premanent emergency light system

“In Pursuit of Global Competitiveness”
PERMANENT EMERGENCY LIGHT SYSTEM
For the Degree of Bachelor of Technology
in Electrical Engineering
Mini Project Report
By
1) Gunjan Udaramji Korde (2016BEL001)
2) Abhijit Prabhakar Ade (2016BEL003)
3) Rushikesh Arun Porate (2017BEL507)
Under the Guidance of
Prof. K. K. Rajput
SHRI GURU GOBIND SINGHJI INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, Vishnupuri, Nanded.
(2018-2019)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “PERMANENT EMERGENCY
LIGHT SYSTEM” in the partial fulfillment of the “T.Y. B-TECH in
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING” For “Shri Guru Gobind Singhji Institute Of
Engineering And Technology,Vishnupuri, Nanded”.The is bonafide work carried
and completed under guidance and supervision of our guide Prof. K. K. Rajput
during academic schedule 2018-2019.
SUBMITTED BY:
1) GUNJAN UDARAMJI KORDE
2) ABHIJIT PRABHAKAR ADE
3) RUSHIKESH ARUN PORATE
Dr. R. V. SARWADNYA PROF. K. K. RAJPUT
Head Project Guide
Dept. Of Electrical Engineering
PROF. M. K. PATIL PROF. A. T. CHANDAN
Project Co-Ordinator Project Co-Ordinator

DECLARATION
We hereby declare that we have formed, completed and written the Report
entitled “PERMANENT EMERGENCY LIGHT SYSTEM”. It has not
previously submitted for the basis of the award of any degree or diploma or other
similar title of this for any other diploma/examining body or university.
Place:
Date:

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We express our sincere gratitude to Prof. K. K. RAJPUT, Dept. electrical engineering
of for his stimulating guidance, continuous encouragement and supervision throughout the
course of present work.
We would like to place on record our deep sense of gratitude to Dr R. V. SARWADNYA
head of department of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING for her generous guidance, help and
useful suggestions
We are extremely thankful to Dr. Y. V. JOSHI, Director, for providing us infrastructural
facilities to work in, without which this work would not have been possible.
Lastly, we would like to thank all our friends and library staff members whose
encouragement and suggestion helped us to complete our seminar. We are also thankful to all
those persons, who have contributed directly or indirectly in the completion of this project.
Thank you!

INDEX
A) List of Figures I
B) List of Tables I
C) Abstract II
Chapter No. Page No.
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Necessity 1
1.3 Objectives of Project 1
Chapter 2 Literature Survey 2-6
2.1 Functional Block Diagram 2
2.2 Explanation of Each Block Diagram 2
2.3 Circuit Diagram 3
2.4 Operational Details 4
2.5 Components 4
Chapter 3 System Development 7-8
3.1 PCB Process 7
3.2 Simulation 8
Chapter 4 Features 9-10
4.1 Advantages 9
4.2 Disadvantages 9
4.3 Application 9
4.4 Comparison of LED Lamps with Other Lighting Technologies 10
Chapter 5 Future-Scope, Estimating and Costing 11-12
5.1 Estimating and Costing 11
5.2 Scope for Future 12
Chapter 6 Result, Conclusion, References 13-14
6.1 Result 13
6.2 Conclusion 13
6.3 References 14

LIST OF FIGURES:
Figure No. Figure Title Page No.
2.1.1 Functional Block Diagram 2
2.3.1 Circuit Diagram 3
2.5.1 Transformer 4
2.5.2 Relay 4
2.5.3 Zener Diode 5
2.5.5 Diode 5
2.5.6 Led 6
2.5.7 Rechargeable Battery 6
2.5.8 LDR 6
3.2 Simulated Circuit 8
4.4 Comparison of LED with other Technologies 18 10
LIST OF TABLES:
5.2 Estimating and Costing 11
6.1 Results 13
I

ABSTRACT
In low-light-level applications, LEDs are widely used. The use of LEDs for signalization
has been well known for more than a decade and for many different applications (several
international references and patents can be found in the literature). It is possible to find several
references to these types of applications. In any case, the application of LEDs for lighting with
“relatively” important lighting levels is recent. The introduction of new materials and
manufacturing technologies allow us to use high-efficiency diodes for lighting applications
with efficacies (lumens per watt) above incandescent lamp and growing to fluorescent efficacy
levels.
Operation life of high-efficiency LEDs is one of the main advantages in lighting applications,
for instance, the LUMILEDS LED used in this paper after 100000 h of operation reduces its
efficiency to 40%. Additional advantages are the wide range of temperature operation for 20 C
to 120 C and the simplicity of the supply system: no starting circuit is required, and it works
with low and safe voltages.
This automatic emergency led light used in night at emergency time when the power cut or off
by some region. This emergency light takes 230V AC and it converts it in 12V DC and charge
the battery which is used in this circuit.
The power of the battery is used at that time when the power is cut off or we need to use it.
This light is used mostly in villages because there is the lack of electricity.
II

PERMANENT EMERGENCY LIGHT SYSTEM (PELS)
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 1 SGGSIE&T,NANDED
CHAPTER I
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Growing demand for the saving of electricity. It is based on the principle of providing light
when the power is cut off. This is accomplished by the use of automatic charger which gets
charged when power supply exists. When the battery is fully charged it stops charging. In case
of power failure, the LED glows automatically with the supply provided by the charged battery.
This project is working on two major processes:
1. It turns on automatically when the mains power fails, so you need not search it in the dark.
2. Its battery starts charging as soon as mains resumes.
This Emergency light is used mostly in village because there is the lack of electricity which is
very required. In industries and as well as in household applications an emergency light is
employed where there is frequent non-uniform voltage distribution occurs
The present one deals with a model which senses the mains as well as daylight to switch
on the emergency light. There is no need to search the switch in the dark as it switches on/off
automatically. This present one has one on/off switch on operating which the emergency light
glows. In most of the emergency light there exists a drawback. The discharge level of the
battery is not being controlled to a safe level. The batteries get discharged completely and lose
their life rapidly. This is a very serious aspect in order to overcome this cut-off is provided and
there exists a minimum discharge level which ensures the long life of batter.
1.2 NECESSITY
• Required especially in villages where there are long power cuts.
• Provides light when the ordinary lighting fails due to a power cut.
• Important to install it near stairs or the place where level changes.
• Near safety signs it should be installed
1.3 OBJECTIVES
To make very less expensive and compact design of ‘Permanent Emergency Light System’
which can be useful in places where there is no continuous supply of electricity like in villages.
This design is made in such a way that it will provide light on supply and at a same time battery
charging will take place so that it can be used in condition that there is no supply and the
emergency light will be working on battery. So, this makes it very compact in design and highly
efficient in working.

CHAPTER II
2.1 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig2.1.1 Block Diagram Of PELS
2.2 EXPLANATION OF EACH BLOCK:
2.2.1 POWER SUPPLY:
For converting 230V AC to 12V AC, 12-0-12V Transformer is used. It steps down the voltage
from 230V to 12V AC. Now, to convert 12V AC to 12V DC we use Bridge Circuit. There are
four 1N4007 Diode is used to get 5V DC output. This is the function of Power Supply to
convert AC to DC.
2.2.2 RELAY:
Relay is working as a Switch. There are three terminal NC (Normally Close) and NO (Normally
Open) and Common. Here we connect. NC terminal to the rechargeable battery and Common
terminal is Connects to supply with the LEDs. Now if Power supply is on it connects with NC
terminal and charge the battery and when there is no power supply the battery gets connected
to LEDs will be ON
2.2.3 RECHARGEABLE BATTERY:
Lead acid battery is used to give 4V as Output and Maximum Voltage of the battery is 4.7
voltage Zener Diode of 3.6V is used to get 3.6V as an input.

2.2.4 LEDS:
LEDs Plate are connected in parallel to get charge from rechargeable battery when power
supply is cut off. It is on automatically when power supply is off.
2.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Fig 2.3.1 Circuit Diagram Of PELS

2.4 OPERATIONAL DETAILS
 When power supply of 5v from step down transformer is available, battery charges
through the diode D1. At the same time white LED’s will glow based on the light
conditions.
 When power fails, the white LED’s which are connected MOSFET Q2 will glow
based on the light condition till the battery shuts down.
 When LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) is in light, the resistance of LDR is very low.
As a result, base of the transistor Q1 becomes high. As a result, white LED’s which
are connected to MOSFET Q2 turns OFF.
 The step-down transformer and the diode bridge rectifier steps down and convert the
high AC (in the range of 110V or 230V) voltage to low (12V or 5V) DC voltage.
 In the presence of electricity, the relay contact connects the Nc (Normally closed)
terminal to battery. Thus, battery charges during this time.
 In case of supply is on and battery getting fully charged then by Zener diode will get
on base of transistor Q3 thus, collector of Q3 will make on base of Q4 and thus relay
gets energized and moveable contact gets connected to NO (normally open).
 Use white LED as the charging indicator which glows when the emergency light
battery is fully charged.
 When supply failure occurs, Led’s terminal connected to the battery. The LED arrays
are connected to NC terminal; thus, they glow by using the charge stored in the battery.
2.5 COMPONENTS
2.5.1 Transformer: In this circuit the transformer used is of step down type which consumes
230 volts as input (primary side) and produces output of 12volts. This can be termed as
230votls primary, 12v secondary step-down transformer.
2.5.2 Relay circuit: Relay is working as a Switch. In the input of Relay 9V DC supply can be
given and at the output if we connect bulb so relay is working as switch and bulb will turn
on/Off so, we can verities working of Relay.
2.5.3 Zener Diode: It permits current to flow in the forward direction as normal but will also
allow it to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is above a certain value - the
breakdown voltage known as the Zener voltage. The Zener diode specially made to have a
reverse voltage breakdown at a specific voltage. For example, a diode with a Zener
breakdown voltage of 4.2 V exhibits a voltage drop of very nearly 4.2 V across a wide range
of reverse currents.

Fig 2.5.1 Transformer Fig 2.5.2 Relay Fig 2.5.3 Zener Diode
2.5.4 Capacitor: A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store
energy electro statically in an electric field Capacitance is expressed as the ratio of the
electric charge Q on each conductor to the potential difference V between them. The SI unit
of capacitance is the farad (F), which is equal to one coulomb per volt (1 C/V). Typical
capacitance values range from about 1 pF (10−12 F) to about 1 mF (10−3 F)
2.5.5 Diode: Diode is a two-terminal electronic component with asymmetric conductance; it
has low (ideally zero) resistance to current in one direction, and high (ideally infinite)
resistance in the other.
Fig 2.5.5 Diode
2. 5.6 LED: A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a
basic PN-junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a fitting voltage is applied
to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing
energy in the form of photons Here 10 LEDs are connected in parallel to get charge from
rechargeable battery when power supply is cut off. And it will on automatically when power
supply is off.
Fig 2.5.6 LED

2.5.7 Rechargeable Battery: Li-ION battery is used to give 3.7V as Output and Maximum
Voltage of the battery is 4.7 voltages. Zener Diode of 4.5V is used to get 4.5V as an input. So
that it can be measured how much time it will take to charge battery.
Fig 2.5.7 Battery
2.5.8 LDR: A light dependent resistor also known as a LDR, photoresistor, photoconductor or
photocell, is a resistor whose resistance increases or decreases depending on the amount of
light intensity. LDRs (Light Dependent Resistors) are a very useful tool in a light/dark
circuits. A LDRs can have a variety of resistance and functions.
Fig 2.5.8 LDR

CHAPTER III
3.1 PCB PROCESS
 ETCHING:
Majority of printed circuit boards are manufactured by applying a layer of copper over the
entire surface of the PCB substrate either on one side or both sides. This creates a blank
printed circuit board, with the copper everywhere on the surface. From here the unwanted
copper is removed by subtractive methods.
 DRILLING:
Each layer of the printed circuit board requires the ability of one layer to connect to another,
this is achieved through drilling small holes called "VIAS". These drilled holes require
precision placement and are most commonly done with the use of an automated drilling
machine. These machines are driven by computer programs and files called numerically
controlled drill or (NCD) files also referred to as excellent files. These files determine the
position and size of each file in the design. Controlled depth drilling can be used to drill
just one layer of the circuit board rather than drilling through all the layers. This can be
accomplished by drilling the individual sheets or layers of the PCB prior to lamination.
 SOLDER PLATING | SOLDER RESIST:
Pads and lands which will require components to be mounted on are plated to allow
solderability of the components. Bare copper is not readily solder able and requires the
surface to be plated with a material that facilitates soldering. In the past a lead-based tin
was used to plate the surfaces, but with RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances)
compliance enacted newer materials are being used such as nickel and gold to both offer
solderability and comply with RoHS standards.
 SILK SCREEN:
When visible information needs to be applied to the board such as company logos, part
numbers or instructions, silk screening is used to apply the text to the outer surface of the
circuit board. Where spacing allows, screened text can indicate component designators,
switch setting requirements and additional features to assist in the assembly process.
 TESTING:
Unassembled circuit boards are subjected to a bare board test where each circuit connection
is verified as correct on the finished circuit board. In high volume circuit board production,
a bed of nails tester or fixture is used to make contact with the copper lands or holes on one
or both sides of the board to facilitate testing. Computers are used to control the electrical
testing unit to send a small current through each contact point on the bed of nails and verify
that such current can be detected on the appropriate contact points

3.2 SIMULATION
Fig 3.2 Simulation Of PELS

CHAPTER IV
 Simple: Simple circuit. Components are easily available and low cost.
 Automatic: Automatically switches ON when the mains fail. Also has its own battery
charger which when fully charged stops charging automatically.
 Convenient: Makes our lives simpler, convenient to use.
 Economical: Energy consumption is very less, proves to be more economic for the
consumer.
4.1 ADVANTAGES
 The advantages are; it is easy to use, very low cost, save energy more and easy to install
anywhere.
 Efficiency: more light per watt than incandescent bulbs.
 Color: can emit of an intended color without use of color filters.
 Size: very small.
 On/off time: light up very quickly.
 Life time: long useful life time.
4.2 DISADVANTAGES
 Cost: currently more expensive.
 Health hazard: cool white LEDs can cause problems to eyes.
4.3 APPLICATIONS
 Used as an alternative source at the time of power failure.
 It is suitable for domestic applications.
 Used in remote residential areas.
 Staircase, study rooms, store rooms applications etc.

4.4 COMPARISON OF LED LAMPS WITH OTHER LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES:
The comparison between LED, Florescent Lamp and incandescent lamp is shown:

CHAPTER V
5.1 ESTIMATING AND COSTING:
SR.NO. COMPONENTS AND RATING NO. s PRIZE
1 LED PLATE (4V) 1 20rs
2 RECHARGABLE BATTERY
(4V)
1 45rs
3 RELAY (6V) 1 30rs
4 IC 7805 1 12rs
5 LDR 1 20rs
6 MOSFET (IRF540) 1 8rs
7 TRANSISTOR (548,558) 3 21rs
8 POT (10K) 2 20rs
9 RESISTORS (1K,10K,470,10) 10rs
10 CAPACITORS (0.1uF) 1 2rs
11 ZENER DIODE (3.6V) 1 5rs
12 DIODES (1N4007,1N4148) 6 8rs
13 SWITCH 1 5rs
14 PCB 1 30rs
15 WHITE LED 4 6rs
TOTAL COSTING OF PROJECT 242rs

5.2 SCOPE
The emergency light which uses IC is a reliable one comparing to other on IC emergency lights
and there is an automatic feature by which itself get glows. This project can be adopted for
mass production as cheap and efficient method.
Scopes of the Permanent Emergency Light System are:
 Longer Lasting battery that works approx. 3 hours
 Power is available; it senses and switches off the LEDs (lamp) instantly.
 Easy to use.
 Uses at office, conference room, exhibition hall lighting
 Uses at Direction Arrow Board for Bathroom

CHAPTER VI
6.1 RESULT:
Parameters Operations
Led plate 4 volt Max. luminous flux at 4 volts
(200-250 lumen)
Battery
Lead acid battery 4volts
Rechargeable
Standards:
Charging time – 7-10 hours (slow charging rate)
Discharging time - 3 hours
Self-discharging – 30% per month
6.2 CONCLUSION:
The project was concluded to be innovative for the improvement of day to day life. Device
also adds a new look to the traditional lamps. The cost of implementing this circuit is also very
less - an added advantage in using this circuit. Thus, the implementation of Permanent
Emergency Light System proves to be a cost effective and compact application in today’s world
of technological miniaturization. As of there has been an increase in the use of LEDs for the
development of new applications, its promotion would lead to the enhancement of future
innovations!

6.3 REFERENCES
[1] M. Rico-Secades; A.J.Calleja; J.Ribas; E.L.Corominas; J.M.Alonso; J.Cardesin; J.Garcia-
Garcia ‘Evaluation Of Low Cost Permanent Emergency Light System Based On High
Efficiency Led’s’ IEEE Transactions On Industries applications (volume 41), published on
October 2005
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5324881/
[2] M. Rico-Secades; A.J. Calleja; J.Ribas; E.L.Corominas; J.M.Alonso; J.Cardesin; J.Garcia-
Garcia ‘LED Premanent Emergency Lighting System Based on Single Magnetic Component’
IEEE Transactions On power electronics (volume 24), published on 12 May 2009
[3] https://www.electronicshub.org/automatic-led-emergency-light-circuit/%3famp
[4] http://www.circuitstoday.com/automatic-led-emergency-light
[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_light
[6] http://www.circuittoday.com/pcb-manufacturing-process

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