Solar street lighting system should be implemented everywhere to decrease the 40% energy demand in highways we are using here both conventional energy and solar energy for reliability purpose
Final project report on Solar street light Darshil Shah
The document describes a project report for a solar powered LED street light with automatic intensity control. It includes a functional block diagram and explanations of the components, including a solar panel, charge controller circuit, rechargeable battery, voltage divider circuit, and Arduino UNO microcontroller. It also covers the software implementation through simulations of the charge controller and voltage divider circuits. The coding for the real time clock and PWM in Arduino is shown. The hardware implementation, operation, and testing are described as well. Intensity levels are controlled at different times of day and night based on readings from the real time clock.
Solar powered LED street light with automated power supply systemSangeeth Soman
The document describes a project report for a solar powered LED street light with an automated power supply system. It was submitted by 4 students to fulfill their Bachelor of Engineering degree requirements. The project involves designing a street light system that uses solar panels to charge a battery during the day. An inverter converts the DC battery power to AC to power the LED lamp. A switching circuit uses a light sensor to automatically turn the lamp on when it gets dark and off when it's light out. An AC backup supply is also provided to charge the battery if the solar power is insufficient.
Overview of Solar Power Plant .
Explaining various components working & Use in Solar Power Plant that is used for Commercial Purpose be it industries or any Other commercial organisation .
This presentation discusses a 1kW solar photovoltaic system. It begins by explaining why solar PV is useful, describing how the photovoltaic effect works to convert sunlight into electricity. It then provides details of a 1kW system, estimating it could produce 5.2 kWh of power per day on average based on the location's sun hours. This equals around 1872 kWh per year, saving approximately Rs. 9,360 annually at current electricity prices. It lists appliances the system could run and the components of a 1kW solar kit, costing Rs. 1,39,000 after discounts.
This document provides an overview of solar energy and how it works. It discusses solar power generation at Maungaraki School in Wellington, New Zealand, including statistics on the amount of energy generated by their solar panels. It also covers the basics of solar energy, how photovoltaic cells work to convert sunlight to electricity, how solar panels function, and the role of electrons. Additional topics include the benefits of solar energy, potential cost savings, solar cookers, how location can impact energy production, the purpose of solar inverters, and sunlight levels in Wellington. The document concludes with a sample letter advocating for solar power in New Zealand schools.
An on-grid solar electric system generates solar electricity through solar panels and routes it to the main utility grid. The homeowner lives as if connected to only the grid, except some or all electricity comes from the sun. There are four cases: 1) Only solar energy supplies households during sunny periods. 2) Solar and grid energy are both used on cloudy or rainy days when solar is insufficient. 3) Excess solar energy is routed back to the utility grid. 4) At night, households rely solely on grid energy with no solar available.
Solar PV System
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun that is converted into electricity through photovoltaic panels. Photovoltaic panels use silicon to directly convert sunlight into electricity. A solar PV system may be connected to the electric grid to sell excess power back to the utility company, as measured by a net meter. Hybrid solar systems can also power a home independently of the grid by storing solar energy in batteries.
This document provides an overview of solar photovoltaic power systems. It discusses that solar PV systems convert sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic cells. The document covers different types of solar PV systems including off-grid, grid-tied, and hybrid systems. It also discusses the components of solar PV systems such as solar panels, batteries, charge controllers, and inverters. The document summarizes the advantages of solar PV including being renewable, having no emissions, and having low operating costs.
Final project report on Solar street light Darshil Shah
The document describes a project report for a solar powered LED street light with automatic intensity control. It includes a functional block diagram and explanations of the components, including a solar panel, charge controller circuit, rechargeable battery, voltage divider circuit, and Arduino UNO microcontroller. It also covers the software implementation through simulations of the charge controller and voltage divider circuits. The coding for the real time clock and PWM in Arduino is shown. The hardware implementation, operation, and testing are described as well. Intensity levels are controlled at different times of day and night based on readings from the real time clock.
Solar powered LED street light with automated power supply systemSangeeth Soman
The document describes a project report for a solar powered LED street light with an automated power supply system. It was submitted by 4 students to fulfill their Bachelor of Engineering degree requirements. The project involves designing a street light system that uses solar panels to charge a battery during the day. An inverter converts the DC battery power to AC to power the LED lamp. A switching circuit uses a light sensor to automatically turn the lamp on when it gets dark and off when it's light out. An AC backup supply is also provided to charge the battery if the solar power is insufficient.
Overview of Solar Power Plant .
Explaining various components working & Use in Solar Power Plant that is used for Commercial Purpose be it industries or any Other commercial organisation .
This presentation discusses a 1kW solar photovoltaic system. It begins by explaining why solar PV is useful, describing how the photovoltaic effect works to convert sunlight into electricity. It then provides details of a 1kW system, estimating it could produce 5.2 kWh of power per day on average based on the location's sun hours. This equals around 1872 kWh per year, saving approximately Rs. 9,360 annually at current electricity prices. It lists appliances the system could run and the components of a 1kW solar kit, costing Rs. 1,39,000 after discounts.
This document provides an overview of solar energy and how it works. It discusses solar power generation at Maungaraki School in Wellington, New Zealand, including statistics on the amount of energy generated by their solar panels. It also covers the basics of solar energy, how photovoltaic cells work to convert sunlight to electricity, how solar panels function, and the role of electrons. Additional topics include the benefits of solar energy, potential cost savings, solar cookers, how location can impact energy production, the purpose of solar inverters, and sunlight levels in Wellington. The document concludes with a sample letter advocating for solar power in New Zealand schools.
An on-grid solar electric system generates solar electricity through solar panels and routes it to the main utility grid. The homeowner lives as if connected to only the grid, except some or all electricity comes from the sun. There are four cases: 1) Only solar energy supplies households during sunny periods. 2) Solar and grid energy are both used on cloudy or rainy days when solar is insufficient. 3) Excess solar energy is routed back to the utility grid. 4) At night, households rely solely on grid energy with no solar available.
Solar PV System
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun that is converted into electricity through photovoltaic panels. Photovoltaic panels use silicon to directly convert sunlight into electricity. A solar PV system may be connected to the electric grid to sell excess power back to the utility company, as measured by a net meter. Hybrid solar systems can also power a home independently of the grid by storing solar energy in batteries.
This document provides an overview of solar photovoltaic power systems. It discusses that solar PV systems convert sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic cells. The document covers different types of solar PV systems including off-grid, grid-tied, and hybrid systems. It also discusses the components of solar PV systems such as solar panels, batteries, charge controllers, and inverters. The document summarizes the advantages of solar PV including being renewable, having no emissions, and having low operating costs.
Major Project report "MPPT BASED BATTERY CHARGING USING SOLAR ENERGY" (or) so...ViJay ChouDhary
A Major Project Report on
MPPT BASED BATTERY CHARGING USING SOLAR
ENERGY
” in fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering
submitted in the Department of Electrical Engineering, MANIT, Bhopal
Solar powered automatic street light controller reportAmar Gupta
The document is a project report on a solar energy based automatic street light controller submitted by Amar Gupta, Manisha Bagani, and Varun Shah. It describes the controller's use of a 555 timer IC wired as a monostable multivibrator to automatically turn street lights on at dusk when detected by an LDR light sensor, and off at dawn. When dark, the LDR increases resistance to trigger the 555 IC and relay to power the lights from the solar panel energy storage. It saves around 40% of electricity costs compared to regular street lights.
The document provides an introduction and background on solar panels and photovoltaic cells. It discusses how solar panels work by converting sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Solar panels are made up of photovoltaic cells that generate electric charges when exposed to light. The cells are arranged in modules that are then connected together in solar panel arrays. The document discusses the components of solar panels and how improvements have increased their efficiency and use in power generation over time.
Components of a solar electric generating systemDr.Raja R
There are two main types of solar power stations: stand-alone and grid-tie. A stand-alone solar power station consists of solar panels, batteries, a controller, and an inverter. It provides power independently without being connected to the electric grid. A grid-tie solar power station is connected to the electric grid. It uses an inverter to convert solar panel DC output to AC that is fed onto the electric grid or used by local loads. Grid-tie stations can use either a central inverter for all solar panels or individual microinverters attached to each panel. Both types aim to feed solar power onto the electric grid or power local loads.
This document is a 50-page internship report submitted by Naveen Bhati on solar power plants and solar energy. It provides an introduction to the company where the internship took place, Prime Vision Automation Solutions Pvt. Ltd., which provides industrial automation services and solar PV systems. The report includes sections on renewable energy sources like solar energy, the working of solar energy, solar thermal power plants, heat measurement, solar PV systems, SCADA systems, and PLC systems. It also contains diagrams of solar panel configurations, inverters, and solar pumping systems.
The document discusses solar energy and solar cells. It explains that solar cells work by creating electron-hole pairs when light hits the cell, which are then swept away by an electric field to produce electricity. It also explains that solar energy comes from the sun and is captured on Earth. Solar energy systems require both a collector to absorb sunlight and convert it to another form of energy, as well as a storage unit, as the amount of solar energy available fluctuates. The document concludes by discussing the importance of conserving energy and developing renewable sources like solar to ensure future energy needs are met sustainably.
- An outhouse project completed at Progressive Powercon Pvt. Ltd., Pune, India. Aim is to design and implement a low cost solar electricity generation system for household use.
- Designed DC-DC Converter, Inverter, Micro controller circuitry and some additional accessories to improve the overall performance of the system.
- PIC 16f876A is used as a microcontroller fro PWM Control. All the simulation are performed in PSIM 6.0. PCB layout is carried out in ALTIUM DESIGNER Summer 09 Software.
Advance Solar charge controller with lot of benefits. An advantage over common PWM Solar charge controller. Double Boost Technique is used to get a desired output.
This document discusses developing a 1 MW solar power plant in India. Key points:
- A 1 MW plant can generate Rs. 1.2 lakhs per day by selling electricity at Rs. 15/unit and additional income from carbon credits of Rs. 24 lakhs annually. The government offers higher tariffs and low-interest loans for solar projects.
- The solution proposes setting up a solar tracker manufacturing plant in India with a Rs. 25 lakhs investment and combining solar thermal and PV technologies to increase efficiency above 50% with a Rs. 1 crore investment.
- Funding details are provided for a 1 MW reference solar power plant with an estimated total cost of Rs. 26.
The load dispatch center monitors and controls the power system to ensure reliable power supply. It collects data using a SCADA system and oversees elements like generators, transformers, and transmission lines. The load dispatch center performs economic and secure operation of the power system, and works to restore power lines after faults. It is responsible for functions like load forecasting, outage monitoring, voltage regulation, load scheduling, and coordination between grids.
An Analysis of 10MW Photovoltaic Solar Power Plant Design on summer Training ...Hari Singh Rathore
This document provides an overview of the solar power plant being constructed by Today Green Energy Private Limited (TGEPL) in Pokaran, India. It discusses the components of the solar PV system, including solar panels, charge controllers, strings, combiners, inverters, transformers and batteries. It also covers how to determine power consumption demands and design a 1 MW solar power plant. The key components of a grid-connected solar power plant are described, along with solar PV module technologies and mounting systems.
SOLAR STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM SHOULD BE USED TO DECREASE THE ENERGY DEMAND IN HIGHWAYS ALSO RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES CAN BE UTILIZED MORE AND MORE TO REDUCE THE MASSIVE USES OF FOSSIL FUELS WHICH ARE EXTINGUISHABLE.
An electrical grid is a network that delivers electricity from power plants to consumers using three main components: power stations that generate electricity, transmission lines that carry electricity over long distances, and transformers that reduce voltage for local distribution. Transformers are used in distribution to provide the final voltage transformation and typically have ratings less than 200 KVA to improve efficiency while keeping voltage regulation to a minimum. The electrical grid aims to improve reliability, economics, efficiency, power quality, and security of the power system but faces challenges due to its complexity, lower efficiency rates, and high costs.
This document summarizes solar power generation from solar energy. It discusses that solar energy comes from the nuclear fusion reaction in the sun. About 51% of the sun's energy reaches Earth's atmosphere. There are two main technologies for solar power generation: solar photovoltaics and solar chimney technologies. Solar photovoltaics convert sunlight directly into electricity via photovoltaic cells. They can be ground mounted or space based. Floating solar chimney technology uses the greenhouse effect to power turbines. The document discusses applications of solar technologies and the advantages of being renewable and non-polluting, though the disadvantages include high costs and reliance on sunny weather conditions.
The document summarizes information about a solar power plant, including:
1) It describes the basic components of a solar power plant including solar modules, controllers, batteries, inverters, and lighting loads.
2) It explains how solar energy is converted into electricity through both photovoltaic and concentrated solar power systems. Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity while concentrated solar power uses mirrors to focus sunlight and generate heat to power turbines.
3) It provides an overview of the advantages of solar power plants in being renewable, clean, and requiring little maintenance over time.
This document contains a SWOT analysis of 10 MW solar power plant designing project and basic procedures to take before implementing a such power plant design project. Application structures are also included in the document.
This document describes a solar powered bicycle. It includes sections on the objectives of creating a solar powered bicycle, the methodology used including assembling the components and connecting them, issues that arose and their solutions, and future aspects and advantages. The key components are a 500W DC motor, solar panels that charge lead acid batteries, and a chain drive system to connect the motor to the rear wheel. The goals are to power the bicycle using solar energy to reduce human effort for transportation over short distances.
This document describes the design of a solar-powered mobile phone charger. It begins with an introduction to solar cells and the photovoltaic effect. It then discusses the specifications of the charger, which uses a 5.5V/1000mA solar panel to output 300-550mA to charge a mobile phone in about 60 minutes. The document includes a block diagram and circuit diagram of the charger. It concludes that the solar charger provides ripple-free charging to increase battery life without developing high voltages.
Solar Colony: Designing and Economics of Rooftop Solar PV SystemAbhishek Desai
This project work aimed for the designing and finding the economics of a roof top solar PV
system for a residential area in Navi Mumbai. Following work was carried out:
Payback period calculation of Solar PV system
MATLAB simulation of DC – DC Converter
Hardware implementation of prototype of Solar PV system using DSP TMS320F28069
This document presents a case study of a proposed rooftop solar PV system for a residential colony in Navi Mumbai. It discusses the design and economics of the system. The document includes a certificate of approval, project report approval, declaration, acknowledgements, abstract and table of contents. It was submitted by 5 students in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree.
Major Project report "MPPT BASED BATTERY CHARGING USING SOLAR ENERGY" (or) so...ViJay ChouDhary
A Major Project Report on
MPPT BASED BATTERY CHARGING USING SOLAR
ENERGY
” in fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering
submitted in the Department of Electrical Engineering, MANIT, Bhopal
Solar powered automatic street light controller reportAmar Gupta
The document is a project report on a solar energy based automatic street light controller submitted by Amar Gupta, Manisha Bagani, and Varun Shah. It describes the controller's use of a 555 timer IC wired as a monostable multivibrator to automatically turn street lights on at dusk when detected by an LDR light sensor, and off at dawn. When dark, the LDR increases resistance to trigger the 555 IC and relay to power the lights from the solar panel energy storage. It saves around 40% of electricity costs compared to regular street lights.
The document provides an introduction and background on solar panels and photovoltaic cells. It discusses how solar panels work by converting sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Solar panels are made up of photovoltaic cells that generate electric charges when exposed to light. The cells are arranged in modules that are then connected together in solar panel arrays. The document discusses the components of solar panels and how improvements have increased their efficiency and use in power generation over time.
Components of a solar electric generating systemDr.Raja R
There are two main types of solar power stations: stand-alone and grid-tie. A stand-alone solar power station consists of solar panels, batteries, a controller, and an inverter. It provides power independently without being connected to the electric grid. A grid-tie solar power station is connected to the electric grid. It uses an inverter to convert solar panel DC output to AC that is fed onto the electric grid or used by local loads. Grid-tie stations can use either a central inverter for all solar panels or individual microinverters attached to each panel. Both types aim to feed solar power onto the electric grid or power local loads.
This document is a 50-page internship report submitted by Naveen Bhati on solar power plants and solar energy. It provides an introduction to the company where the internship took place, Prime Vision Automation Solutions Pvt. Ltd., which provides industrial automation services and solar PV systems. The report includes sections on renewable energy sources like solar energy, the working of solar energy, solar thermal power plants, heat measurement, solar PV systems, SCADA systems, and PLC systems. It also contains diagrams of solar panel configurations, inverters, and solar pumping systems.
The document discusses solar energy and solar cells. It explains that solar cells work by creating electron-hole pairs when light hits the cell, which are then swept away by an electric field to produce electricity. It also explains that solar energy comes from the sun and is captured on Earth. Solar energy systems require both a collector to absorb sunlight and convert it to another form of energy, as well as a storage unit, as the amount of solar energy available fluctuates. The document concludes by discussing the importance of conserving energy and developing renewable sources like solar to ensure future energy needs are met sustainably.
- An outhouse project completed at Progressive Powercon Pvt. Ltd., Pune, India. Aim is to design and implement a low cost solar electricity generation system for household use.
- Designed DC-DC Converter, Inverter, Micro controller circuitry and some additional accessories to improve the overall performance of the system.
- PIC 16f876A is used as a microcontroller fro PWM Control. All the simulation are performed in PSIM 6.0. PCB layout is carried out in ALTIUM DESIGNER Summer 09 Software.
Advance Solar charge controller with lot of benefits. An advantage over common PWM Solar charge controller. Double Boost Technique is used to get a desired output.
This document discusses developing a 1 MW solar power plant in India. Key points:
- A 1 MW plant can generate Rs. 1.2 lakhs per day by selling electricity at Rs. 15/unit and additional income from carbon credits of Rs. 24 lakhs annually. The government offers higher tariffs and low-interest loans for solar projects.
- The solution proposes setting up a solar tracker manufacturing plant in India with a Rs. 25 lakhs investment and combining solar thermal and PV technologies to increase efficiency above 50% with a Rs. 1 crore investment.
- Funding details are provided for a 1 MW reference solar power plant with an estimated total cost of Rs. 26.
The load dispatch center monitors and controls the power system to ensure reliable power supply. It collects data using a SCADA system and oversees elements like generators, transformers, and transmission lines. The load dispatch center performs economic and secure operation of the power system, and works to restore power lines after faults. It is responsible for functions like load forecasting, outage monitoring, voltage regulation, load scheduling, and coordination between grids.
An Analysis of 10MW Photovoltaic Solar Power Plant Design on summer Training ...Hari Singh Rathore
This document provides an overview of the solar power plant being constructed by Today Green Energy Private Limited (TGEPL) in Pokaran, India. It discusses the components of the solar PV system, including solar panels, charge controllers, strings, combiners, inverters, transformers and batteries. It also covers how to determine power consumption demands and design a 1 MW solar power plant. The key components of a grid-connected solar power plant are described, along with solar PV module technologies and mounting systems.
SOLAR STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM SHOULD BE USED TO DECREASE THE ENERGY DEMAND IN HIGHWAYS ALSO RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES CAN BE UTILIZED MORE AND MORE TO REDUCE THE MASSIVE USES OF FOSSIL FUELS WHICH ARE EXTINGUISHABLE.
An electrical grid is a network that delivers electricity from power plants to consumers using three main components: power stations that generate electricity, transmission lines that carry electricity over long distances, and transformers that reduce voltage for local distribution. Transformers are used in distribution to provide the final voltage transformation and typically have ratings less than 200 KVA to improve efficiency while keeping voltage regulation to a minimum. The electrical grid aims to improve reliability, economics, efficiency, power quality, and security of the power system but faces challenges due to its complexity, lower efficiency rates, and high costs.
This document summarizes solar power generation from solar energy. It discusses that solar energy comes from the nuclear fusion reaction in the sun. About 51% of the sun's energy reaches Earth's atmosphere. There are two main technologies for solar power generation: solar photovoltaics and solar chimney technologies. Solar photovoltaics convert sunlight directly into electricity via photovoltaic cells. They can be ground mounted or space based. Floating solar chimney technology uses the greenhouse effect to power turbines. The document discusses applications of solar technologies and the advantages of being renewable and non-polluting, though the disadvantages include high costs and reliance on sunny weather conditions.
The document summarizes information about a solar power plant, including:
1) It describes the basic components of a solar power plant including solar modules, controllers, batteries, inverters, and lighting loads.
2) It explains how solar energy is converted into electricity through both photovoltaic and concentrated solar power systems. Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity while concentrated solar power uses mirrors to focus sunlight and generate heat to power turbines.
3) It provides an overview of the advantages of solar power plants in being renewable, clean, and requiring little maintenance over time.
This document contains a SWOT analysis of 10 MW solar power plant designing project and basic procedures to take before implementing a such power plant design project. Application structures are also included in the document.
This document describes a solar powered bicycle. It includes sections on the objectives of creating a solar powered bicycle, the methodology used including assembling the components and connecting them, issues that arose and their solutions, and future aspects and advantages. The key components are a 500W DC motor, solar panels that charge lead acid batteries, and a chain drive system to connect the motor to the rear wheel. The goals are to power the bicycle using solar energy to reduce human effort for transportation over short distances.
This document describes the design of a solar-powered mobile phone charger. It begins with an introduction to solar cells and the photovoltaic effect. It then discusses the specifications of the charger, which uses a 5.5V/1000mA solar panel to output 300-550mA to charge a mobile phone in about 60 minutes. The document includes a block diagram and circuit diagram of the charger. It concludes that the solar charger provides ripple-free charging to increase battery life without developing high voltages.
Solar Colony: Designing and Economics of Rooftop Solar PV SystemAbhishek Desai
This project work aimed for the designing and finding the economics of a roof top solar PV
system for a residential area in Navi Mumbai. Following work was carried out:
Payback period calculation of Solar PV system
MATLAB simulation of DC – DC Converter
Hardware implementation of prototype of Solar PV system using DSP TMS320F28069
This document presents a case study of a proposed rooftop solar PV system for a residential colony in Navi Mumbai. It discusses the design and economics of the system. The document includes a certificate of approval, project report approval, declaration, acknowledgements, abstract and table of contents. It was submitted by 5 students in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree.
Modification and Testing of Parabolic Concentrator Solar Water Distiller Proj...Siddharth Bhatnagar
This document is a project report submitted for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses the modification and testing of a parabolic concentrator solar water distiller. The goal is to enhance the efficiency and usability of an existing solar distiller design. This is achieved through the addition of microprocessor control and sensors for automated sun tracking, as well as a chain drive mechanism for improved operation. The distiller is powered by a battery and solar panel. Students conducted research, designed the modifications, fabricated the prototype, programmed the microcontroller, and experimentally tested the improved distiller. The results showed an increase in the annual usable capacity of the distiller.
This document describes a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. The report details the design and development of a dual axis solar tracker system. A dual axis solar tracker is able to track the sun's movement across both axes (east-west and north-south) to maximize solar panel exposure and increase energy generation by 35-45% compared to a fixed panel. The system is controlled using an Arduino UNO microcontroller and sensors to position the solar panel towards the strongest sunlight.
This document provides details about a dual axis solar tracker project submitted for a diploma in electrical engineering. It includes an acknowledgment, declaration, table of contents, and abstract summarizing the goal of developing a prototype solar tracking system to enhance the performance of photovoltaic modules. The working involves using light dependent resistors and a microcontroller to control servo motors that rotate the solar panel to maximize exposure to sunlight based on sensor inputs, with the aim of increasing overall power output.
The document describes a project to generate electricity from human footfalls using piezoelectric sensors. Piezoelectric materials generate voltage when pressure is applied. The project involves arranging piezoelectric generators under a mechanical structure where people walk. The voltage generated is stored in a lead acid battery. An Arduino microcontroller is used to control the system and display electrical parameters on an LCD screen. The goal is to develop a cleaner, cost-effective alternative energy source by harnessing wasted kinetic energy from human walking.
single axis solar tracker with out micro controllerNarendhar Kumar
This document is a project report for a solar tracker system developed by six students. It includes:
1) An introduction describing solar energy potential in India and motivation for the project.
2) Details of the solar tracker system components including a light sensor, motor driver, comparator, battery, and DC motor.
3) A circuit diagram and description of how the solar tracker functions to keep the solar panel oriented towards the sun using feedback from the light sensor.
4) Acknowledgements and future work sections noting the guidance received and potential to improve the system with a real-time clock.
In summary, the document presents a student project to develop a single-axis solar tracker using various electrical components
- The objective of this project is to make a smart solar panel which is follow the sun light. Solar panel converts sun light into electricity. It is eco-friendly and low-cost energy. But the solar panel is unable to move in front of the light source, hence solar panel not produces electricity of its full capacity. Solar panel is unable to move, it is fixed at one position. If we want full energy output from solar panel thenwe need to move manualy solar panel in front of the sun light
In this project,
This report aims to let the reader understand the project work which I have done. A brief introduction to Solar Panel and Solar Tracker is explained in the Literature Research section. Basically the Solar Tracker is divided into two main categories, hardware and software. It is further subdivided into six main functionalities: Method of Tracker Mount, Drives, Sensors, Motors, Data Acquisition/Interface Card and Power Supply of the Solar Tracker is also explained and explored. The reader would then be brief with some analysis and perceptions of the information.
1238707330 solar pv-installer_(suryamitra)_englishjaveed0401
This document provides an introduction to the training program for Solar PV Installers (Suryamitra). The program aims to teach the concepts and skills required for installing solar photovoltaic power plants from a technician's perspective. The training will have both practical and theoretical components delivered in a classroom setting. Trainees are encouraged to maintain discipline and adopt a code of conduct during lectures and workshops. This includes being punctual, minimizing distractions, interacting with trainers, engaging in discussions with peers, and asking questions to clarify concepts. Following these practices will help trainees derive maximum benefits from the program and develop skills needed for their future careers as solar installers.
Training manual for engineers on solar pv systemDeepak Kumar
This document provides a training manual for engineers on solar photovoltaic systems. It outlines a 8-day training schedule covering topics such as the basics of solar PV technology, components of solar PV systems, design of solar home systems and large institutional systems, and feasibility studies. The training includes theory, hands-on demonstrations, and a field visit. The goal is to provide engineers with the skills needed to work in the solar PV sector by designing, installing, and maintaining solar PV systems.
B.Tech Project Report on MINIATURE ACTIVE MODEL SUBSTATIONMAINAK SINGHA BARMA
This document describes a project submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering. It outlines the development of a miniature active model substation by four students - Sushil Kumar Bharti, Sougata Bera, Mainak Singha Barma, and Kousik Das - under the supervision of Prof. Shibaji Mondal at the College of Engineering and Management, Kolaghat. The model substation aims to demonstrate key elements like transmission towers, insulators, isolators, circuit breakers, transformers, wires, and internal wiring in a simplified manner using scaled-down equivalents. Pictures of the completed miniature active model substation are also included.
This paper proposes the design and development of Arduino based solar charge controller with sun tracking using PWM technique. This PWM technique is employed using ATmega328P on Arduino board. The Arduino is used to charge a 12V battery using 10W solar panel. The main feature of this charge controller is to control the load. During day time when load is not connected the battery gets charged from solar panel. When battery reaches peak value of 14.7V charging current & further charging is interrupted by Arduino. An inbuilt analogue to digital converter is used to determine voltage of battery, solar panel and current drawn by the load. A solar tracking system is also implemented such that panel is always kept at right angle to incident radiation.
This document is a project report on the enhancement of a solar tracking system submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Engineering degree. It includes an introduction outlining the project, a review of the project objectives, the evolution of solar trackers, and descriptions of the key system components and design considerations for the solar tracking system. The report covers types of solar trackers, the sun's apparent motion, specifications of the parts used, assembly techniques, working principles, programming, analysis, and conclusions. The project aims to develop an automatic solar tracking system to keep solar panels aligned with the sun to maximize energy production.
This document describes an automatic solar tracker system that uses dual-axis tracking to maximize solar panel efficiency. It uses four photodiode sensors and motors to continuously adjust the panel's position based on the sun's location. The system aims to improve energy output by keeping the panels perpendicular to the sun's rays throughout the day. It consists of a two-axis structure to rotate the panels vertically and horizontally. A microcontroller processes input from the sensors to control the motors accordingly. The authors conclude that such a tracking system can increase solar panel efficiency by 30-40% compared to stationary panels.
Sun trackin solar panel with auto dust cleaning systemsachin kumar
This document is a project report on the development of a sun tracking solar panel system with an automatic dust cleaning mechanism. It includes sections on the introduction, objectives, methodology, components, working, efficiency analysis and conclusions of the system. The system aims to increase the efficiency of solar panels by enabling them to constantly track the sun's movement and removing dust to maximize energy collection. It uses light sensors and motors to adjust the panel orientation and a cleaning arm activated by a motor and controller to remove dust periodically.
The document describes a student project to design and test a universal solar tracker. A prototype solar tracking system was designed in SolidWorks and built using existing components. An Arduino microcontroller board controls the system based on input from light dependent resistors. Testing found that the solar tracker increased power output over a fixed position system, demonstrating the benefits of tracking systems for improving photovoltaic solar energy efficiency. A cost analysis found the system would sell for £551.14, significantly lower than other trackers on the market.
This document describes a project report submitted by three students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering with a specialization in Energy Engineering. The report details the design, development, and testing of a low-cost concentrating solar collector for generating steam using Fresnel lenses. Key aspects of the project covered in the report include the engineering standards and design constraints considered, technical specifications of the system components, design calculations, implementation details, and a demonstration and cost analysis of the final system. Test results on the performance of the system in generating steam at different temperatures over time are also presented and discussed.
Report on the IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER GENERATION...Yuvraj Singh
The document discusses various ways to improve the efficiency of solar photovoltaic power generation. It outlines how improving the conversion efficiency of solar cells, implementing solar tracking systems, utilizing maximum power point tracking technology, and researching new types of solar cells can enhance efficiency. Critical components of grid-tied solar inverter systems are also investigated to efficiently operate solar power systems. The goal is to identify areas for improving solar cell efficiency beyond the typical 10-20% range through techniques like optimizing light absorption and reducing parasitic resistance losses.
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1. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF SOLAR PV SYSTEM
(SOLAR STREET LIGHTING)
Major project report
Submitted by
SUBHANKAR DASH-1241019177
NISHA KUMARI-1241013049
SIDDHARTH S.PATI-1241013256
KUMAR SANKET-1241013253
(8TH
Semester and Section-‘D’)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Institute of Technical Education And Research
SIKSHA ‘O’ ANUSANDHAN UNIVERSITY
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
(May 2016)
2. ii
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report titled “DESIGN & ANALYSIS
OF SOLAR PV SYSTEM (SOLAR STREET LIGHTING )” being submitted by
(SUBHANKAR DASH,NISHA KUMARI,SIDDHARTH S.PATI,KUMAR SANKET) to the
Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University,
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India for the partial fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electrical Engineering is a record of original work carried out by them under
my supervision and guidance. The project work, in my opinion, has reached the requisite
standard fulfilling the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology. The results
contained in this thesis have not been submitted in part or full to any other University or
Institute for the award of any degree .
Dr Renu Sharma
(H.O.D)
( DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG. ITER)
3. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our deep gratitude to our esteemed faculties who have
always been source of motivation and firm support throughout the project. We would also
like to convey our sincerest gratitude and indebtedness to all Lab faculties and staff of
Department of Electrical Engineering, ITER, who bestowed their great effort and guidance at
appropriate times without which it would have been very difficult on our project work.
An undertaking of this nature would have never been attempted without deriving
reference and inspiration from the works of others whose details are mentioned in references
section. We acknowledge our gratitude to all of them.
Further, we would like to express our feelings towards our parents and God who
directly or indirectly encouraged and motivated us during this undertaking.
4. iv
DECLARATION
We declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our own words
and where other’s ideas or words have been included,We have adequately cited and
referenced the original sources. We also declare that we have adhered to all principles of
academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any
idea in our submission. We understand that any violation of the above will be cause for
disciplinary action by the University and can also evoke penal action from the sources which
have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when
needed.
Date: ————– Signature of students
SUBHANKAR DASH
NISHA KUMARI
SIDDHARTH S.PATI
KUMAR SANKET
5. v
REPORT APPROVAL
This project report entitled ”DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF SOLAR PV
SYSTEM(SOLAR STREET LIGHTING)” by
1. SUBHANKAR DASH(1241019177)
2. NISHA KUMARI(1241013049)
3. SIDDHARTH S.PATI(1241013256)
4. KUMAR SANKET(1241013253)
is approved for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical
Engineering.
Date: ——————-
Place: —————— Examiners
————————————————–
————————————————–
————————————————–
HOD
————————————————–
6. vi
ABSTRACT
It is obvious that the rapidly growth of business and population are putting
such a pressure on world power resources as energy demand increases day by day. How to
reasonably utilize green energy and keep sustainable development is the most important
challenge now-a-days. As a huge green energy source generated from the sun, PV industry
will gain the best opportunity to grow up. We should grasp the opportunity to build the most
suitable environmental friendly PV power plant, and welcome a better tomorrow.
In this paper we are focusing on hybrid charge controller with charge
controller circuit which protects the battery by avoiding overcharge or excessive discharge
through the load, which can also extend the battery performance or life span. We also
demonstrate the dusk to dawn operation using light dependent resister, relay and other
circuitaries.
7. vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certificate---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i
Acknowledgement----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii
Declaration----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii
Report Approval------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ iv
Plagiarism check Certificate---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- v
Abstract------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ vi
1 Introduction
1.1 The Board Statement Of Designing Problem 04
1.2 Student Outcome & Bloom’s Taxonomy 04
1.3 Design Check Point 05
1.4 Design Team Formation And Team Charter 07
2 Customer Needs Recognition
2.1 Task Listing And Monitoring 09
2.2 Questionnaire Method 10
2.3 Interview Method 13
2.4 Organizing And Prioritizing Customer Need 14
2.5 Problem Statement With Requirement And Constraint 15
3 Function Decomposition
3.1 Task Listing And Monitoring 18
3.2 Function Tree By FAST Method 19
3.3 Function Tree By Subtract And Operate Procedure 20
3.4 Function Tree By Energy Diagram 22
4 Product Tear
4.1 Task Listing And Monitoring 24
4.2 Product Teardown 25
4.3 Post Product Teardown Reporting 27
4.4 Engineering Specification 30
5 Product Architecture
5.1 Task Listing And Monitoring 32
5.2 Modular Design By Basic Clustering 33
6 Concept Generation
6.1 Task Listing And Monitoring 35
6.2 Brain Storming 36
6.3 Morphological Analysis 37
6.4 Assembly Sketches Concept Variants 38
7 Concept Selection
8. viii
7.1 Task Listing And Monitoring 40
7.2 Technical Feasibility By Applying The Knowledge Of Mathematics, 41
Science And Engineering
8 Product Embodiment
8.1 Task Listing And Monitoring 43
8.2 Refining Geometry And Layout 44
8.3 System Modeling 45
9 Product Metric Model
9.1 Task Listing And Monitoring 47
9.2 Model Selection By Performance Specification 48
10 Design For Manufacture, Assembly & Environment
10.1 Task Listing And Monitoring 50
10.2 Applying Design Guideline 51
10.3 Manufacturing Cost Analysis 52
10.4 Design For Environment 54
11 Analysis And Numerical Model
11.1 Task Listing And Monitoring 56
11.2 Spreadsheet Search 58
12 Physical Prototype
12.1 Task Listing And Monitoring 63
12.2 Mock Up Material And Processes 64
13 Prototype Testing And Improvement
13.1 Task Listing And Monitoring 68
13.2 Design Of Experiment 69
13.3 Improvement 72
14 Final Product
14.1 Task Listing And Monitoring 74
14.2 Final Product Fabrication 75
15 Conclusion
15.1 Conclusion 83
15.2 Group Learning 83
15.3 Individual Learning 83
16 Reference 84
17 Appendix 85
9. ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: student outcomes 02
Table 1.2: learning levels 04
Table 1.3: course outcomes 05
Table 1.4: design checkpoints and student outcomes 06
Table 1.5: time line for design checkpoints 07
Table 1.6: team allocation and problem selection 07
Table 1.7: team charter 08
Table 4.2 Sop device worksheet 25
Table 4.3 bill of materials 27
Table 5.1: work done by each member 32
Table 6.1: work done by each member 35
Table 6.2 partial brain storming 36
Table 6.3 general morphological matrix 37
Table 6.4 idea generator 38
Table 7.1: work done by each member 40
Table 7.2 function for customer needs 41
Table 8.1: work done by each member 43
Table 9.1: work done by each member 47
Table 10.1: work done by each member 50
Table 10.2 DFA guidelines 51
Table 10.1 cost estimation/ analysis 55
Table 11.1: work done by each member 56
Table 12.1: work done by each member 63
Table 12.2 component list 64
Table 13.1: work done by each member 68
10. x
Table 13.2 design of experiments 69
Table 13.3 bill of materials 72
Table 14.1: work done by each member 74
11. xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG 2.1 Affinity diagram 12
FIG 3.1 Fast diagram 16
FIG 3.2 Function tree 17
FIG 3.4 black box 22
FIG 4.1 House of Quality 30
FIG 5.1 Clustered function structure 33
FIG 8.2 Layout diagram 44
FIG 12.1 charge controller circuit diagram 62
FIG 12.2 Dusk to dawn circuit diagram 62
FIG 12.3 switching circuit diagram 63
FIG 12.4 power circuit diagram 64
13. 2
1.1 .The broad statement of design problem
Present civilization is on a starve of energy for fulfilling their demand. So
there are much use of conventional energy occurs, which in turn creates the environment
pollution at a large scale and their quick extinction from the earth crust as much fossil fuels
are used. So by paying heed into this alarming effect and to reduce its impact, Renewable
Energy Sources are need to be used. So our objective is to implement & design the solar PV
cell in street lighting system
Background Theory:
The main objective of our project is to generate electrical energy
through solar panel from sun. For that the main components which are used in our project
are:
1. Solar Panel
2. Charge Controller circuit
3. Battery for storage
4. Transformer for power circuit
5. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
6. Light Emitting Device (LED assembly)
1. Solar Panel: Here we are using a solar panel of 12V, 20Watt. The main objective is
to generate electrical energy by absorbing heat energy from the sun. Solar panel
absorbs electrical energy (photons) from the sun and here PN- semiconductor
devices are used so by PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT electrical energy is generated
from the solar panel.
2. Charge Controller: A Charge controller optimally controls the charging of the
battery. The battery sometimes overcharges from its maximum value for which it
gets damaged also it gets corrode . A typical 12v battery can maximum charge upto
15v so beyond which the battery gets overcharged so a charge controller circuit
protects the battery from over charge phenomenon.
14. 3
3. Battery: A battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells. A
battery has a positive terminal, called cathode, and a negative terminal, called anode.
The terminal with positive demarcation is at a higher electrical potential than the
negative. The terminal marked with negative is the source of electrons and it delivers
energy to an external load. Here battery is used for conservation of energy that could
be used when energy source is not present.
4. Transformer: In our project we have used conventional source so that we can
charge up the battery even there is inadequate amount of solar energy during rainy or
stormy weather. Like if it is a rainy day then we can charge up our battery through
the electrical grid. For this we need a transformer. Here we are using the step down
transformer so that it can step down the 230volt ac supply into the 12volt ac which is
required for our battery to be charged up. But the battery needs 12volt dc so we will
be using a rectifier which will be converting the 12volt ac into the 12volt dc.
5. Light Dependent Resistor: A Light dependent resistor (LDR) or a
photo resistor is a device whose resistivity varies with the variation of incident
electromagnetic radiation on it. So it is a light sensitive device. It is also called a
photoconductor. It is basically a photocell that works on the principle of
photoconductivity. The LDR basically consists of passive element resistor but its
resistance decreases to almost zero when light falls on it.
6. Light Emitting Device: A light emitting diode is a two lead semiconductor light
source. This is a PN junction diode which emits light when activated. When a
suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electron-hole recombination occurs within
the device, releasing energy in the form of photons.
1.2. Student outcomes and Bloom’s taxonomy of learning levels
• There are eleven student outcomes (a–k) for the Electrical Engineering B. Tech
program.
• There are six levels of learning as defined in the Bloom’s Taxonomy. Bloom’s
Taxonomy is a multi-tiered model of classifying thinking according to the six
cognitive levels of complexity. The levels have often been depicted as a stairway,
which encourages the students to “climb to a higher (level of) thought”. The lowest
15. 4
three levels are: knowledge, comprehension, and application. The highest three
levels are: analysis, evaluation, and creation. The taxonomy is hierarchical, which
means, each level is subsumed by the higher levels. In other words, a student
functioning at the ‘application’ level has also mastered the material at the
‘knowledge’ and ‘comprehension’ levels.
Table 1.1: Student outcomes
Outcome Description
A
An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and
engineering.
B An ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze
and interpret data.
C An ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired
needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental,
social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and
Sustainability.
D An ability to function on multidisciplinary teams.
E An ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems.
F An understanding of professional and ethical responsibility.
G An ability to communicate effectively.
H The broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering
solutions in a global, economic, environmental, and societal context.
I A recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long
Learning.
J A knowledge of contemporary issues.
K An ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools
necessary for engineering practice.
16. 5
Table 1.2: Learning levels
Level Name Description
L-1 Knowledge Retrieving, recognizing, and recalling relevant knowledge
from long-term memory.
L-2 Comprehension Constructing meaning from oral, written, and graphic
messages through interpreting, exemplifying, classifying,
summarizing, inferring, comparing, and explaining.
L-3 Application Carrying out or using a procedure through executing, or
Implementing.
L-4 Analysis Breaking material into constituent parts, determining how
the parts relate to one another and to an overall structure
or purpose through differentiating, organizing, and
Attributing.
L-5 Evaluation Making judgments based on criteria and standards through
checking and critiquing.
L-6 Creation Putting elements together to form a coherent or functional
whole; reorganizing elements into a new pattern or
structure through generating, planning, or producing.
17. 6
1.3. Design checkpoints
Table 1.3: Design checkpoints and student outcomes
Checkpoints A B C D E F G H I J K
1 Customer
needs
recognition
√ √
2 Function
decomposition
√
3 Engineering
specification
√ √
4 Product
architecture
√ √
5 Concept
generation
√ √
6 Concept
selection
√ √ √ √ √
7 Product
embodiment
√ √
8 Product
metric model
√ √ √ √
9 DFM, DFA,
DFE
√ √ √ √ √
10 Analytical and
numerical
solution
√ √ √ √ √
11 Physical
prototype
√
12 Testing and
improvement
√ √ √
13 Final product
and Final
Report
√ √
18. 7
Table 1.4: Time line for design checkpoints
Checkpoints Set time line
1 Customer needs recognition FILL THE SPECIFIED TIME
2 Function decomposition 10.02.2016-13.02.2016
3 Engineering specification 16.02.2016-21.02.2016
4 Product architecture 23.02.2016-26.02.2016
5 Concept generation 27.02.2016-29.02.2016
6 Concept selection 02.03.2016-03.03.2016
7 Product embodiment 05.03.2016-06.03.2016
8 Product metric model 07.03.2016-08.03.2016
9 DFM, DFA, DFE 08.03.2016-09.03.2016
10 Analytical and numerical solution 10.03.2016-12.03.2016
11 Physical prototype 13.03.2016-15.03.2016
12 Testing and improvement 16.03.2016-20.03.2016
13 Final product and Final Report 22.03.2016-14.04.2016
1.4 Design team formation and team charter
Table 1.5: Team allocation and problem selection
Name Registration
number
Design Problem
statement
1 SUBHANKAR DASH 1241019177
DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SOLAR
PV SYSTEM(SOLAR
STREET LIGHTING)
2 NISHA KUMARI 1241013049
3 SIDDHARTH S.PATI 1241013256
4 KUMAR SANKET 1241013253
Signature of IDP with
date
19. 8
Table 1.6: Team Charter
Team ID:3(C) Section: D Semester: 8th
We are involved: (Name and Registration number of Team members)
Member 1: SUBHANKAR DASH 1241019177
Member 2: NISHA KUMARI 1241013049
Member 3: SIDDHARTH S.PATI 1241013256
Member 4: KUMAR SANKET 1241013253
Our objective:
- Design and Analysis of Solar PV System(solar street lighting)
Our goals:
To do analysis that How much rating of PV panel and battery required according to the
rating of the load.
To design Hybrid charge controller circuit on vero board and assemble it & do testing .
To assemble the final whole design ( i.e PV panel, hybrid charge controller and load) on a
wooden board .
Declaration:
We, the members of the Design Team 3(C), Section ‘D’, Department of Electrical Engineering,
ITER, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, hereby declare that we have created our own Team
Charter, understood it, and agree to abide by it.
Signature:
Member 1: SUBHANKAR DASH Member 2:NISHA KUMARI
Member 3:SIDDHARTH S.PATI Member 4:KUMAR SANKET
21. 10
2.1 Task distribution and monitoring
Table 2.1: Work done by each member
Work done by each member of Team ID 3(C) of Section ‘D’
Team leader: SUBHANKAR DASH
Team member Task(s) to be
performed
Task assigned date Task completed on
1:SUBHANKAR
DASH & NISHA
KUMARI
Questionnaire &
interview Form
10.02.2016 12.02.2016
2:NISHA KUMARI Affinity Diagram 12.02.2016 13.02.2016
3:SIDDHARTH
S.PATI
Priority table 12.02.2016 13.02.2016
4:SUBHANKAR
DASH & KUMAR
SANKET
Problem statement
with requirements
and constraints
12.02.2016 13.02.2016
Signature of Team Members:
Member 1:SUBHANKAR DASH Member 2:NISHA KUMARI
Member 3:SIDDHARTH S.PATI Member 4:KUMAR SANKET
22. 11
2.2 Questionnaire method
Table 2.2: Questionnaire for the product
Q. 1 Do you have any idea about Solar PV MODULE?
a) Yes
b) No
c) No idea
Q. 2 Can Solar PV System be used for domestic purpose?
a) Yes
b) No
c) No idea
Q. 3 Do you think it should be mandatory for domestic users to have solar PV so
as to reduce their dependency on conventional energy?
a) Yes, can help meet energy demand and reduce pollution
b) No, domestic users cannot afford it
c) They should have the option to choose
Q. 4 4. What is the cost of a simple PV System you think?
a) Rs 38/watt
b) Rs 45/watt
c) Rs 55/watt
d) Rs 60/watt
Q. 5 How long do a PV system last according to you?
a) Less than 10 years
b) 20-60 years
c) More than 60 years
Q.6 Do you think it should be implemented in Bhubaneswar at the earliest given
its smart city status?
a) Yes, Bhubaneswar is a growing city should check pollution.
b) No, very costly
c) No idea
23. 12
Q. 7 Should there be government subsidies for solar PV development?
a) No
b) Yes only to those who cannot afford it
c) No idea
Q. 8 According to you is it preferable as best i.e Roof mounted or Ground
mounted?
a) Roof mounted
b) Ground mounted
c) Both
d) No idea
Q. 9 Is it economic to use hybrid system in solar PV system?
a) Yes
b) No
c) To some extent
Q. 10 According to you is it used as main source of power generation or backup?
a) As main Source
b) As Back up
c) Both
d) No idea
Q.11
What are the biggest obstacles in implementing Solar Pv system on a global
scale?
a) High installation cost
b) Reliability
c) Pollution
d) Lack of awareness
Q.12 Can we use solar PV system in dark/cloudy days?
a) Yes, battery as backup
b) No
c) No idea
24. 13
Q.13 In what ways the solar battery charger protects the Solar PV?
a) Over-loading
b)Over-Voltage
b) Over-current
c) Both overloading & overcurrent
d) No idea
Q.14 Would you get an electric shock if you touch the PV panel?
a) Yes
b) No
c) Depending upon the moisture
d) No idea
Q.15 Is the implementation of the PV System harmful to the environment?
a) Yes
b) No
c) To some extent
d) Depending on the environment condition
Q.16 What is the maximum capacity Solar PV model can generate?
a) Enough for lighting a colony
b) Enough to light a house
c) Not enough for heavy loads (working)
c) No idea
25. 14
2.3 Interview method
Table 2.3: Interview Form for Product
Customer Name: Ramesh Chandra swain
(GM CESU)
Address: IDCO TOWER ,BBSR
Interviewer: SUBHANKAR DASH
Date:28.02.2016
Questions Customer response to
question
Interpreted need statement
by interviewer
Importance
rating assigned
by customer
What are the uses of
the current product
or similar product?
i)Production of
electrical energy
using solar energy
ii)Hybrid vehicles
iii)Day to day basic
use
Electricity generation
Solar electric cars
Solar water heater,
Solar cooker, Solar street
light, Solar Charger etc
Must
Good
Good
Questions that expose
the LIKES of the
product
1 Less pollution Eco-friendly Must
3 User-friendly Can be used as Roof or
ground mounted
according to needs
Good
5 Continuous Power
supply
Uninterrupted Power
Supply
Must
7 Tracking System Single or Dual axis
tracking system
Good
9 Generally used for
small loads
Supply power to remote
areas
Should
Questions that expose
the DISLIKES of the
product
1 Setup and
Maintenance cost is
high
2 Non-availability of
solar energy
Use of Hybrid system Must
3 Battery causes
pollution
Use of bio batteries Should
Suggestions for
improving the
current product
i)Use bio batteries of
compact size
ii)Conventional Input
i.e Power from grid
Should be stressed upon
batteries that don’t cause
pollution
Hybrid system installation
which increases the
stability to supply power
to loads
Should
Must
27. 16
Table 2.5. Prioritised customer need
Priority Table
2.6. Problem statement with requirements and constraints
Design and Analysis of Solar PV system(solar street lighting)
SPECIFICATION SHEET
(Solar PV system)
DEMAND OR
WISH
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT/CONSTRAINTS TEST/VERIFICATION
D Provides solar energy for electricity generation. Conservation of energy principle
D Provides protection against overcurrent,over-
charging and under-charging of battery
Verify with passing high current
than rated one.(design)
CONSTRAINTS
D Size and cost of PV module. Verify during design analysis.
D Safe operation Prototype Testing
SAFETY
W No Partial Shading. Checking the physical condition.
D Ecofriendly Uses renewable sources.
CUSTOMER WANTS DEVICE USED
Uninteruppted Power Supply Hybrid system instllation i.e SMPS
Protection System Hybrid Charge Controller
Backup System Battery
Maximum Power Generation Solar Tracker
Output Power Regulation Loads
Solar Energy To Electricity(RES) PV Panels
29. 18
3.1 Task distribution and monitoring
Table 3.1: Work done by each member
Work done by each member of Team ID 3(C) of Section ‘D’
Team leader: SUBHANKAR DASH
Team member Task(s) to be
performed
Task assigned date Task completed on
1:SUBHANKAR
DASH & NISHA
KUMARI
Function tree by
FAST method
16.02.2016 18.02.2016
2:SUBHANKAR
DASH
Function tree by
Subtract and Operate
Procedure
17.02.2016 19.02.2016
3:SIDDHARTH
S.PATI & KUMAR
SANKET
Function tree by
energy diagram
20.02.2016 21.02.2016
Signature of Team Members:
Member 1:SUBHANKAR DASH Member 2:NISHA KUMARI
Member 3:SIDDHARTH S.PATI Member 4:KUMAR SANKET
30. 19
3.2 Function tree by FAST method
Fig3.2 Fast Method
DC LED LOADS
MAXIMUM
POWER
POINT
TRACKING
ACTUAL
POWER
GENERATE
ELECTRICIT
Y
SOLAR
PANELS
ARRAY
LIGHT
ENERGY TO
EE
ENERGY(DC)
TAPPING OF
SOLAR
ENERGY BY
SOLAR
LIGHT
ENERGY
STORES EE IN
BATTERY AS
BACKUP
DC FLOW
CONTROL BY
HYBRID
CHARGE
31. 20
3.3 Function tree by subtract and operate procedure
SUBTRACT AND OPERATE APPLIED TO SOLAR PV SYSTEM
PV PANELS CHARGER CKT RECTIFIERS BATTERY LOADS
No way to
convert light
energy to
electrical
energy
No electricity
generation
No control to
current flow
and charging
of battery
Cause
damage
and
decrease
in
lifecycle
of
battery.
No way to
convert
Convention
al AC
power to
DC power
No way to
store the
electrical
energy
No backup
during
power
failures or
night hours
No way
to
regulate
the
output
power
32. 21
SOLAR PV
Solar Panel
Array
Hybrid Charge
Controller
RECTIFIER
S
Battery
Loads
Converts light
energy into electrical
energy
Controls the
Current flow and
charges the
battery
Converts Conventional
AC supply to
Dc Supply
Store
charge
Used as
backup at
adverse
conditions
Provides
electrical output
Power output
33. 22
3.4 Function structure by energy diagram
3.5. FUNCTION STRUCTURE BY ENERGY DIAGRAM:
SOLAR ENERGY
(Energy from sun rays)
GRID
POWER
SUPPLY
ADVERSE CONDITIONS
(Power generation failure)
BATTERY
DC POWER
AC POWER
CONVERT SOLAR TO ELECTRICAL
ENERGY(DC) BY PV PANELS
ENERGY FLOW CONTROLLER
BY CHARGER CONTROLLER
CKT
CONVERT AC
SUPPLY TO DC
SUPPLY BY
SMPS
SUPPLY POWER TO LOADS
DC POWER
DC POWER
35. 24
4.1 Task distribution and monitoring
Table 4.1: Work done by each member
Work done by each member of Team ID -3(C)of Section –‘D’
Team leader: SUBHANKAR DASH
Team member Task(s) to be
performed
Task assigned date Task completed on
1:SUBHANKAR
DASH &
SIDDHARTH S.PATI
SOP, House of
quality
23.02.2016 24.02.2016
2:NISHA KUMARI Force flow
&Qualitative
Specification Vs
Quantitative
23.02.2016 24.02.2016
3:SUBHANKAR
DASH
Product hierarchy &
Specification Sheet
24.02.2016 26.02.2016
4:KUMAR SANKET Bill of materials
Signature of Team Members:
Member 1:SUBHANKAR DASH Member 2:NISHA KUMARI
Member 3:SIDDHARTH S.PATI Member 4:KUMAR SANKET
36. 25
4.2 Product teardown
ASSEMBLY/
PART N.O
PART DESCRIPTION EFFECT
OF REMOVAL
DEDUCED
SUBFUNCTION(S) AND
AFFECTED CUSTOMER
NEEDS
A1 ELECTRICAL POWER
GENERATION MECHANISM
1 Solar PV panels
No conversion of energy,
No electricity generation
Convert light Energy
to Electrical energy
3 RECTIFIER CIRCUIT
No conversion of Ac
power to Dc power
Converts Conventional
Ac power to Dc power
A2
ELECTRICAL POWER
STORAGE,CONVERSION AND
WORKING MECHANISM
A2.1 Hybrid charger Controller No Control over current
flow to loads and
Battery charging.
Over current flow
protection, Protection
against Overcharging
and undercharging of
battery
4 IC 555 No frequency of
operation and charging
and discharging of
battery can not be
controlled
Controls the charging
and discharging of
battery by giving high
and low output.
5 ZD1 IC 555 May suffer from
over voltage situation.
Designed to protect
the 555 from an over
voltage situation.
6 ZD2 Battery overcharges
beyond 15V
Over charge protection
purpose
7 D1,D2,D3 Reverse current may
flow from battery to
panel or power circuit
Causes reverse current
protection.
37. 26
8 C3,C4 Cannot charge the
battery effectively
Charge the battery
effectively
9 NPN Transistor No control over charging
control
Charges battery by
capacitors
10
R1,C1
No stabilization of
operating voltage
Stabilize the operating
voltage of the
oscillator.
11 R2,R3,C2
No frequency can be set
to operate the IC 555
Set up the frequency
of operation
12 Relay colis
No switching from
battery power to
conventional Ac power
and vice versa
Switches battery
power to conventional
Ac power and vice
versa
13 LED No indications,
No information
Provides the
indications
representing the status
14
LDR
No dusk to dawn
operation
Provides Dusk to dawn
operation.
38. 27
4.3 Post-teardown reporting
Part Name Qty Function Flows in Flows out Manuf.
Process
Materials
1. PV PANELS 1 Absorbs light
energy and
converts to
electrical energy
.
Light Electrical Factory
Silicon
4.
HYBRID
CHARGE
CONTROLLER
(Components)
1 Provides the
battery from
over and deep
discharging. Electrical Electrical
Soldering
&Fabrication
Electronics
5. BATTERY 1 Stores energy,
Used as backup
in adverse
conditions
Electrical Electrical
Electrolyte
6. LOAD
1
Provides output
power
Electrical
Electrical and
mechanical
Fabrication Resister,LEDs
Mounted board
assembled
Functional Analysis DFM Cost Analysis
Date
Student(s) SUBHANKAR DASH,NISHA KUMARI,SIDDHARTH S.PATI,KUMAR SANKET
Project Name: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF SOLAR PV SYSTEM (SOLAR STREET LIGHTING)
Bill of Materials
39. 28
4.4 Engineering specification
SPECIFICATION SHEET TEMPLATE
(Solar PV system)
DEMAND OR
WISH
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT/CONSTRAINTS TEST/VERIFICATION
D Provides solar energy for electricity generation. Conservation of energy
principle
D Provides protection against overcurrent,over-
charging and under-charging of battery
Verify with passing high
current than rated one.(design)
CONSTRAINTS
D Size and cost of PV module. Verify during design analysis.
D Safe operation Prototype Testing
SAFETY
W No Partial Shading. Checking the physical
condition.
D Ecofriendly Renewable energy sources
such as solar energy is used.
40. 29
SOLAR PV SYSTEM DESIGN, QUALITATIVE SPECIFICATIONS VS QUANTITATIVE
Qualitative
Functional:
Good Cabling System
Efficient Tracking System
Uninterrupted Power Supply
Constraints:
Size and Cost
Quantitative
Functional:
Solar PV panels Typically rated from 10W-
100W
(for Small loads )
Cabling System -------------------
Protection system Work voltage: 12V
(Hybrid charge controller)
Constraints:
Size And Cost Depends on area and n.o of
loads
Specification type Specifications Quantifications
43. 32
5.1 Task distribution and monitoring
Table 5.1: Work done by each member
Work done by each member of Team ID -3(C)of Section-‘D’
Team leader: SUBHANKAR DASH
Team member Task(s) to be
performed
Task assigned date Task completed on
1:SUBHANKAR
DASH,NISHA
KUMARI &
SIDDHARTH
S.PATI
Basic Clustering 27.02.2016 29.02.2016
Signature of Team Members:
Member 1:SUBHANKAR DASH Member 2:NISHA KUMARI
Member 3:SIDDHARTH S.PATI Member 4:KUMAR SANKET
44. 33
5.2 Modular design by basic clustering
Chapter 6
CONCEPT GENERATION
Solar
Energy
Conversion of Dc power to AC
power by Inverter
SOLAR PV PART
Falling of light
energy on solar
pv panels
Supply
electricity(DC)
Conversion of
light energy to
electrical energy
TRANSMISSION AND PROTECTION SYSTEM
Store energy(EE) by Battery
Over-charging and under
charging of the battery by
charge controller circuit AND
also performs dusk to dawn
operation.
Conversion of
conventional AC
supply to Dc by
RECTIFIER CIRCUIT
Conventional
Supply
LOADS CONNECTED
Supply to power
loads
Working of DC
LOAD
45. 34
6.1 Task distribution and monitoring
Table 6.1: Work done by each member
Work done by each member of Team ID -3(C)of Section –‘D’
Team leader: SUBHANKAR DASH
Team member Task(s) to be
performed
Task assigned date Task completed on
1:SUBHANKAR
DASH
Brainstorming 02.03.2016 03.03.2016
2:NISHA KUMARI Morphological
analysis
02.03.2016 03.03.2016
3:SIDDHARTH
S.PATI & KUMAR
SANKET
Idea generators 02.03.2016 03.03.2016
Signature of Team Members:
Member 1:SUBHANKAR DASH Member 2:NISHA KUMARI
Member 3:SIDDHARTH S.PATI Member 4:KUMAR SANKET
46. 35
6.2 Brainstorming
6.3 C-sketch / 6-3-5
DESIGN
CHARGE
CONTROLLER
BATTERY
COMPONENTS &
MATERIALS
REQUIRED
LAYOUT OF
THE CKT
ANALOGIES
Electronics
SWITCHING CIRCUIT USING RELAY
BETWEEN SOLAR AND
CONVENTIONAL
CHARGE CONTROLLER
CIRCUIT
Capacitor
VERO
board,Switch,
Connector
LED
NIGHT
INDICATOR
SOLAR POWER
INDICATOR
Day
Conventional power
Analysis of rated charging
current before designing
DESIGN OF
PV SYSTEM
STORE CHARGE
Backup at
adverse condItion
TYPES
Lead-acid
Nickle-
cadmium
Nickle-Iron
ANALOGIES
Analysis of Ah
requied
PV PANEL
ANALOGIES
LOADS
ANALOGIES
WATT-HR
Product of load
rating and total
time usage in a
day
Rating of the load
Dusk to dawn load
control ckt
Transistor,
Diode
Ceramic
ZENER DIODE
IC 555
Electrolytic
INDICATOR
Size & power of the
PV module,ratings
47. 36
6.3 Morphological analysis
SL.NO SUBFUNCTION CURRENT
SOLUTION
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION
1 2
1 Conversion of Solar energy to
Electrical energy
Use of
Solar PV panel ---------- ----------
2 Maximum Power generation
--------------
Use of
Solar Tracker ----------
3 Over-current protection and
protection against
Overcharging and
Undercharging of Battery
Use of solar charge
controller
Use of hybrid
Solar Charger
Controller
----------
3.1 Switching operation
,
Relay
IGBT,
Mosfet,Diodes,
BJT(NPN type),
Two way Switc
Thyristors
(SCR)
3.2 Amplifier Transistor Opamp
--------
3.3 Voltage Stabilisation Capacitor
---------- ----------
3.4 Control of relay operation Transistor pair Opamp
----------
3.5 Opposition to current flow Resistors
---------- ----------
3.9 Reverse current flow
protector Use of diodes Use of
Schottky device
----------
4 Store Charge
(backup During
Adverse Condition)
Battery ---------- ----------
5 Conversion of conventional
Ac supply to Dc supply Use of Rectifier SMPS Converter
48. 37
6.4. Assembly sketching of concept variants
IDEA GENERATOR QUESTIONS OR APPLICATIONS
Make analogies 1 )Is there any product which can be analogous to Solar PV?
Wish & Wonder 2) What if Solar power Can be replaced by lunar power?
Eliminate &Minimize 1)What will happen if we remove the Battery?
2)If the size of PV panel is Small then what will happen?
3)Can we remove the inverter?
4)Can we split the Charge Controller?
What Can be substituted 1)What Can be Substituted instead of Charge Controller?
2)Is there any other process followed to protect the PV
panel?
3) Is there any favourable condition for installing Solar PV
in hilly areas?
Combine 1)Can we combine battery & charge controller to one
system?
2)What other units can be combined or merged with?
Adapt 1)What other device is like this i.e have same function?
2)What other ideas does this suggest?
Modify or Magnify 1)What can be made larger or extended or magnified?
More time? Stronger? Higher?
50. 39
7.1 Task distribution and monitoring
Table 7.1: Work done by each member
Work done by each member of Team ID -3(C)of Section –‘D’
Team leader: SUBHANKAR DASH
Team member Task(s) to be
performed
Task assigned date Task completed on
1:SUBHANKAR
DASH ,NISHA
KUMARI
Function to customer
needs
05.03.2016 06.03.2016
Signature of Team Members:
Member 1:SUBHANKAR DASH Member 2:NISHA KUMARI
Member 3:SIDDHARTH S.PATI Member 4:KUMAR SANKET
51. 40
7.2 Technical feasibility by applying the knowledge of mathematics, science and
engineering
By analyzing the customer needs also going through the constraints rating was
assigned on the basis of their importance. The circuit diagram required for our project was
decided during this stage and ratings of the components were selected very carefully such
that they can be designed within the timeframe and with the available resources. It was
made sure that the design selected is real.
FUNCTION TO CUSTOMER NEEDS CORELATION FOR THE SOLAR PV SYSTEM
Customer need Scaled customer
need rating(1-5)
Associated flow(s) Associated
subfunction(s)
Large-scale usage
(Powerful)
4 Solar energy,
Electricity
Convert solar to
electricity
Maximum power
generation
3 Electricity MPPT system
Protection against
the faults in PV
5 Electricity Protection system
Uninterrupted
Power Supply
5 Electricity Hybrid System
Long lasting
Battery
5 Electricity Stores electricity,
Backup
Light weight&
Small size
1 Human force Load analysis
Maintenance free 1 System
Maintenance
53. 42
8.1 Task distribution and monitoring
Table 8.1: Work done by each member
Work done by each member of Team ID -3(C)of Section ‘D’
Team leader: SUBHANKAR DASH
Team member Task(s) to be
performed
Task assigned date Task completed on
1:SUBHANKAR
DASH & NISHA
KUMARI
Layout 07.03.2016 08.03.2016
2:SIDDHARTH
S.PATI & KUMAR
SANKET
System modelling 07.03.2016 08.03.2016
Signature of Team Members:
Member 1:SUBHANKAR DASH Member 2:NISHA KUMARI
Member 3:SIDDHARTH S.PATI Member 4:KUMAR SANKET
54. 43
8.2 Refining geometry and layout
SPV MODULE
LED
LOAD
CHARGE
CONTROLLER
CIRCUIT
SWITCHING
CIRCUIT BETWEEN
SOLAR &
CONVENTIONAL USING
RELAY & TRANSISTOR
BATTERY
Conventional
AC power
through
RECTIFIER
CIRCUIT
DUSK TO DAWN
OPERATION CIRCUIT
USING RELAY
TRANSISTOR PAIR AND
LDR
55. 44
8.3 Systems modeling
Product- Solar PV system
PV panels, Rectifier circuit, Controller, Battery
Silicon Material
Solar Pv Cells
SOLID
ENERGY TRANSFORM
MATERIAL
SOLAR ENERGY
KINETIC ENERGY
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
HEAT
MATERIAL
MATERIAL
SOLID
SOLID
HEAT ENERGY
ENERGY TRANSFORM
57. 46
9.1 Task distribution and monitoring
Table 9.1: Work done by each member
Work done by each member of Team ID -3(C)of Section –‘D’
Team leader: SUBHANKAR DASH
Team member Task(s) to be
performed
Task assigned date Task completed on
1:SUBHANKAR
DASH,NISHA
KUMARI,SIDDHARTH
S.PATI
Model selection by
performance
specification
08.03.2016 09.03.2016
Signature of Team Members:
Member 1:SUBHANKAR DASH Member 2:NISHA KUMARI
Member 3:SIDDHARTH S.PATI Member 4:KUMAR SANKET
58. 47
9.2 Model selection by performance specifications
WEIGHTED SUBFUNCTION VALUES FOR THE SOLAR PV SYSTEM
Subfunction Associate customer
need ratings
Weighted customer
need rating
Generate & supply
electricity
(Convert Solar to
electricity)
5,4,3,4 16
Protection system 5,4,4 13
Hybrid system 4,5,3 12
Store Electricity 5,4,1 10
Regulate Electricity 5,5,4 14
60. 49
10.1 Task distribution and monitoring
Table 10.1: Work done by each member
Work done by each member of Team ID -3(C)of Section –‘D’
Team leader: SUBHANKAR DASH
Team member Task(s) to be
performed
Task assigned date Task completed on
1:SUBHANKAR
DASH ,KUMAR
SANKET,NISHA
KUMARI
MANUFACTURING
& COST ANALYSIS
10.03.2016 12.03.2016
2.NISHA KUMARI
& SIDDHARTH
S.PATI
APPLYING DESIGN
GUIDELINES
10.03.2016 12.03.2016
Signature of Team Members:
Member 1:SUBHANKAR DASH Member 2:NISHA KUMARI
Member 3:SIDDHARTH S.PATI Member 4:KUMAR SANKET
61. 50
10.2 Applying Design guidelines
TABLE 10.2 DFA Guidelines
SL.NO GUIDELINES
1 Minimize part count by incorporating multiple functions into single part
2 Modularize multiple parts into single subassemblies
3 Assemble in open space, not in confined spaces . never bury important
components
4 Make parts to identify how to orient them for insertion
5 Standardize to reduce part variety
6 Maximize part symmetry
7 Design in geometric or weight polar properties if non-symmetric
8 Eliminate tanglely part
9 Color code parts that are different but shaped similarly
10 Prevent nesting of parts
11 Provide orienting features on non-symmetries
12 Design the mating features for easy insertion
13 Provide alignment features
14 Insert new parts into assembly from above
15 Insert from the same direction or very few. Never require the assembly to be
turned over
16 Eliminate fasteners
17 Place fasteners away from obstructions
18 Deep channels should be sufficiently wide to provide Access to fastening tools.
No channel is best.
19 Providing flats for uniform fastening and fastening ease.
20 Proper spacing ensures allowance for fastening tool.
A product gets expensive depending on its manufacturing process. The
product designing approach that includes environment and the effects on it.
Design for manufacturing and assembly are now commonly refered to
as a single methodology. Thus the production uses most cost effective material & process.
This methodology shorten the product development cycle span.
62. 51
10.3 Manufacturing cost analysis
10.4 Design for environment
We categorise the environment in global, economic, environmental and societal
context.
Engineering solutions always induce an impact towards the whole world.
Some cases it has positive impact as many we see the wonder of science & also have
negative impact in case of bombs having destructive power. So engineers usually concerned
towards safety and cost of their products.
Impact of engineering solution in global context
Our project aims to fulfill customer satisfaction and hence
fulfilling all the global aspects. The global impact of our project is as positive as it ensures
user safety and provides flexibility , at the same time it is ecofriendly as well as utilizing
green energy . It can be used anywhere in an effective and efficient way.
63. 52
Impact of engineering solution in economic context
During the entire project, we have always kept the price
constraint in our mind. We have succeeded in designing our project that is affordable by its
fair performance. Hence, we can say that our project is economically effective.
Impact of engineering solution in environmental context
In our project we have utilized the most convenient source of
energy that is the energy that is harnessed from the sun. The sun gives enormous amount of
heat which is received by the solar panel and converts it into electrical energy. As we are
using the renewable source of energy it does not cause any kind of pollution and it is very
ecofriendly.
Impact of engineering solution in societal context
Our project has been designed for the benefits of the society. It helps in societal
development as it requires low cost. Initially we need somewhat high cost but the
maintenance is very low hence it benefits the society.
65. 54
11.1 Task distribution and monitoring
Table 11.1: Work done by each member
Work done by each member of Team ID -3(C)of Section –‘D’
Team leader: SUBHANKAR DASH
Team member Task(s) to be
performed
Task assigned date Task completed on
1:SUBHANKAR
DASH
Product concept
coordination
13.03.2016 15.03.2016
2.NISHA KUMARI Calibration And
Validation
13.03.2016 15.03.2016
3.SIDDHARTH
S.PATI
Worksheet 13.03.2016 15.03.2016
4.KUMAR SANKET Worksheet 13.03.2016 15.03.2016
Signature of Team Members:
Member 1:SUBHANKAR DASH Member 2:NISHA KUMARI
Member 3:SIDDHARTH S.PATI Member 4:KUMAR SANKET
67. 56
11.2.MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS –
1.ESTIMATION OF DAILY ELECTRICAL ENERGY REQUIRED BY LOAD:
The following table provides the load along with the power rating & approximate hours it
will be used.
SERIAL NO LOAD NUMBER POWER
RATING
HR/DAY WATT-
HR
1. LED
ASSEMBLY
1 16 WATT 2 32
TOTAL WATTAGE 16 WATT
TOTAL DAILY
ELECTRICITY
DEMAND(WH)
32
TOTAL DAILY
ELECTRICITY
DEMAND (KHR)
.32
2. ESTIMATION OF SYSTEM VOLTAGE AND BATTERY REQUIREMENT:
• DECIDING THE SYSTEM VOLTAGE:
The system voltage depends on battery voltage, line current ,
allowable voltage drop and power loss in the cable. Here the terminal voltage of batteries used
in PV system is 12 volts. Therefore the PV system voltage should be 12 volts. If higher
system voltage is required then it should be multiples of 12v i.e 12v,24v,36v,48v etc. Higher
PV system voltage minimizes the current carried by the cable to minimize the power losses &
voltage drop in the cable. Here 12v system voltage has been considered for calculation.
• RATING OF THE BATTERY:
The selection of battery depends on two factors:
1. Depth of discharge of battery (DOD).
2. System voltage
In solar PV, the deep discharge batteries are used with DOD in the range of 60% and
considering 12v systems for this calculation.
Battery capacity(Ah)=
Battery capacity(Ah)= =2.67Ah
68. 57
Actual battery capacity required=
Actual battery capacity required= =5.23Ah=6 Ah(approx)
(considering the battery efficiency =85% & Battery Depth of discharge=60%)
Here we are using 12v, 7Ah battery.
3. ESTIMATION OF PV MODULE REQUIREMENTS:
To design PV Module the following parameters are required:
• Available Voltage , Current and Wattage of the module in the market.
• Solar radiation at given location.
• Temperature of the module.
• Dust level in the working Environment.
The PV module capacity should be designed to supply the daily load demand.
Panel Watt-Peak Required=
Panel Watt-Peak Required= =6.4wp
( considering global solar radiation for 5 hours)
Panel Watt-peak Required after considering the efficiency of the system &
module=
= =13.06 Wp=14Wp(approx)(considering total system efficiency=70% &
PV Performance efficiency=70%)
Here we are using 12v,20w panel as 12v,14w panel is not available in the market.
4. RATING & SIZE OF CHARGE CONTROLLER:
Solar charge controller voltage rating=system voltage=12v
Maximum charging current=total short circuit current of PV array=1.28A
70. 59
12.1 Task distribution and monitoring
Table 12.1: Work done by each member
Work done by each member of Team ID -3(C)of Section –‘D’
Team leader: SUBHANKAR DASH
Team member Task(s) to be
performed
Task assigned date Task completed on
1:SUBHANKAR
DASH & NISHA
KUMARI
Prototype Planning
and Design
16.03.2016 18.03.2016
2:SIDDHARTH
S.PATI
Assembly creation 16.03.2016 18.03.2016
Signature of Team Members:
Member 1:SUBHANKAR DASH Member 2:NISHA KUMARI
Member 3:SIDDHARTH S.PATI Member 4:KUMAR SANKET
71. 60
12.1. Introduction to Physical Prototype
Prototype:-It is a physical instantiation of a product, made from a variety of materials i.e.
used to resolve issues during product development and how the product concept would
form. In general we can say it is a simplification of a product concept. It is mainly done so
as to test the Prototype under certain range of conditions to know about its performance,
how we can possibly control the variables in the test and finally know the empirical data so
that the development decision is done with high confidence, reduced cost and risk.
Prototyping:-It helps in communicating the visual layout and gives a product look.
Experimental Prototyping:-It helps in exploration, optimization and validation of a
mechanical hardware.
Final Hardware Prototyping:-It helps in fabrication and assembly issues .
12.2 Mock-up materials and processes
The instances where we have to choose substitute of the component as
depending upon component availability and cost. As of high cost, the conventional input
instead of SMPS we have designed a rectifier circuit with step down transformer which
provides a 12v or above as input to charger controller circuit.
12.3 Prototype planning and design
Planning -
1. To do analysis i.e find the ratings of PV panel and battery according to required load.
2. To study the components present in charge controller ckt diagram(i.e its functions and
connection)
3. To design charge controller
4 .After completion of design it is to be tested and final fit to board.
72. 61
12.3.1 Prototyping process:
For building a prototype of a project that resembles the physical representation there are
various prototyping process involved. A number of techniques are available for producing
prototypes that ranges from hand working techniques to advanced precision equipment
technique.
In our project for prototype preparation we mainly focus on
1. Training
2. Testing
12.3.2 Assembly Creation: As shown below the assembly of the prototype is done using a
dc regulated power supply to give the circuit the wanted supply and in we use a LED in
output to know the exact output voltage.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM-
1. Fig 12.1.CHARGE CONTROLLER CIRCUIT:
73. 62
2. Fig 12.2.DUSK TO DAWN CIRCUIT:
3. Fig 12.3.SWITCHING CIRCUIT BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL AND
SOLAR POWER:
4.
76. 65
13.1 Task distribution and monitoring
Table 13.1: Work done by each member
Work done by each member of Team ID -3(C)of Section –‘D’
Team leader: SUBHANKAR DASH
Team member Task(s) to be
performed
Task assigned date Task completed on
1:SUBHANKAR
DASH
Performance matrix 19.03.2016 20.03.2016
2:NISHA KUMARI Performance matrix 19.03.2016 20.03.2016
3:SIDDHARTH S.
PATI & KUMAR
SANKET
Bill if the material 19.03.2016 20.03.2016
Signature of Team Members:
Member 1:SUBHANKAR DASH Member 2:NISHA KUMARI
Member 3:SIDDHARTH S.PATI Member 4:KUMAR SANKET
77. 66
13.1.2 Introduction:
The key issues in prototype fabrication and testing are how many to build,
what variables to vary, how to control noise and experimental uncertainties, and how to
formalize the results of testing. These issues give rise to the subject of design of
experiments. It provides a Statistical basis for monitoring and analyzing the inherent noise
in an experiment. Perform Experiments iteratively and bring out improvement in the
product.
13.2 Design of experiments
Designs of experiments are focused physical models where the empirical data is sought to
parameterize, lay out, or shape aspects of the product. This is fabricated from similar
materials and geometry as the actual product, with the design of experiments prototype
being just similar enough to replicate the real product’s physics, but otherwise made as
simply, cheaply and as quickly as possible.
13.2.1 Performance Matrix:
Performance metrics should be consistent with the performance objectives and
performance goals of the projects. Performance evaluation of projects should start with a
list of objectives. These objectives can be stated as questions about the performance.
Performance metrics should be selected to answer these questions. The performance
metrics must be directly related to the performance objectives. If the performance of the
project is to be tracked or improved, specific performance goals should be set and
performance metrics selected to measure progress toward the performance goals.
As demonstrated above our circuit is mainly divided into the following parts:
1. charge controller circuit: When the solar cell is creating a voltage much greater than
battery, the typical charge type situation ,then the circuit may be considered to
consist merely of solar cell and the battery. Current will flow from the solar cell into
the battery. All the other components are present solely because this situation does
not always pertain. For instance, it may well be that .because of night or cloud ,the
solar cell is actually not developing sufficient energy to charge. In this situation ,the
biggest danger is that the battery will discharge through the circuit or the solar cell.
78. 67
D3 protects against this situation (refer fig12.1).At the opposite extreme ,the
battery might already be fully charged. It is necessary to have some form of voltage
clamp to ensure that battery is not damaged. This is achieved by ZD2,which
effectively stops the battery ever going over 15V.
A third problem is to ensure that when the solar cell voltage is below the
battery voltage, but not zero, the unit will still charge. The rest of the circuit is
designed to cover this eventuality. The heart of the circuit is voltage doubler built
around the 555,and the two capacitor c3 & c4. To see how it works , consider the
situation with pin 3, IC1 at VCC ,So that collector of Q1,and thus the negative plate
of C3 is effectively at ground. Then current will flow from the solar cell, through
D1onto the positive plate o C3. D2 is reverse biased by the battery.
When pin 3 IC1 goes low, the collector of Q1 goes high, pushing the
positive plate of the battery up to VCC .But C3 has VCC impressed across it already, so
new voltage is 2VCC .This switches off D1 and turns on D2. Current now floes into
C4. When Ic1, once again, causes the positive plate of C3 to drop to VCC ,D2 reverse
biases, thus providing C4 with one discharge path ,through battery. The 2VCC is less
than 15V as operation of ZD2.R2,R3 & C2 set up the frequency of operation of IC1.
ZD1 is designed to protect the 555 from an over voltage situation, and R1, C1 to
stabilize the operating voltage of the oscillator.
2. DUSK TO DAWN OPERATION: In this operation the 12.2 fig will be refered. The Q1
and Q2 transistors are operated in NOT logic . such that when LDR sense light its
resistance decreases so voltage decreases across Q2 so it went into break down
region but Q1 simultaneously goes high as more voltage drop occurs across 1k
resistor below LDR so current stops flowing through the coil of the relay so it de-
energies and load connected at NC contact trips to NO.
3. POWER CIRCUIT: In this the 12.4 fig will be refered. Here 230V is stepped down to
12V AC by step down transformer and by bridge rectifier circuit 12V AC is converted
to 12V DC.
4. SWITCHING CIRCUIT BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL AND SOLAR POWER SOURCE: In this
operation the fig 12.3 will be refered. Here when LDR sense the light Q1 goes on it
also off the Q3 transistor so the relay trips from conventional to solar.
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13.3 Improvement
The protection system can be improved by microcontrolled based charge controller i.e The
values can be set by input(digitally) and the output value of each subcircuits can be seen ,so
that proper observations record can be maintained.
13.4 Product cost and bill of materials
1. CHARGE CONTROLLER CIRCUIT
SL.NO COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY NET PRICE
(RS)
1 CAPACITOR(ELEC) 33U,25V 1 3
2 ZENER
DIODE(1N5352)
5W,15V 2 20
3 CAPACITOR(CERA
MIC)
47nF 1 3
4 CAPACITOR(ELECT) 47uF/63V 1 3
5 CAPACITOR(ELECT) 220uF/35V 1 3
6 RESISTOR 1K 1 2
7 RESISTORS 10K 2 4
8 RESISTOR 56K 1 2
9 RESISTOR 1K 1 2
10 DIODE 1N4002 3 6
11 TRANSISTOR BC547 1 15
12 IC 555 1 30
13 IC SOCKET 8 PIN IC BASE 1 10
2. DUSK TO DAWN , SWITCHING CIRUIT,POWER CIRCUIT
SL.NO COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY NET PRICE
(RS)
1 RELAY PCB RELAY 2 60
2 TRANSISTOR BC547 4 60
3 RESISTOR 1K 4 8
4 LDR 1 20
5 DIODE 1N4002 5 10
6 TRANSFORMER 230V/12V 1 180
7 CAPACITOR 47uF/63V 1 3
8 INDICATING
LED
4 8
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14.1 Task distribution and monitoring
Table 14.1: Work done by each member
Work done by each member of Team ID -3(c)of Section –‘D’
Team leader: SUBHANKAR DASH
Team member Task(s) to be
performed
Task assigned date Task completed on
1:SUBHANKAR
DASH
Final product
Fabrication and the
process involved
22.03.2016 01.04.2016
2:NISHA KUMARI Final product
Fabrication and the
process involved
02.04.2016 10.04.2016
3:SIDDHARTH
S.PATI
Product Fabrication 11.04.2016 14.04.2016
4:KUMAR SANKET Product Fabrication 11.04.2016 14.04.2016
Signature of Team Members:
Member 1:SUBHANKAR DASH Member 2:NISHA KUMARI
Member 3:SIDDHARTH S.PATI Member 4:KUMAR SANKET
83. 72
14.2 Final product fabrication
Fabrication is the process in which product is made from raw material or semi-finished
materials instead of being assembled from ready made parts.
14.2.1 Processes involved in fabricating the product:
• Drilling Process: It is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular
cross
Section in solid materials. The drill bit is a rotary cutting tool. Drilling in wood is
considered easier and faster than drilling in metal.
• Soldering Process: It is a process in which two or more items are joined together by
melting and putting a solder into joint, the solder metal having a lower melting point
than the adjoining metal.
• Assemble Process: It is the process that fit together the separate component parts
into a board.
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15.1 Conclusions
A prototype of Solar PV system was designed and was tested. Charge
controller, Dusk to Dawn circuit, switching circuit between solar & conventional ,power
circuit were designed and were tested individually, then modeled.In this project ,at first the
analysis part was done ,then we gone for the planning and designing part. We focused first
on design of its protection system part with concept of uninterruptable power supply to the
load i.e charge controller We ensured the all component avaliabilty of the controller and
then studied each components(i.e specifications) .The design part included the soldering of
each protection circuits( explained in above chapter) according to the circuit diagram,each
circuits were tested and it gone successful. Then the whole system is modeled and the final
model tesing was done which included tesing the operation with a 16watt,12V led as
load.Thus,led bulb glown and the ckt functionality according to the theory was matched and
hence the project was successful.
15.2Group learning
The project was vast. It was a race against time to complete the project with
certain things like non availability of all the components ,that got substituted also the design
of subcircuits and whole circuit with testing. This project in a sense allowed us to know each
other in a more better way, know each other’s weakness and strengths and thus design and
plan in such a way that everyone was comfortable with the task assigned which ensured
timely completion of the project. Most importantly this project taught us to be team players.
15.3 Individual learning
Although the project as a whole was a group task but it had to be broken down
into parts for the timely completion. This breaking down ensured that each of us had some
new thing to explore and learn. Studing of each components(i.e specifications and
functionality), designing of circuit by soldering,etc gave the basic idea of knowing
hardware components functionality and hardware design projects.
92. 81
References
[1] http://www.powermin.nic.in,www.vegakitindia.com
[2] Strategic Plan for New and Renewable Energy For the Period 2011-17, A Report by
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India, February, 2011.
[3] B.Marion, J. Adelstein, K. Boylen and H. Hayden, “Performance parameters for
grid-connected PV systems”, 31st IEEE Photovoltaics Specialisits Conference and
Exhibition, Lake Buena Vista, Florida
[4] Performance Parameters for Grid-connected PV Systems, NREL Report, February,
2005
[5] S.M. Pietruszko, B. Fetlinski, M. Bialecki, “Analysis of the Perfromance of Grid
Connected Photovoltaic Systems”,photvoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC),
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[6] Yuzuru Ueda, Kosuke Kurokawa, Takamitsu Itou, Kiyoyuki Kitamura, Yusuke
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Analysis Of Grid Connected Clustered Pv Systems In Japan”IEEE 4th World
Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Waikoloa,May 2006.
[7] H. Haeberlin and Ch. Beutler, “Yield of grid connected PV systems in Burgdorf:
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p1.
[8] SOLAR PV SYSTEM PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT GUIDELINE, San Jose
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