Final year project

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WATER TANK LEVEL DETECTOR
A Project Report
Submitted by
Rahul Bharti (12000510031)
Kumar Ashutosh (12000510058)
Rajnish Kumar (12000510016)
Samir Saurabh (12000510034)
As a partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering of West Bengal University of
Technology
Under supervision of
Prof. Chandan Das
Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College
Durgapur-713 206
(Affiliated to West Bengal University of Technology)
16th
May, 2014

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Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur
Certificate of approval
Date: May 16, 2014
The report is hereby approved as a bonafide and creditable project work “WATER TANK LEVEL
DETECTOR” carried out and presented by Samir Saurabh (12000510034), Rahul Bharti
(12000510031), Rajnish Kumar (12000510016), Kumar Ashutosh (12000510058) in a manner to
warrant its acceptance as a prerequisite for award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering. However, the undersigned do not necessarily endorse or
take responsibility for any statement or opinion expressed or conclusion drawn there in, but only
approve the report for the purpose for which it is submitted.
(Prof. Chandan Das)
Project Supervisor
Countersigned
Head of

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task
would be incomplete without the mention of the people, who made it possible, whose
constant guidance and encouragement aided me in the completion of my project.
I consider it my privilege to express voice of gratitude and respect to all those who
guided me and inspired me in the completion of this project.
I would like to express my thank to Prof. Chandan Das, Dept. of EIE, Dr. B. C. ROY
Engineering College, Durgapur, for his precious guidance & effectually care which
happens to be the psyche of this thesis report.
I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude to S. K. Chatterjee, HOD of EIE
Department, Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering college, Durgapur, for his continuous
encouragement and valuable guidance.
And of course, nothing could have come true without the support of my family and
friends for their constant external support.
Date: 16.05.2014
Place: Durgapur

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ABSTRACT
Use of microcontroller will allow to control the whole circuitry and to change the
analog input into digital output. The circuit is fully based on Sensor and Industrial
Instruments so we can applywhole knowledge that we got in 4 years. It detects the level
of the tank immediately and gives the fast response. It uses the transmitter part that
transmit the signal in 2-3 km range.
So our circuit is best suited for industrialuse and also for home appliances.

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PREFACE
We are the students of EIE 8thsemester are having Technical Report Writing as a part
of our curriculum and have undertaken a project on the “Water Tank Level Detector” .
Through this project we have tried to highlight the importance of “Sensor and
Transducer and Industrial Instruments” .A Sensor is a device that sense the physical
quantity and Transducer change it into electrical one.

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CONTENTS
Topics Page No.
Certificate of Approval..............................................................................1
Acknowledgement ....................................................................................2
Abstract....................................................................................................3
Preface .....................................................................................................4
Contents ...................................................................................................5
List of Figures...........................................................................................6
Flow of the main bodyof the Project
a. Introduction.....................................................................................7
b. Previous Work................................................................................8
c. Problem Area ..................................................................................9
d. Our Contribution ........................................................................... 10
e. Project Details ............................................................................... 11
f. Results .......................................................................................... 28
g. Conclusion and future scope........................................................... 31
References.............................................................................................. 33

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LIST OF FIGURE
Topic Page
1. Block Diagram of 16F88.......................................................... 15
2. Internal Memory diagram......................................................... 17
3. Block Diagram MPX 2010 Sensor............................................ 18
4. Output vs Pressure Differential.................................................. 19
5. Unibody Package Cross-sectionDiagram.................................. 20
6. Linearity Specification Comparison.......................................... 21
7. Block Diagram of LM35 with Pin Configuration ....................... 22
8. Pin Configuration of LM 35 ..................................................... 23
9. Graph of LM35........................................................................ 24
10. Circuit Diagram of Project ....................................................... 25
11. Result of Shootof Project......................................................... 28
12. Observation Table of Output .................................................... 29
13. Result in Multimeter Figure...................................................... 30

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INTRODUCTION
The water level sensor detector is created for measuring the water level
easily and sends the signal to the control room for long range.This has very
simple circuit takes less area.The circuitry consists of 1.5V to 5V voltage
step up circuit, an instrumentation amplifier to read the pressure sensor, a
PIC16F88 I/P microcontroller to convert the analog signal from the pressure
sensor to a digital reading, and a 433MHz RF transmitter to transmit the
water level and battery voltage to a remote base station and computer.
Apart from the use of an 18X PICAXE microcontroller, the circuit is
essentially the same as the “Telemetry” version of the Silicon Chip project.
The transmitted water level and battery voltage is received and displayed on
an indoor base station, as well as being received by another RF receiver and
08M PICAXE built on a breadboard and connected to a PC, which stores the
level in a database for displaying the water level.

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PREVIOUS WORK
ln the presence of our mentor Prof. Chandan Das, we have shown our keen interest in
the project. Regarding the project, we have completed 80% of the circuitry and almost
got the output. Some what we faced a few problems, but we have taken it just as an
escalater that gives us a way to get the result.

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PROBLEM AREA
It is the history that when any person working on some typical matter then he faced
some or more problems as per the matter. Our project is also a typical one that consistof
:-
1. Sensors like MPX2010DP means differential pressure sensor.
2. Microcontroller chip PIC16F88.
3. Comparators.
4. Inductance, Capacitor, Transistor, Resistors, Switches etc.
5. Temperature sensor LM335.
6. BCD switches.
All this components are needed for our project, but availability of all this things may or
may not be possible at a time.
The list of problems and the solution are as:
1. Pressure sensor MPX2010DP is not available in the market. So just applying the 4-20
mA current as an input we check out the result. Pressure sensor converts the differential
pressure into 4-20 mA current.
2. Unavailability of BCD switch is enhance the complexity.
3. LM335 is not available in the market. So we replace it with LM35. The substitute
LM35 work like LM335 if we connect a 80 k resistance in parallel.
4. Programming part of our project is not cleared for us, so this also arises problems for
us.

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OUR CONTRIBUTION
We have almost completed our project its our contribution, devotion and shows dutiful
nature. We have tried a lot to bagged at the destination and almost we got it. We are
here pointing out some points that shows the keen interest , great contribution in our
project work with our mentor sir.:-
1. After searching out for components, we got 90% of the components and spent some
money to bought all of these.
2. We make a good relationship with our mentor sir Mr. Chandan Das and also with the
whole instrumentation department.
3. We apply our theoretical knowledge in our project that we gain in the last 4 years.
We introduced with no. of instruments and applied theories for individuals.

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PROJECT DETAILS
It includes:-
1. Operating principle.
2. Operating environment.
3. Circuit diagram.
4. Circuit component.
5. Cost.
6. Safety and security.
7. Assumption.
We are just dealing with all in details one by one.

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Operating Principle
This circuit mainly operates on the principle of Sensor and Transducers and Industrial
Instrumentation. In our project we use MPX20100P differential pressure transmitter that
works on the principle of “measuring the differences between two or more pressure
applied on the input”. Then that differential pressure is applied on the input of IC
LM324 which is the operational amplifier whose output is many times the input.
Temperature sensor LM335Z is also used in our circuit for temperature compensation.
The temperature sensing range of this sensor is -40 to 100 degree Celsius.
The 433Mhz transmitter module is also used in the circuit that transmit the final signal
to the receiver module.
In this way our project is working.
Operating environment
This circuit should be able to work on the normal temperature and pressure as per the
season. Our device also needs to be able to stand up against wildlife who may take an
interest in it as well as heavy thunderstorms.

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Circuit Components:
1. MPX20100P Differential Pressure Transmitter.
2. LM335Z Temperature Sensor.
3. LM324 Operational Amplifier IC.
4. BCD Switches.
5. PIC 16F88 Microcontroller IC.
6. IN4004, IN 5819 Diode IC.
7. BC 327 Transistor.
8. RGB-CK.
These all are the major parts of our project.

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We are here describing the components of our project:
The PIC16F87/88 belongs to the Mid-Range family of the PICmicro® devices. Block
diagrams of the devices are shown in Figure 1-1 and Figure 1-2. These devices contain
features that are new to the PIC16 productline:
• Low-power modes:RC_RUN allows the coreand peripherals to be clocked from
the INTRC, while SEC_RUN allows the coreand peripherals to be clocked from
the low-power Timer.
• Internal RC oscillator with eight selectable frequencies, including 31.25 kHz, 125
kHz, 250 kHz, 500 kHz, 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz and 8 MHz. The INTRC can be
configured as a primary or secondaryclock source.
• The Timer1 module current consumption has been greatly reduced from 20 μA
(previous PIC16 devices) to 1.8 μA typical (32 kHz at 2V), which is ideal for
real-time clock applications.
• Extended Watchdog Timer (WDT) that can have a programmable period from 1
ms to 268s. The WDT has its own 16-bit prescaler.
• Two-Speed Start-up: When the oscillator is configured for LP, XT or HS
Oscillator mode, this feature will clock the device from the INTRC while the
oscillator is warming up. This, in turn, will enable almost immediate code
execution.
• Fail-Safe Clock Monitor: This feature will allow the device to continue operation
if the primary or secondaryclock sourcefails by switching over to the INTRC.
• The A/D module has a new register for PIC16 devices named ANSEL. This
register allows easier configuration of analog or digital I/O pins.

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AVAILABLE MEMORY IN PIC16F88 DEVICE:
There are 16 I/O pins that are user configurable on a pin-to-pin basis. Some pins are
multiplexed with other device functions. These functions include:
• External Interrupt
• Change on PORTBInterrupt
• Timer0 Clock Input
• Low-Power Timer1 Clock/Oscillator
• Capture/Compare/PWM
• 10-bit, 7-channel A/D Converter
• SPI™/I2C™
• Two Analog Comparators
• AUSART
• MCLR (RA5) can be configured as an input
MEMORY ORGANIZATION of PIC16F88:
There are two memory blocks in the PIC16F88 devices. These are the program memory
and the data memory. Each block has its own bus, so access to each block can occur
during the same oscillator cycle. The data memory can be further broken down into the
general purpose RAM and the Special Function Registers (SFRs). The operation of the
SFRs that controlthe “core”are described here. The SFRs used to control the peripheral
modules are described in the section discussing each individual peripheral module.

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The data memory area also contains the data EEPROM memory. This memory is not
directly mapped into the data memory but is indirectly mapped. That is, an indirect
address pointer specifies the address of the data EEPROM memory to read/write. The
PIC16F88 device’s 256 bytes of data EEPROM memory have the address range of 00h-
FFh.
MPX 2010DPPRESSURE SENSOR:
The MPX2010 series silicon piezo resistive pressuresensors provide a very accurate
and linear voltage output — directly proportional to the applied pressure. These sensors
house a single monolithic silicon die with the strain gauge and thin–film resistor
network integrated on each chip. The sensoris laser trimmed for precise span, offset
calibration and temperature compensation.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Features
 Temperature Compensated over 0°C to +85°C.
 Ratio metric to Supply Voltage.
 Differential and Gauge Options.
Application Examples
• Respiratory Diagnostics.
• Air Movement Control.
• Controllers.
• Pressure Switching.

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MPX 2010 SERIES RATINGS:
ON–CHIP TEMPERATURECOMPENSATIONand CALIBRATION:
Figure 2 shows the output characteristics of the MPX2010 series at 25°C. The output is
directly proportional to the differential pressure and is essentially a straight line.
The effects of temperature on full scale span and offset are very small and are shown
under Operating Characteristics.

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Figure 3 illustrates the differential/gauge die in the basic chip carrier. A silicone gel
isolates the die surface and wire bonds from the environment, while allowing the
pressure signal to be transmitted to the silicon diaphragm.
The MPX2010 series pressure sensor operating characteristics and internal reliability
and qualification tests are based on use of dry air as the pressure media. Media other
than dry air may have adverse effects on sensor performance and long term reliability.
Contact the factory for information regarding media compatibility in your application.
LINEARITY
Linearity refers to how well a transducer’s output follows the equation: Vout = Voff +
sensitivity x P over the operating pressure range. There are two basic methods for
calculating nonlinearity: (1) end point straight line fit(2) a least squares best line fit.
While a least squares fit gives the “best case” linearity error (lower numerical value),
the calculations required are burdensome. Conversely, an end point fit will give the
“worst case” error (often more desirable in error budget calculations) and the
calculations are more straightforward for the user. Motorola’s specified pressure sensor
linearity are based on the end point straight line method measured at the midrange
pressure.

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LM 35 TEMPERATURESENSOR:
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit 2 temperature sensors, with an output
voltage linearly proportional to the Centigrade temperature. Thus the LM35 has an
advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in ° Kelvin, as the user is not
required to subtract a large constant voltage from the output to obtain convenient
Centigrade scaling. LM35 does not require any external calibration of trimming to
provide typical accuracies of ±¼°C at room temperature and ±¾°C over a full −55°C to
+150°C temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the
wafer level. The low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration of
the LM35 make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. The device is
used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As the LM35 draws
only 60 micro A from the supply, it has very low self-heating of less than 0.1°C in still
air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a −55°C to +150°C temperature range, while the
LM35C is rated for a −40°C to +110°C range (−10° with improved accuracy). The
LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO transistor packages, while the
LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-92 transistor
package. The LM35D is also available in an 8-lead surface-mount small outline package
and a plastic TO-220 package.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Both the above figure is of LM 35.

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OP AMP LM 324:
The LM124-N series consists of four independent, high gain, internally frequency
compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a
single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split power supplies
is also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude
of the power supply voltage.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

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COST
Since different water sensors are already in use but most of them have
higher costs. So our projects must have cost effective.
The total expenditure is about 1500/- Rs. on our project.
Safety and security
This device shall not transmit harmful electromagnetic radiation and shall
protect against any materials considered harmful to the environment.
Batteries and other components without harmful chemicals have been a
requirement of this project.All components placed directly in the river or
well shall not interfere with safe navigation of said river or stream by
paddlers or boaters.
All components shall be protected from the environment and shall be
contained in waterproof, environmentally robust, structures. Any external
wiring or cables shall be shielded as appropriate and frayed or damaged
cables shall not be used. Since the device will be placed out
side in a natural environment, the system shall not make any impact on the
local habitat which it is placed.

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Assumption
One assumption the team has made is that the device will not be tampered
with after it is installed except by the owner.
Another assumption is that the device will be installed in an area that has cell
coverage with a directional antenna. The device will not work in the most
remote areas where there is no cell coverage.

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RESULT
After completion of our project, we got enumeras wind up from this. Lack of pressure
sensor increase our complexity but giving the input 4-20 mA current we notched at the
important result, that we are going to discuss here:
Our ckt gives good response for the current range 4-20mA.
When changing the input, ckt respond well. For the sake of complexiety, we used 3
LED's namely red, green and blue. Red glows for 20 mA current, Blue for 12 mA and
Green for 4mA.

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OBSERVATION TABLE
We got the output voltage(mV) of the selfmade circuit when we provide the input
current(mA):-

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When we change the input current, multimeter shows deflection across comparator
circuit:
In this way we got the result.

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FUTURE TRENDS
Considering the advantages and disadvantages of this circuit, characteristics
of the project limited the use in industries in the future:-
1. In the industrial area this circuit reduces the complexity of the system
because this is wireless.
2. Home appliances: our circuit has the limited range. That is why this circuit
can better be suited in our home.
3. This circuit does not works in the remote area. So in our future we will try
to overcome of this difficulties.

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CONCLUSION
After applying the basic ideas in our project, we found out some typical and
noteworthy pionts that are given as:
1. This circuitry only works for small or limited range.
2. The circuit consists of a temperature sensor that can work for the range -
40-100 degree C.
3. All components shall be protected from the environment and shall be
contained in waterproof, environmentally robust, structures.
4. The team’s largest risk is that our pressure sensor will not be able to
measure the water level accurately enough. This could be due to tubing
getting damaged when frozen over winter or pressure leaking from the
pressure chamber. To mitigate this risk we have chosen a backup way of
measuring the water level. This way if the pressure sensor doesn’t work, we
will not have to start from scratch.

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References
1.http://www.google.co.in2
2.http://www.ceb.utk.edu
3.http://www.wikkipedia.com

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