro-controller krunal103
This document describes an automatic street lighting system that uses an LDR sensor, infrared sensors, and a microcontroller to intelligently control street lights. The system turns lights on when it detects vehicles using infrared sensors and turns them off during the day based on light levels measured by the LDR sensor. This allows energy to be saved by only powering lights when needed. The system aims to reduce energy costs, greenhouse gas emissions, and maintenance costs compared to a conventional street lighting system.
IRJET- Smart Street Light Control SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a smart street light control system that uses an Arduino UNO board, LDR sensor, and IR sensor to reduce electricity consumption. The LDR sensor detects light levels and turns the street lights on and off accordingly. The IR sensor detects moving objects and signals the microcontroller to turn on street lights in that area. When fully implemented, this system will automatically switch street lights on only when needed based on light levels or detected movement, thereby reducing unnecessary lighting and electricity usage compared to traditional street light systems.
Solar Tracker Module with Automated Module Cleaning Systemtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
STREET LIGHT GLOWS ON DETECTING THE VEHICLE MOVEMENT USING ARDUINO UNOIAEME Publication
This paper proposes how street light can be controlled in the presence or absence
of vehicle to reduce the wastage of energy. The proposed work is accomplished by
using Arduino UNO and sensors that will control the electricity based on night and
object's detection. Meanwhile, a counter is set that will count the number of objects
passed through the road. The beauty of the proposed work is that the wastage of
unused electricity can be reduced. The aim of this project is to design a street light
control system using Arduino UNO, which automatically turns on or off the street
lights by detecting the movement of vehicles. The working of the project is explained
here. When there is not any vehicle in front of the IR sensor module, the receiver can’t
get any infrared signal So the circuit remain in open loop condition and the lights are
in off condition. When there is any vehicle in front of the IR sensor module, the
receiver get the infrared signal. So the circuit is in close loop condition and the lights
are in on condition with respect to the IR module. If the car blocks the first IR sensor,
the first three LEDs are turned ON by the microcontroller. As the car moves forward
and blocks the second IR sensor, the corresponding next three LEDs will be turned
ON and the first LED of the previous set is turned OFF. The process continues this
way for all the IR Sensors and LEDs.
This document provides an overview of Electronics Projects Vol. 26, which is a compilation of 21 electronics construction projects and 71 circuit ideas. It was published by EFY Enterprises Pvt Ltd in November 2013. The projects and circuits were tested at EFY Labs and cover topics such as microcontrollers, energy meters, security systems, inverters, timers and more. The document provides details on the publisher, includes a table of contents for the projects and circuits sections, and briefly describes the content and goals of the publication.
This project report summarizes a solar panel based LED scrolling display project completed by 5 students under the guidance of an assistant professor. The report includes an introduction describing the project as developing an LED scrolling display powered by renewable solar energy. It also includes sections on literature review, the proposed work including objectives, modeling and analysis of the components and circuitry, programming and testing results. The report concludes the display was efficiently designed and can be integrated into commercial display boards while using solar power to minimize load on conventional energy sources.
The objectives of these guidelines are to:
Improve the safety, performance and reliability of solar photovoltaic power systems installed in the field.
Encourage industry Best Practice for all design and installation work involving solar photovoltaic power systems.
Provide a network of competent solar photovoltaic power systems designers and installers.
Increase the uptake of solar photovoltaic power systems, by giving customers increased confidence in the design and installation work.
The performance of a reliable installation that fulfills customer expectations requires both careful design and correct installation practice.
IRJET - The Implementation of Arduino based Single Axis Solar Tracking Sy...IRJET Journal
This document describes the implementation of a single-axis solar tracking system using an Arduino microcontroller. The system uses two light dependent resistors (LDRs) placed on either side of a solar panel to detect the amount of light falling on each side. The Arduino reads the LDR sensor values and controls a DC motor to rotate the solar panel towards the side receiving more sunlight, maximizing energy capture. Experimental results show the tracking system improved solar panel output voltages compared to a stationary panel throughout the day. The system provides a low-cost way to automatically track the sun's movement and increase solar energy harvesting for applications like rural electrification.
This project presents an overhead bridge electromagnetic crane that can automatically measure and place objects on a conveyor belt based on their length and height. The crane uses sensors to detect objects, a microcontroller to process the measurements and control the electromagnet and motors, and can operate either automatically or manually via joystick. It is intended to help automate material handling in industries like shipping, steel mills, and petroleum refineries.
This document describes an automatic highway lighting system that uses sensors to detect vehicle movement and controls highway lighting accordingly to save energy. Infrared sensors placed along the highway detect approaching vehicles and signal a microcontroller to turn on a block of lights ahead of the vehicle. As the vehicle passes, the lights behind it are automatically turned off. When no vehicles are present, all the lights remain off. This system aims to reduce energy consumption compared to conventional highway lighting that remains on all night.
IRJET- Digital Dynamometer for Stationary WavesIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a digital dynamometer to measure forces in a stationary wave system. Engineering students designed a compact dynamometer unit with a pressure sensor, LED display, and Arduino programming. The dynamometer was 3D printed and calibrated using metrological weights. Testing showed the dynamometer accurately measured and displayed the forces in the stationary wave system. The digital dynamometer provides an improved tool for physics laboratory experiments at the Technological University of Tlaxcala.
This document summarizes a project report on developing a permanent emergency light system. It includes sections on the introduction, literature survey, system development, features, future scope, estimating and costing, results, and conclusion. The system is designed to automatically provide lighting in the event of a power failure by using a battery that is continuously charged by the main power supply. When power is lost, the battery powers LED lights. The report provides circuit diagrams and descriptions of the components used, including a transformer, relay, battery, LEDs, and other parts. It aims to create an inexpensive and compact permanent emergency lighting solution.
This document discusses using Simulink for embedded coding of an automobile start-stop system. It describes using Simulink's graphical environment and state-flow blocks to model the system behavior, then generating C code. The start-stop system automatically shuts off the engine at stops to reduce idling time. Key aspects modeled include inputs, signal conditioning, a controller section, state transitions, and code generation to flash to an automotive controller. Relay drivers are also discussed to control the starter and fuel relays.
The document provides details about a project to develop a vehicle monitoring system using a PIC microcontroller and Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol. The system will monitor various vehicle parameters like temperature, carbon monoxide levels, battery voltage, and light detected by an LDR. Sensors will detect the parameters which will be sent to a microcontroller via CAN protocol and displayed on an LCD near the driver's seat. The document discusses the hardware and software requirements, CAN protocol features, operation of a PIC microcontroller, and sensors to be used like temperature sensor, gas sensor, LDR.
Touch screen technology allows users to interact directly with what is displayed on the screen, such as through gestures or writing, rather than using indirect input devices such as a mouse. It emerged from research labs in the 1970s and the first touch sensor was developed in 1971. There are two main types: capacitive, which supports multi-touch and works through conductive materials on fingers, and resistive, which requires pressing more firmly but works with styli. Touch screens are now widely used in devices like phones, tablets, and ATMs due to their user-friendly interface, but they can be expensive and screens may get dirty. The market for touchscreen devices is large and growing rapidly.
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems. It defines embedded systems as systems that use a microprocessor or microcontroller to perform a dedicated function. Embedded systems are found in everyday devices like cell phones, washing machines, and traffic signals. The document discusses the characteristics of embedded systems and provides examples. It also compares embedded systems to general purpose computers and describes typical embedded system architectures.
Embedded system in_automobiles_seminar_report_1234Ganesh Bv
Embedded systems are computer systems that monitor, respond to, or control external environments. They are used in many applications including automobiles, medical devices, wearables, and driverless vehicles. Embedded systems are small, have minimal user interfaces, and are designed to perform specific tasks in real-time. They are found in technologies like anti-lock braking systems, pacemakers, adaptive cruise control, and smart home appliances. As embedded systems become more advanced, they will enable remote health monitoring and driverless transportation capabilities.
Architecture & data acquisition by embedded systems in automobiles seminar re...Ankit Kaul
This document is a technical seminar report submitted by Ankit Kaul to the Visvesvaraya Technological University. The report discusses the architecture and data acquisition of embedded systems in automobiles. It provides an overview of the layered architecture of digital services enabled by embedded technology in vehicles. This includes modular architecture, layered architecture, and a layered modular architecture continuum. It also describes how remote diagnostic services work using embedded sensors in vehicles to collect data, which is transmitted through networks and analyzed by application programs.
This document provides an overview of touch screen technology. It discusses the main components of a touch screen system including the touch sensor, controller, and software driver. It then summarizes different touch screen technologies such as resistive, capacitive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave and compares their advantages and disadvantages. The document also discusses uses of touch screens in information kiosks and provides specifications for different touch screen types.
The document summarizes underwater wireless communication technology. It discusses how acoustic waves are used instead of radio waves to transmit information underwater over long distances. It describes some of the challenges of underwater acoustic channels including high propagation loss, severe multipath interference, and low sound speed. The document also provides an overview of acoustic modem technology, discussing modulation schemes like FSK and PSK, and the use of equalizers to address multipath interference. The goal of underwater wireless communication is to enable applications like environmental monitoring without the need for heavy cables.
This seminar report discusses air powered vehicles as a future trend in the automobile industry. It provides an overview of how compressed air can be used to power vehicles instead of gasoline or diesel. The report describes the working principle, which involves compressing air into high-pressure storage tanks and using the expansion of the compressed air to drive pistons in an engine, similar to how steam engines operate. It also outlines the key components of an air powered vehicle, such as the air tank, engine, valves and controls. Performance tests are discussed which show the potential of this technology.
The document discusses the working of touchscreen technology. It describes four main types of touchscreen technologies: resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave, and infrared. It provides details on resistive touchscreens, including four-wire, eight-wire, six-wire, and seven-wire variations. It also explains the basic components and working of a touchscreen, including the touch sensor, controller, and software driver.
The recent trend manufacturer’s shows keen interest in safety and pleasure riding. The seat belts and the airbags which are now a important attachment of the cars must be utilized fully for safer riding. The weakest and most harzdous part the glasses in cars are also now made to add safety with the advanced technology. If this condition persist the safety factor in cars will reach a pioneer position. With these kind of improved technology will pay way for usage of large number of passenger cars
This document outlines securing underwater wireless communication networks. It discusses the necessity of underwater communication networks for applications like monitoring and introduces common attacks like jamming, wormholes, and Sybil attacks. It proposes countermeasures like spread spectrum techniques and localization. The document also covers important security requirements like authentication, confidentiality, and integrity. It proposes mechanisms for secure time synchronization, localization, and routing to address challenges in underwater wireless networks.
Telemedicine uses telecommunication and information technologies to provide clinical healthcare remotely. It allows communication between patients and medical staff for both convenience and transmission of medical data. Telemedicine works through video conferencing systems between hub and remote sites connected by technologies like T1 lines, satellites, or the internet. It has benefits like improved access to care and quality of care through collaborative consultations, but faces barriers like costs of equipment and connectivity as well as reimbursement issues. The technologies and applications of telemedicine continue to evolve to better serve patients.
Project Report On Micro-controller Embedded SystemRkrishna Mishra
The document provides an overview of embedded systems and the 8051 microcontroller architecture. It discusses how embedded systems perform predefined tasks to control devices and can be optimized for size and cost. The 8051 is then introduced as a popular 8-bit microcontroller used in embedded systems. Its features include 4KB program memory, 128B data memory, 32 general purpose registers, timers, and I/O ports. Application areas of the 8051 like energy management, automobiles, and medical devices are outlined. Finally, the document describes the 8051 architecture in detail, including the pinout, programming model, and accumulator register.
Securing underwater wireless communication by Nisha Menon KNisha Menon K
This document discusses securing underwater wireless communication networks. It begins with an introduction to underwater wireless sensor networks and their components. It then outlines several common attacks on such networks like jamming, wormholes, and selective forwarding. It describes countermeasures to these attacks. The document also discusses important security requirements for underwater networks like authentication, confidentiality, and integrity. It proposes mechanisms for secure time synchronization, localization, and routing to enhance security. In conclusion, it maintains that a system with these secure elements can overcome common attacks while minimizing communication costs and preserving sensor energy.
Embedded systems play a key role in modern automobiles, controlling many safety and convenience features. They combine hardware and software to perform dedicated tasks. Examples of embedded systems in cars include airbags, anti-lock braking systems, adaptive cruise control, traction control and stability control. These systems use sensors and microprocessors to monitor conditions in real-time and activate features like airbags during a crash or apply brakes to individual wheels to maintain control on slippery roads. Embedded systems are critical for advanced driver assistance technologies and fully autonomous vehicles of the future.
This document discusses security issues with wireless networks and protocols. It describes common wireless standards like 802.11b, g, and a. It then covers security protocols that aimed to improve on WEP like WPA and WPA2, discussing their encryption methods. The document also outlines various threats to wireless security like eavesdropping, unauthorized access, and denial of service attacks. It concludes by listing some common wireless hacking tools.
This document provides an acknowledgement and thanks to those who helped with a hypothetical solar street light project in Pakistan. It recognizes the project professor, guide, family, and friends for their support. An executive summary then outlines the project, which aims to address Pakistan's energy crisis by installing solar street lights in Islamabad. Key project details are presented, including objectives to boost the economy and reduce costs through solar energy. Stakeholders include the Government of Pakistan, World Bank, UN, and UNICEF.
This document provides an introduction to embedded systems. It defines embedded systems as electronic systems that perform dedicated tasks and include microcontrollers. Characteristics of embedded systems include high speed, low power consumption, small size, accuracy, adaptability, and reliability. Embedded systems are classified based on their functionality and performance requirements. The document also discusses the hardware architecture of embedded systems including the CPU, memory, I/O ports, communication interfaces, and application-specific circuitry. Recent trends in embedded systems include faster processors, lower power consumption, improved communication interfaces, new operating systems, and programming languages.
Underwater acoustic communication is a technique of sending and receiving message below water.[1] There are several ways of employing such communication but the most common is using hydrophones. Under water communication is difficult due to factors like multi-path propagation, time variations of the channel, small available bandwidth and strong signal attenuation, especially over long ranges. In underwater communication there are low data rates compared to terrestrial communication, since underwater communication uses acoustic waves instead of electromagnetic waves.
M.tech Term paper report | Cognitive Radio Network Shashank Narayan
This document is a term paper report submitted by Shashank Narayan for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Technology degree in Digital Communication. The paper is titled "Artificial Intelligence Based Cognitive Routing for Cognitive Radio Networks" and is supervised by Dr. Aarti Jain. The paper provides declarations, certificates, acknowledgements and explores topics related to cognitive radio, machine learning, decision making techniques, and the implementation of cognitive routing in cognitive radio networks.
This document is a dissertation submitted by Avinash Singh Yadav to the Malaviya National Institute of Technology in Jaipur, India to fulfill the requirements for a Master of Technology degree in Embedded Systems. The dissertation proposes an intelligent traffic light system using deep learning. It describes certificates from the department certifying the work, a declaration by the author, and acknowledgments. It also includes an abstract that summarizes the proposed use of deep learning and a raspberry pi to detect vehicle numbers with a camera and change the traffic light pattern accordingly to reduce congestion based on vehicle counts. The table of contents and list of figures and abbreviations are also included.
This document is a project report submitted by four students - Apeksha A. Jain, Rohit M. Kulkarni, Soham C. Wadekar, and Kedar D. Wagholikar - for their Bachelor of Engineering degree. The report details a project on dynamic routing of packets in wireless sensor networks conducted under the guidance of Prof. G.R. Pathak. The project aims to implement clustering in a wireless sensor network and analyze the effects of increasing cluster size on cluster head energy. It further aims to implement an energy efficient dynamic algorithm to re-elect cluster heads periodically in order to save energy. The report presents the background, problem statement, project planning, analysis, design,
This document is a project report for a water tank level detector created by four students as a partial fulfillment for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It includes sections on the introduction, previous work, problem areas, their contributions, and project details. The project uses various components like a PIC16F88 microcontroller, MPX2010DP pressure sensor, LM335 temperature sensor, operational amplifier LM324, and 433MHz RF transmitter to detect the water level in a tank and transmit it wirelessly over long ranges. It aims to provide an easy and fast way to measure water levels for industrial and home applications.
Real time conversion of sign language to text and speech HarshKSatheesh
Sign language is a rich and expressive form of language used by the deaf and hard hearing community.It involves the use of hand gestures to convey meaning and emotions. However not everyone is familiar with the sign language making it challenging for them to respond to sign language conversations. In this project, we basically focus on producing a model which can recognise hand gestures in order to form a complete word by combining each gesture and also to break the communication barrier.
The work is aimed at measurement of heartbeat and displays the information on an alphanumeric (or Graphical) LCD display. The heartbeat monitor uses LED and an LDR based sensor to determine the heartbeat.
This document discusses the history and development of onboard vehicle diagnostics (OBD) standards. It describes the Clean Air Act and Air Quality Act which led to the establishment of emissions standards. The first OBD standard was introduced to help ensure reliable emissions control systems. OBD-II was later enhanced standard made mandatory for all vehicles from 1996 onward. It established a standardized way for technicians to access diagnostic information from a vehicle to help with repairs. The document then outlines the objectives and approach of a project to design a low-cost OBD-II scanner.
This document is a project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering at Visvesvaraya Technological University. The project aims to develop an E-Assistance system for elderly and disabled individuals using a microcontroller-based hardware system. The system will include sensors to monitor temperature, light levels, gas leaks and smoke and will control home appliances like lights and fans based on the sensor values. It will also include a voice recognition module and GSM module to allow voice control of appliances and send SMS alerts in case of emergencies like gas or smoke detection.
Density Based Traffic signal system using microcontrollerkrity kumari
This document describes a density based traffic signal system using a microcontroller. It uses IR sensors to measure traffic density on each road and the microcontroller controls the traffic lights accordingly. The microcontroller receives input from the IR sensors and determines which path has traffic, providing a green light to that path while giving red lights to other paths. This allows the traffic light timing to dynamically adjust based on real-time traffic conditions to reduce congestion compared to traditional fixed-time traffic lights. The goal is to minimize traffic jams and delays by prioritizing paths with higher vehicle density.
This project involves designing a real-time heart beat monitoring system using a PIC16F876 microcontroller. The system measures a subject's heart rate using an infrared sensor attached to the finger. It averages the measured heart rate and displays it on an LCD screen. The system is powered by a regulated 5V power supply. It uses a bridge rectifier and voltage regulator to provide stable power from a 230/12V step-down transformer. The microcontroller processes the heart rate signal from the sensor and sends the information to the LCD for display. An LED or buzzer can also be used for visual or audio indication of the measured heartbeat.
Maneuvering Robotic Vehicle based on Motion Sensor FeedbackIshanMalpotra
This is the project report of my Final year Project which bagged us
"Best Project Award" at NATIONAL LEVEL in "13th ISTE Tamilnadu & Puducherry Section Annual Convention for Engineering Students - 2014" held on 23rd - 24th January, 2014."
Digital distancerelaymodelingandtestingusinglabvie wandmatlabsimulinksalam_a
The key inputs signals to the distance relay are the voltage and current signals from the transmission line. The relay uses different combinations of voltage and current signals depending on the type of fault, in order to measure the positive sequence impedance to the fault.
1.5 Distance protection comparators
Distance protection uses two comparators:
- Phase comparator
- Magnitude comparator
1.5.1 Phase comparator
The phase comparator compares the phase angle between the voltage and current signals. It checks if the current lags the voltage, which indicates a forward fault. If the current leads the voltage, it indicates a reverse fault.
1.5.2 Magnitude comparator
The magnitude comparator compares the magnitude of the measured imped
Augmented Reality SEMINAR REPORT Submitted By BIKKAVOLUANANTHABHAVANI SAI KRI...Cassie Romero
This document is a seminar report on augmented reality that was submitted to fulfill requirements for a bachelor's degree. It provides definitions of augmented reality and discusses the principles of AR systems, including different types of displays and tracking methods. It focuses on outdoor, wireless AR systems and reviews wireless networking technologies like GSM, Bluetooth, and protocols for multimedia data transmission that could enable location-based AR applications. The report is organized into sections that define AR, explain AR principles and setups, analyze indoor displays and trackers, and explore options for building outdoor and wireless AR systems.
Intrusion Detection In Open Field Using Geophone (Report)Nuthan Prasad
This dissertation discusses the design of an intrusion detection system using geophones in an open field. A sensor network of geophone nodes is used to detect human intrusions by identifying footstep impulses. When intrusion is detected via kurtosis analysis, the sensor node alerts a control room which can then dispatch an unmanned ground vehicle to the location. The system aims to remotely monitor large outdoor areas with limited manpower.
This document is a project report submitted to the University of Kerala for a Bachelor of Science in Electronics degree. It details the design and development of a speed checker system for highways. The system uses LDR sensors installed 100 meters apart to detect a vehicle's speed. A 7-segment display will show the speed and sound a buzzer if the speed limit is exceeded. The goal is to help reduce accidents caused by speeding on highways by enforcing speed limits. The report includes the system block diagram, circuit diagram, component descriptions, simulation results, and discussions on future applications and conclusions.
This document is a project report submitted by four students at the Institute of Engineering and Technology in Lucknow, India. It describes their work to improve the gain of an operational amplifier designed using 90nm technology. The students declare that the work is original and was conducted under the guidance of Dr. Tanmay Dubey. The report includes an abstract, introduction on operational amplifiers, description of the CMOS design process, simulation results, and conclusions on matching calculations to simulations. The head of the electronics department certifies that the project fulfills requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree.
IRJET- Design and Implementation of Smart Dustbin using IoT NotificationsIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a smart dustbin system using IoT notifications. The system uses ultrasonic sensors placed above trash bins to detect garbage levels and send this data to an Android application via an Arduino microcontroller and WiFi module. When a bin reaches a certain fill level, a notification is sent to alert authorities to empty it. The system aims to help maintain cleanliness and avoid hazardous situations by automating waste collection. It monitors bin levels and notifies staff in real-time using low-cost hardware and an IoT approach.
Efficient Route Discovery In Mobile Ad Hoc Networksomarka
The document summarizes a student project report on implementing an efficient route discovery algorithm called FRESH in mobile ad hoc networks. FRESH exploits the history of encounters between nodes to perform a directional route discovery with lower overhead compared to flooding-based approaches. The report includes an introduction to MANETs and the motivation for the project. It describes the FRESH idea and algorithm, discusses the implementation including data flow diagrams and screenshots, and analyzes the performance based on simulations.
Li-Fi audio transmission is the transmission of wireless data by using visible light as a medium of communication in which the receiver section interprets the incoming light which is detected using a solar panel and converts to the audible sound signal with the help of a speaker.
Automatic liquid filling and mixing process using PLCAMIT KUMAR SINGH
In this project, a discussion about Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) application will be explained in more details and specified. This project deals with filling and mixing of different colour liquids or chemicals in bottles/ container using PLC by the application of selector switch. System is fully controlled by Bosch Rexroth IndraLogic PLC. This prototype is used in
1. Pharmaceutical Industry
2. Paint Industry
3. Food Processing Industry etc....
The document provides steps to add and use the UMC_18_CMOS library in Cadence:
1. Open Cadence Virtuoso and add the UMC_18_CMOS library by navigating to the highlighted path.
2. Create a new cell view and go to the model library setup to select the UMC spectre model library file.
3. Pick the NMOS and PMOS devices from the UMC_18_CMOS library and perform further circuit design and analysis steps as done previously with another library.
verilog code and Test bench for
Basic Gate
half adder
full adder
half subtractor
full subtractor
mux
demux
encoder
decoder
BCD to E-3
E-3 to BCD
binary to BCD
BCD to binary
Ripple carry adder
This document discusses pseudo-noise (PN) sequences, which are random-looking bit sequences that repeat periodically and have useful properties for applications like code division multiple access (CDMA) networks. It outlines a 15-stage PN generator using a shift register, describes the properties of equal probability of 1s and 0s and high auto-correlation. It also discusses how PN sequences are used for data detection through correlation and includes a MATLAB code example to generate a PN sequence.
The document discusses the charge coupled device (CCD). It describes the operational mechanism of CCDs which uses clock pulses to control and shift electrical charge packets within the device. There are different types of CCDs including surface channel CCDs (SCCD), buried channel CCDs (BCCD), and junction CCDs (JCCD) which store and transfer charges in different ways. CCDs are used in applications such as digital cameras, video cameras, barcode readers, and CCTV due to their ability to store and shift electrical charge.
Frequency modulation and its applicationDarshil Shah
This document discusses frequency modulation (FM) including its definition, modulation index, spectrum characteristics, types of FM modulation, generation of FM using phase modulation, advantages and disadvantages compared to other modulation techniques, and applications of FM such as in radio broadcasting, television sound, and satellite television. FM provides noise immunity and allows adjusting the noise level by changing the frequency deviation. It is widely used for radio but requires more complex transmission and reception equipment than other modulation methods.
The document discusses photoelectric sensors, which use light transmitters and receivers to detect objects. There are three main sensing modes - through-beam uses separate transmitters and receivers, retro-reflective uses a single unit with reflected light, and diffused beam uses light reflected off the object. Each mode has advantages - through-beam is most accurate but costly, while diffused beam is least accurate but lowest cost. Photoelectric sensors can be used in various applications like detecting piled items, liquid levels, and defects in manufacturing.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
1. 0 | P a g e
Water Quality Monitoring and conditioning Using Wireless sensor
Network
MAJOR-PROJECT REPORT
By
Shah Darshil Hareshbhai (12BECR051)
Patel Jainam Sureshbhai (12BECR033)
Jain Darshan Ranjitbhai (12BECR017)
Project Guide:
Prof. Ankur Changela
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Indus Institute of Technology and Engineering
Ahmedabad
MAY 2016
2. II | P a g e
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project report entitled “Water Quality Monitoring
and conditioning using wireless sensor network” submitted to Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, IITE, Ahmedabad, is a
bonafide record of work done by “Shah Darshil Hareshbhai” under my
supervision from “4th
January 2016” to “13th
May 2016”.
Prof. Ankur Changela
Faculty, EC Department
Prof R.N. Mutagi
Head of Department
Electronics and Communication
Place
Date
3. III | P a g e
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project report entitled “Water Quality Monitoring
and conditioning using wireless sensor network” submitted to Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, IITE, Ahmedabad, is a
bonafide record of work done by “Patel Jainam Sureshbhai” under my
supervision from “4th
January 2016” to “13th
May 2016”.
Prof. Ankur Changela
Faculty, EC Department
Prof R.N. Mutagi
Head of Department
Electronics and Communication
Place
Date
4. IV | P a g e
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project report entitled “Water Quality Monitoring
and conditioning using wireless sensor network” submitted to Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, IITE, Ahmedabad, is a
bonafide record of work done by “Jain Darshan Ranjitbhai” under my
supervision from “4th
January 2016” to “13th
May 2016”.
Prof. Ankur Changela
Faculty, EC Department
Prof R.N. Mutagi
Head of Department
Electronics and Communication
Place
Date
5. V | P a g e
Declaration by Author
This is to declare that this report has been written by me. No part of the report is
plagiarized from other sources. All information included from other sources has
been duly acknowledged. I aver that if any part of the report is found to be
plagiarized, I shall take full responsibility for it.
Shah Darshil Hareshbhai (12BECR051)
Patel Jainam Sureshbhai (12BECR033)
Jain Darshan Ranjitbhai (12BECR017)
Place
Date
6. VI | P a g e
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I gratefully acknowledge my mentor Prof. Ankur Changela, Faculty EC
department, Indus University for his suggestions and guidance during the entire
duration of the project. I am thankful to him for helping me to understanding
and develop problem solving ability.
I express sincere gratitude to Prof. R. N. Mutagi, Head of Department,
Electronics and Communication Department, Indus University for strengthening
my fundamental knowledge. I am thankful to him for his views, suggestions and
reviewing.
Finally, I express deep appreciation to my parents and friends for their
unconditional support, patience and encouragement.
7. VII | P a g e
ABSTRACT
Underwater wireless sensor network is the simple and basic way to monitor the
quality of water using wireless sensor network (WSN) technology. To monitor
the quality of water over different sites as a real time application, A WSN
technology like Zigbee is used to connect the nodes and base station. The
collected data of PH sensor is sent to base station and at the base station
collected data is displayed on 16x2 LCD. If displayed PH>7 then the water said
to be hard hence to soft the water we design water softener circuit which is
working until water PH should not be equal to 7.
8. VIII | P a g e
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.....................................................................................VI
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................... VII
List of figures:......................................................................................................X
List of Table.........................................................................................................X
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.........................................................................1
1.1 Definition of Project: ..............................................................................................................1
1.2 PH sensor Circuit:...................................................................................................................2
1.3 Water Softener Circuit:...........................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2 APPROACH USED........................................................................4
2.1 ZIGBEE Configuration:..........................................................................................................4
2.1.1 ADD or Find Radio module devices as shown in fig......................................................4
2.1.2 Configure Radio Devices with certain parameter like Baud Rate, Data Rate, Parity, ....4
And Stop Bit. ..................................................................................................................................4
2.1.3 To configure Point to Point topology we have to add two Radio module devices. ........5
2.1.4 To done Point to Point communication we have to select one as a Router and one as a
coordinator and select on update to select Radio Module Firmware. .............................................5
2.1.5 If we have to add two devices in same cloud (network) we have to equal PAN Ids. ....6
2.1.6 To done Point to Point communication we have do following process:.........................6
2.1.7 Point to Point communication between Router and coordinator.....................................7
2.2 Arduino interfacing with MATLAB:......................................................................................7
2.3 Arduino interfacing with Terminal Software:.........................................................................8
2.4 Arduino UNO with Zigbee configuration Mode:..................................................................10
2.5 LCD interfacing with Arduino Uno:.....................................................................................11
2.6 Detail of Arduino Uno: .........................................................................................................11
CHAPTER 3: RESULT AND DISCUSSION....................................................12
3.1 Software Implementation......................................................................................................12
3.2 Software Implementation:.....................................................................................................13
3.2.1 WQMC TX: ..................................................................................................................13
3.2.2 WQMC RX:..................................................................................................................13
3.3 Output Response of sample water.........................................................................................14
3.3.1 Bar Chart displaying LCD binary values of water sample............................................14
3.4 Titration Method:..................................................................................................................15
9. IX | P a g e
3.5 Water softener circuit design: ...............................................................................................16
3.6 Softener circuit Implementation in Proteus: .........................................................................17
3.7 Calculate required flux to soft the water...............................................................................17
3.8 Arduino interfacing with MATLAB:....................................................................................18
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND RECOOMENDATION...........................19
4.1 Scope.....................................................................................................................................19
4.2 Applications..........................................................................................................................19
4.3 Conclusions...........................................................................................................................19
APPENDICES ....................................................................................................20
Appendix I: Arduino Uno.................................................................................................................20
Appendix II: Zigbee..........................................................................................................................21
Appendix III: MATLAB Code: ........................................................................................................22
Appendix IV: Arduino code:.............................................................................................................24
Arduino TX code: .........................................................................................................................24
Arduino Rx Code:.........................................................................................................................26
LIST OF REFERENCES....................................................................................28
10. X | P a g e
List of figures:
Sr. No. Name Pg. No.
1.2 PH sensor Circuit 2
1.3 Water softener circuit 3
2.1.1 Radio Module 4
2.1.2 Configure Radio Module 4
2.1.3 P to P Topology 5
2.1.4 Select Firmware 5
2.1.5 Same PAN IDs 6
2.1.6 Addressing Zigbee 6
2.1.7 Communication process 7
2.2 MATLAB Plotting 7
2.3.1 COM Port selection 8
2.3.2 Select CSV file In Terminal 8
2.3.3 Select CSV File 8
2.3.4 Plotting Data 9
2.4.1 Zigbee interface with Arduino 10
2.4.1 Zigbee Pin out 10
2.5 LCD interface with Arduino 11
2.6 AT mega 328 Pin out 11
3.2.1 WQMC TX 13
3.2.2 WQMC RX 13
3.3.1 Water Sample Bar Chart 14
3.4 Titration Method 15
3.6 WSC in proteus 17
3.8 PH Result in matlab 18
List of Table
Sr. No. Name Pg. No.
3.3 Water Samples Readings 14
A-I AT mega 328p Specification 20
A-II Zigbee Specification 21
11. 1 | P a g e
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Definition of Project:
To take preventive actions for quality maintenance we got an idea that a system should be
implemented to monitor the quality of water in easy way, so it can easily analyze some of the
critical and important factors of water. Various environmental parameters such as
temperature, pH, oxygen density, turbidity and so on from water can be collected by these
systems using different sensors.
Here only monitoring of the system is not sufficient so that we will design such an
application which is if water Ph should not be equal to 7 the conditioning of water will start
and did not stop until water Ph should not be equal to 7.
A water softener circuit is based on electromagnetic or electric field causes small calcium
carbonate crystals in water to join and form larger crystals
The Electronic water softener operates at a frequency of 15 kHz and amplitude of 12 volts
A 555 timer was used to produce a rectangular-wave signal which induced the field required
in the water supply passing through a tube using two open ended copper coils wound round it
The coils were insulated to prevent electrical contact with the tubes. An activity indicator was
designed to detect the presence of the 15 kHz oscillator signal.
12. 2 | P a g e
1.2 PH sensor Circuit:
Sensing circuit is designed using two electrodes and these electrodes would be dipped in the
solution of water samples. Inside the water solution these electrode form the cathode-anode
pair, certain amount of current will be generated
1K resistor connected to this sensor circuit which will oppose the flow of the current and thus
Potential Difference occurs between the two electrodes.
Electrodes
Water
Fig. 1.2 PH Sensor Circuit
V01K
+5v
0V
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1.3 Water Softener Circuit:
A water softener circuit is based on electromagnetic or electric field causes small calcium
carbonate crystals in water to join and form larger crystals
The Electronic water softener circuit operates at variable frequency 1 kHz and 50 kHz. The
operated frequency generated from Arduino Uno and passes through power amplifier circuit
which induced the field required in the water supply passing through a tube using two open
ended copper coils wound around it.
Fig. 1.3 Water Softener Circuit
PIPE
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CHAPTER 2 APPROACH USED
2.1 ZIGBEE Configuration:
2.1.1 ADD or Find Radio module devices as shown in fig.
Fig. 2.1.1 ADD Radio Module
2.1.2 Configure Radio Devices with certain parameter like Baud Rate, Data Rate, Parity,
And Stop Bit.
Fig. 2.1.2 configure Radio module
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2.1.3 To configure Point to Point topology we have to add two Radio module devices.
Fig. 2.1.3 P to P Topology
2.1.4 To done Point to Point communication we have to select one as a Router and one as a
coordinator and select on update to select Radio Module Firmware.
Fig. 2.1.4 Select Firmware
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2.1.5 If we have to add two devices in same cloud (network) we have to equal PAN Ids.
Fig. 2.1.5 Same PAN IDs
2.1.6 To done Point to Point communication we have do following process:
DHrouter = SHcoordinator DLrouter = SLcoordinator
DLcoordinator = SLrouter DHcoordinator = SHcoordinator
Fig. 2.1.6 Addressing in zigbee
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2.1.7 Point to Point communication between Router and coordinator.
Fig. 2.1.7 communication process
2.2 Arduino interfacing with MATLAB:
Real time data plot from a serial port and this MATLAB script is for plotting a graph
by accessing serial port data in real time.
Fig. 2.2 MATLAB Plotting
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2.3 Arduino interfacing with Terminal Software:
1. Select The COM Port
Fig. 2.3.1 Com port selection
2. Select the CSV (comma delimited) file
Fig.2.3.2 Select CSV File In terminal
3. Excel CSV File
Fig.2.3.3 Select CSV File
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4. Excel Plotting And data Collection From serial port
Fig. 2.3.4 Plotting Data
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2.4 Arduino UNO with Zigbee configuration Mode:
As shown in Fig.
Data out (2) Zigbee is connected to Rx (0) Arduino Uno
Data IN (3) Zigbee is connected to Tx (1) Arduino Uno
Fig. 2.4.1 Zigbee interface with Arduino
Zigbee Pin out
Fig. 2.4.2 Zigbee Pin out
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2.5 LCD interfacing with Arduino Uno:
Fig. 2.5 LCD interface With Arduino
2.6 Detail of Arduino Uno:
The Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital input/output
pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a
USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything
needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or
power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
Fig. 2.6 AT mega 328 PINOUT
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CHAPTER 3: RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1Software Implementation
Start
Initialize PH=0
Read analogue
Signal Using the
Arduino
(Inbuilt ADC)
YES If PH >=7 NO
Arduino module (2)
Display it on the LCD
END
Transmit data via wireless
network Using Zigbee
Start Water
softener circuit
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3.2Software Implementation:
3.2.1 WQMC TX:
Fig. 3.2.1 WQMC TX
3.2.2 WQMC RX:
Fig. 3.2.2 WQMC RX
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3.3Output Response of sample water
Table 3.3 Water samples Reading
3.3.1 Bar Chart displaying LCD binary values of water sample
FIG 3.3.1 Water samples Bar chart
Sr. No. Water sample Binary Reading
1 Acidic Water 101
2 Hard Water 652
3 Regular Water 895
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Acidic water Hard water Regular water
Series 1
Column1
Column2
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3.4Titration Method:
Take 10ml sample water (Soft Water) then added into 1ml Buffer solution and 3 drops of
EBT (Eriochrome Black T).
Add EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) continuously while sample water colour is not
come to transparent Blue. And at that time we note the readings of glass tube.
Fig.3.4 Titration Method
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3.5Water softener circuit design:
Maximum input and output voltages = 15 volts
Maximum input current = 200 mA
The frequency of oscillators of NE555 IC was determined using the RC network.
Tc = charging time = 0.693 (R1 + R2) C
Td = Discharging time = 0.693 R2 C
Period (T) = Tc + Td
Frequency (f) = I/T
For frequency (f) = 15 x 103 Hz
Period (T) = 1/f = 1/15 x 103 = 66.666 x 10-6 s
Using;
R1 = 10k
R2 = 10R1 = 100k for about 1:10 mark to space ratio.
Using equation (4), for T = 66.67x10-6 s
C = 4.58 x 10-10 F
= 0.458 x 10-9 F
= 0.45 n F
Two capacitors C1 = C2 = 100nF were used. One at the input to control the unwanted radio
frequency signals and the other at pin 5 to block the R.F signals. This capacitor offers a reactance of
106 ohm approximately to block the R-F signals.
Resistor R3 is current controlled Resistor.
TIP 122 Darlington Transistor is used to amplify the current to generate strong flux.
Maximum output current: 424mA
IE2 = ß2 x ß1 x IB1
IE2= 1000*424 uA
IE2=424 mA
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3.6Softener circuit Implementation in Proteus:
Fig. 3.6 WSC IN Proteus
3.7Calculate required flux to soft the water
By Using faraday’s LAW we can calculate the change in flux.
V= N × d/dt
Where V=di/dt
Hence change in current is proportional to change in flux
Here Maximum output current is 424mA
Number of turns of inductor wire at positive output = 77
Number of turns of inductor wire at ground output = 75
Hence Total turns would be = 155
Hence calculated maximum flux would be
=424mA/155 = 2.73x10-3
V.m
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3.8Arduino interfacing with MATLAB:
1. Variable Declaration
2. Set Serial Port
3. Set Figure
4. Set axis
5. Create x-label, y-label, and title
6. Initialize the variable
7. Re-creating Serial Port before timeout
8. Serial data accessing
9. For reducing Error Use your own constant
10. Clean up the serial port
Fig.3.8 PH Result in MATLAB
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CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND RECOOMENDATION
4.1 Scope
A system was with more sensor nodes and more base stations. Nodes and base stations are
connected as WSN, the different base stations are connected via Ethernet. The Ethernet can
also be connected to internet so the user can just login to the system and get a real time water
quality data faraway.
Water softening technique depends on the input from the ph sensor.
4.2 Applications
Chemical leakage detection in rivers: This is very important as due to chemical spills in
rivers, the aquatic animals and creatures living in the rivers get affected and die in large
numbers. So early detection of the leakage will not only save cost of cleaning the river beds,
but also save a lot of aquatic life.
Maintain the swimming pool water quality: By testing the pH level and Chloride levels of
pool water, the quality of water in swimming pools is maintained.
Maintenance of Fish Tank water: The bacteria, pathogen detection in water are possible to
maintain the quality of tank water.
4.3 Conclusions
Sequential follow up of water pollution status in remote region can be achieved by
monitoring the quality of water & collecting comprehensive data.
The system not only provides comprehensive evaluation of water environment but also can
quickly discover urgent water pollution accident or natural disasters, transferring the
abnormal water quality information to monitoring centres by quicker communication network
and provides graphical references for the decision making department to comprehend the
status of the disaster to establish the prevention and cure policy.
The designed system is used to test the water for various dose responses for more type of
infection in a sample, at the various temperatures. This water quality sensor model is very
beneficial for the society in various
application of water.
This research work is used to design the system to study the water sample. The sample food
material is checked under the different atmospheric condition. The impurity is added in
the testing material is analyze at the different interval of time of a day by the monitoring pH
value and by measuring the hardness of water.
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APPENDICES
Appendix I: Arduino Uno
Table I AT mega 328p Specification
Microcontroller ATmega328P
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage
(recommended)
7-12V
Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins
14 (of which 6 provide PWM
output)
PWM Digital I/O Pins 6
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory
32 KB (ATmega328P)
of which 0.5 KB used by boot
loader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328P)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328P)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Length 68.6 mm
Width 53.4 mm
Weight 25 g
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Appendix II: Zigbee
Table II Zigbee Specification
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Appendix III: MATLAB Code:
4 clear all;
5
6 %%Variables (Edit yourself)
7
8 SerialPort='com10'; %serial port
9 MaxDeviation = 14;%Maximum Allowable Change from one value to next
10 TimeInterval=0.2;%time interval between each input.
11 loop=500;%count values
12
13 %%Set up the serial port object
14
15 s = serial(SerialPort)
16 fopen(s);
17 PH =now;
18 Time = 0;
19
20 %% Set up the figure
21
22 figureHandle = figure('NumberTitle','off',...
23 'Name','PH Characteristics',...
24 'Color',[0 0 0],'Visible','off');
25
26 % Set axes
27
28 axesHandle = axes('Parent',figureHandle,...
29 'YGrid','on',...
30 'YColor',[0.9725 0.9725 0.9725],...
31 'XGrid','on',...
32 'XColor',[0.9725 0.9725 0.9725],...
33 'Color',[0 0 0]);
34
35 hold on;
36 plotHandle = plot(axesHandle,PH,Time,'Marker','.','LineWidth',1,'Color',[0 1 0]);
37 xlim(axesHandle,[min(PH) max(PH+0.001)]);
38
39 % Create xlabel
40
41 xlabel('Time','FontWeight','bold','FontSize',14,'Color',[1 1 0]);
42
43 % Create ylabel
44
45 ylabel('PH','FontWeight','bold','FontSize',14,'Color',[1 1 0]);
46
47 % Create title
48
49 title('Real Time Data','FontSize',15,'Color',[1 1 0]);
50
51 %% Initializing variables
52
53 Time(1)=0;
54 PH(1)=0;
55 count = 2;
56 k=1;
57 while ~isequal(count,loop)
58
59 %%Re creating Serial port before timeout
60
61 k=k+1;
62 if k==25
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63 fclose(s);
64 delete(s);
65 clear s;
66 s = serial('com10');
67 fopen(s)
68 k=0;
69 end
70
71 %%Serial data accessing
72
73 Time(count) = fscanf(s,'%d'); %#ok<*SAGROW>
74
75 %%For reducing Error Use your own costant
76
77 Time(1)=0;
78 if (Time(count)-Time(count-1)>MaxDeviation)
79 Time(count)=Time(count-1);
80 end
81 PH(count) = count;
82 set(plotHandle,'YData',Time,'XData',PH);
83 set(figureHandle,'Visible','on');
84 datetick('x','mm/DD HH:MM');
85
86 pause(TimeInterval);
87 count = count +1;
88 end
89
90 %% Clean up the serial port
91 fclose(s);
92 delete(s);
93 clear s;
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Appendix IV: Arduino code:
Arduino TX code:
///////////////// VRS ///////////////////////////
int reading;
int val;
/////////////////////////////////////////////////
//##################### main setup ##############
void setup()
{
pinMode(A0,INPUT); // A0 as input
Serial.begin(9600); // zigbee init.
pinMode(3,OUTPUT); // SOFT RELAY
pinMode(4,OUTPUT); // HARD RELAY
digitalWrite(3,LOW);
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////
//############### main loop ######################
void loop()
{
val = analogRead(A0); // a0 read
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reading = map(val,0,1023,0,14); // mapping
if(reading>7)
digitalWrite(4,HIGH);
else if(reading<7)
digitalWrite(3,HIGH);
else
{digitalWrite(3,LOW);digitalWrite(4,LOW);}
//Serial.write('a');
//Serial.write(',');
Serial.println(reading); // transmit over zigbee.
delay(1000);// sample at every 1 seconds.
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//############ extra functions and ISRS ///////////////
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/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//######################## main loop #######################
void loop()
{
if(Serial.available()>0)
{
// if(Serial.read()=='a')
// {
data = Serial.parseInt(); // receive data in int. form.
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(data); // print on lcd
// }
}
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//############# extra functions and ISRS //////////////////////
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LIST OF REFERENCES
1. http://ijsetr.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/IJSETR-VOL-3-ISSUE-3-385-389.pdf
2. http://www.researchinventy.com/papers/v1i3/I013039042.pdf
3. http://www.isca.in/IJES/Archive/v3/i11/2.ISCA-RJEngS-2014-70.pdf
4. http://tathastuservices.com/english/tws/scince-behind-this.html
5. http://www.vivabluwater.com/products/explanation.pdf
6. http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1409785&seqNum=4
7. http://www.mouser.com/pdfdocs/Gravitech_ATMEGA328_datasheet.pdf
8. https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Wireless/Zigbee/XBee-Datasheet.pdf