Final pro thesis

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Chapter 01
Introduction
1.1 Overview
In previous years, due to reduction in natural resources for generating energy, energy efficient
technologies have taken a great importance internationally. Especially illumination sources which
are used on very high scale. Street lights are one of them. Street light system uses many
technologies, now a day’s HID lamps are used most. Whereas power consumed by HID lamps is
very large and also they release CO2 on a great scale thus effecting the environment and also
affecting the national power supply system. But on other hand LED’s system consume less power
and their life time is also more than HID lamps. LED’s system is becoming now a most popular
and economical source due to its less power consumption and large life time. This technique also
has dominated other techniques and technologies due to its advantages.
1.2 Statement of Problem
Now a day’s mostly street lights works on light intensity, they are switched ON when intensity of
light is decreased to some critical value and switched OFF when intensity of light is above some
critical value. This is the working of streets lights normally used now a day. In our project we have
used some techniques to reduce power consumed by street lights thus making the street light
system less dependent on national grid and also we have make it most economical street light
system. We have used brightness adjustment system which also helps in decreasing the power
consumed. Two points are the core of this project first LED’s technology and second brightness
adjustment control. We have chosen LED’s panel because they have less power consumption and
their life time is very large as compared to other illumination technologies. Our project working is
that when in the evening light intensity becomes less than the critical value then lights are switch
ON and after mid night they automatically switched OFF based on real clock value. After mid
night it works on vehicle and human movement sensed by sensors installed at each pole of light.

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Lights will be ON in that region through where vehicle is moving. These lighted poles will move
with the vehicles means that poles above the vehicle remain ON and previous poles will be OFF
and next 5-6poles will be ON. These cycles continues with the vehicle. This also helps in reduction
of power usage. Also we can make the street lights independent of national grid by using solar
panels on each pole. Installation cost of such system increases but as they will be independent from
national grid and uses their own power so their installation cost will be recovered and they will
become profitable. Also we can make them more reliable by using wireless control system that
will detect a fault and send error report to based station so we will easily know the type of fault
and on which pole so maintenance can be easily done without manually checking each tower
devices on daily bases to run the streets lights perfect. This project can be enhanced to further
stages such as solar panels installation and control system installation. This all system will lead us
to independent street lighting system that will be economical more efficient and self fault detection
system will help in maintenance.
1.3 Purpose of Project
LED technology has a disadvantage that they have higher prices which are compensated by lack
of wiring. They require low maintenance due to their life timing and reliability. The most important
advantage is their less power consumption therefore they are becoming the most efficient
technology.LED street light is now becoming the fundamental answer to improve our life style
and it also improves the structure and facilities in our society in a most economical way. The
LED system can save up to 75% electricity and their light quality is very good. As HID lamps they
don’t have any harmful atmospheric emissions thus don’t pollute the environment. In HID lamps
intensity of light remains constant at some power and it can’t be change by changing the power
whereas LED’s technology based system intensity can be halved by reducing power to half value
of full intensity power value. This is its advantage we have used in our project that is we have used
different brightness for vehicle and human.
1.3.1 Auto Brightness Adjustment
Usually street lights are switched ON at evening when some light detecting device gives a signal
and switch OFF when device give signal at the morning. Intensity of light range is fixed in the

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device above and below of that value causes the light to ON or OFF. Also streets lights are
remained ON for whole night when they are no traffic on the road. This is not economical to ON
streets light for whole night. To overcome this we have used sensed lighting system which works
on movement of human and vehicle. Traffic on the roads remains high before mid night so lights
are kept ON for mid night and after mid night traffic on the road decreases so lights are switched
OFF, now sensor starts its work and switches the light on the base of vehicle or human movement.
As LED has a property to decrease its intensity when power delivered to it is decreased. By using
this property of LED’s we have developed such a system that increases or decreases its brightness
linked with vehicle or human movement. As vehicles required high intensity of light so for them
high intensity value is set and for human it is set to low value. This system also works during day
time when light intensity decreases below the critical value due to clouds or fog etc.
Components of Intelligent Street Lightening System
 220V Power Supply
 12V Step Down Transformer
 Passive Infrared (PIR) Sensor
 Pic16F877A Microcontroller
 Voltage Regulator
 DS1307 Real Time Clock
 Light Crystal Display (16x2)
 Resistors (10k,220ohm,2.7k), Capacitors (10uF,104uF,27pF,1000uF)
 Testing LED’s
 Oscillator 4MHz
 2 Relays for IR Sensor & 2 Relays for LED Panel
 2 NPN Transistors (C945)
 2 PNP Transistors (2SA1015)
 LED Panel with two Rows
 Thermister (variable resistor , 10K)
 IR Photodiode (receiver)
 IR LED ( Transmitter)
 Full Wave Rectifier Circuit

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1.4 Applications of Intelligent Street Lightening System
They are widely used due to following reasons
 No need to control street lights manually.
 Electrical power saving.
 Increases life time of street lights.
 Intelligent Street lights.
 Economical and Efficient System.
 Less Maintenance required.
1.5 Intelligent Street Lightening System Disadvantages
 LED light is more concentrated, so be sure to the secondary optical design, make the light
intensity distribution
 Only single LED is low power to get high power multiple parallel LED’s will be used.
 LED’s has low color rendering index.
 Due to error in manufacturing process it causes “yellow” problem.
1.6 Summary
The purpose of this project is to provide such a system which is reliable, most efficient and
economical to install for betterment of citizens of a city. Also this project helps to overcome power
consumption in a country like Pakistan which is energy deficient country. It is based on some facts
that how to reduce power usage, decrease maintenance efforts and to built a reliable system. We
have used LED technology that uses less power and its brightness can be control by decreasing or
increasing the power which also helps in decreasing the power usage. Lighting system will work
as it will be ON at evening depending on light intensity value and remains ON for mid night and
then it will work on sensing the vehicle or human movement. Also the brightness will be decrease
for human and at the evening when full brightness is not needed. So by using these techniques we
have save a lot of power.

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Literature Review
2.1 Importance
Main function of street lighting system is to help pedestrians and vehicles in finding their way on
the road when there is darkness and nothing can be seen. Thus the intelligent street lightning
system 100% fulfill this purpose with high efficiency. Photodiodes thus turn on and turn off the
LEDs according to available amount of light and amount of vehicles and pedestrians on the road,
so there is no need of lamplights in the presence of this efficient technology. Now in the presence
of this improved technology we don’t rely on high intensity discharge lamps. LED focuses strong
light on the photodiodes due to its high capability of focusing light and also due to its efficiency
of output energy. Street lighting system also reduces the crime accidents in the residential areas
and also reduces road accidents where there is population around road and markets.
2.2 Street Lighting Technology Comparison
There is a comparison between different types of street lights used these days and previously
according to their working procedure, construction, economical aspects, time of installation, cost
and maintenance etc.
2.2.1 StreetLighting Today
At the present time street lighting systems we usually uses discharge lamps of high intensity, often
use HPS high pressure sodium discharge lamps. At one side they are beneficial because such HPS
lamps provide huge amount of photonic light which consume electricity up to a very low level.
However when we look photonic calculations of light so it is observed that High Pressure Sodium
discharge lights are inappropriate in using as lighting for night time. The main purpose of using
white LEDs is that white light equipment’s are observed to two driver peripheral sight and also
enhance brake reaction time of driver up to 24%. While using calculations of light through S-P,
there is need to reduce HPS lamp performance by a minimum value of 75%. If a comparison is
made between metal halide and high-pressure sodium lamps then the result will be almost same
that both lamps have equal photonic light levels, a street which is brightened by a metal halide

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illumination at night time was reliably observed by bright equal to that brightened by a HPS(high
pressure sodium) system. Modern technologies of street lightening, e.g. induction lights and LEDs
lights that illuminate the street light with equal high intensity as sodium vapor lamps butt consume
electricity at very low wattage and lower photonic lumens that can easily replace the present street
lightning. Conventional stipulations in vicinity of Photonic adjusting for different forms of lights
which renders departments of street lights for testing, implementation and usefulness from these
recent technologies for street lightning system.
2.3 Street Lighting Technology Comparison with other
Technologies
2.3.1 IncandescentLamps
Incandescent Lamps are widely used light lamps which are invented by a famous electrical scientist
“Thomas Edison” about 150 years ago in 1879. They have a benefit of low initial cost, good color
delivering but have low efficiency. They have almost short life period as compare to other
technologies and have also have very high wattage as compared to CFLs and halogen lamps that
have exactly the same brightness as Incandescent lamps, or output light. Incandescent lamps give
rise luminance by heating up a metal filament which is enclosing by a glass of low weight.
Efficiency of incandescent lights can be observed from this point that 90% of total input energy is
consumed as heat and 90% input energy is converted in useful light. They are usually use in the
areas where there occur more theft accidents or willful wanton of light illuminations. In these areas
a high changing of these lights occurs due to their efficient use and low cost. But in all way they
are very wasteful as compared to output, efficiency and almost in all aspects. We cannot compare
LED lights and incandescent lights because of their 5% efficiency and a few hour of life period
and those LEDs have 7% more efficiency.
Table 2.1: Comparison of street lighting systems

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Technology
Of light
life
period
per watt
lumens
Coloring
temperature
Index of color
rendering
Time of
light
Basicconsiderations
(incandesc
ent light)
2.001 -
6.001
10 – 16 3.901K 45 instantaneous low efficiency, less life time
(mercury
vapors
light)
13.002 -
25.003
14 – 49 3.095K 16 - 50 17 min Low efficiency, UV rays,
(metal
halide
light)
11.005 -
16.00
65 – 101
4.005-
5.308K
75 14 min UV rays, also consist of mercury
(compact
fluorescen
t light)
13.004 -
21.070
52 – 73
3.781-
7.201K
87 15 min
less life , illuminate with dim light in
cold weather , also consists mercury
vapors
(induction
light)
61.003 -
101.010
75 – 91
3.701-
7.502K
78 spontaneous
Huge cost, , consists lead vapors,
badly heat affected
Light
emitting
diodes
50.002 -
100.010
71– 155
2.207-
5.401K
83 - 91 spontaneous high initial cost relative to others
2.3.2 High Intensity Discharge lights
HID consists of:
 Mercury Vapor lights
 Metal Halide lights
 High Pressure Sodium lights

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2.3.3 Mercury Vapor Lights
Mercury Vapor Lamps were produce about 67 years ago in 1948. It was an improved technology
at a high level as compared to that of incandescent lamps, and also has high intensity of light as
compared to incandescent and florescent lights. At initial time of their introduction peoples did not
liked them due to their bluish green light. Other disadvantages of mercury lamps is that the large
amount of their output light is ultraviolet light, and depreciation occur in them that phenomenon
is that their brightness become dim and dim with the passage of time. When mercury lamps were
initially introduced they have the coating of special substance made of phosphors inside the bulb
to help correctness the deficiency of red light from mercury vapor lights. The Ultraviolet light help
in production of the phosphor, while giving out a more high level white light. Mercury lamps are
called color corrected lights. Many mercury lamps have white appearance.
2.3.4 High Pressure Sodium lights
HPS were invented about 45 years ago in 1970 and are these lamps are also most commonly used
in street lights and also have more efficiency as compared to mercury vapor lamps and halide lamp.
The big disadvantage is that they emit low intensity yellow light. These lights produce light of low
intensity which has low intense colors. These lights are also create difficulties for police
departments because in the presence of this light the real color of clothes of thief are changed,
which is difficult to distinguish for an eye witness. Sodium vapor color corrected lights are
available but are more expensive than other technologies. But the disadvantage of these lights is
that they have low brightness and have low efficiency.
Most commonly used sodium vapor lights are, high-pressure and low-pressure sodium lights.
Between both of them high pressure sodium lights are most commonly use. But LPS have more
efficiency than High Pressure Sodium lights, but they form a wave of yellow light having colors
cannot be differentiated. LPS lamps have low intensity of light as compared to HPS therefore they
are used for low heights for providing lights , such as in the tunnels, where the limited lighting
control has low a liable level where high pressure lights are not liable to use. Another disadvantage
of HPS lights is that they contain high intensity of mercury and also vapors of lead. Unsafe disposal
of these bulbs can cause very dangerous for human beings and wild life and can contaminate the

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food and cause environmental pollution. Due to low intensity, high cost and high diffusion of
mercury and lead to the environment HPS and LPS are low deficient to use as street lightening.
2.3.5 Fluorescent Lamp
Fluorescent lamps first developed in 1930s. These lamps are common types of the discharge lamps
in which gas glows due to small current. Fluorescent lamps have more efficiency as compared to
incandescent lights on the other side are less efficiency than those of high efficiency LPS lamps.
Main disadvantage of using fluorescent bulbs is that their size is somewhat large and also they
emit unidirectional lights. These lights contain lead and mercury whose diffusion on explosion in
atmosphere is very harmful for environment. Due to directionality these lamps should be mounted
at very high at the lamp post. Fluorescent lamps have no useful aspects to be use as street lights,
but they are very famous for use in the parks and outside the buildings and homes as to provide
lightening in the gardens.
2.3.5.1 PackedFluorescentLight
Packed fluorescent lamps are mostly using lamps in this era due to their advanced technology.
These lamps are being commonly used as street lighting rather than the fact they are present in
deficiency at this time. But they are less reliable and thus improvements should be made in them.
They have some disadvantages related to them that high heat buildup in them cause their
explosion, low life , and also have a major problem that their light become dimmer and dimmer
when the weather is getting cold. Also they have mercury which is major cause of pollution.
Compact fluorescent lamps have high efficiency and that of CRI is about 85. These lamps may
give rise a color temperature about 3500 K and their light becomes low light about that of color
temperature.
2.3.6 Induction Light
Induction lights are new technology in present time. Induction lamps use radio frequency which
produce the electric field, which produce some gases to produce light. Induction lights are very
closely related in aspect that these lights have low start up time and they work at the peak efficiency
same like that of LED technology. This technology has some major advantages on other

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technologies and they are major step toward the LED lighting system. But a major disadvantage
of induction light technology is that there is low dispersion and directionality of light as compared
to advanced LED technology. Their life is reduced due to production of heat in them and also due
to containing lead in them which leads them toward the severe environment pollution.
2.4 LED Lights
Light emitting technology is very fast increasing technology in the world due to their output, their
efficiency and more reliability as compared to all other technologies. In all aspects LED
technology take a high lead on all other technologies which have more disadvantages as compared
to their advantages. As the initial high cost of LED technology is very high but in spite of it they
are more efficient lights in reducing electricity consumptions, high reliability and also this
technology is environmental friendly. But if we want to take the full advantage of this technology
there is need to differentiate between low quality technologies and LED technology, as the low
quality technologies have increased in the whole the world as compared to LED. So main purpose
is render supply of other technologies.
2.4.1 Distinction of High Quality LED on Low Quality LED Lights
LED lights are most recent and most advanced technology as compared to other technologies
which have developed many years ago and are less advanced. The most difficult work which is to
be performed is the production of LED lightning system because as more efficient technology is
this, more hard work is require for its production and developing in the aspect that these LED light
system requires a combination of better production, materials of a very high character and a quality
of being produce able in amount and performance. All companies that produce LED lamps cannot
produce the same high quality LED lamps because it is most difficult technology to design and
manufacture. As LED technology is growing day by day many different companies are
manufacturing the low quality LED lamps which bad impacts toward this efficient and advanced
tech technology. LEDs of bad quality have many disadvantages as compared to other technologies
use for street lightning but advanced high quality LED lamps take a considerable lead on other
technologies in aspects of all parameters. Experienced manufacturers of LED lights are very less

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in numbers which produce high quality LEDs and more produce low quality LEDs. Thus efficient
street lightning system requires high quality LED lamps.
As compared to other technologies life of LED lights is very high which 50-100 years is. Also
lumen/watt of LEDs is very high as compared to other technologies which are 70-150. Color
temperature is low which is 3.00 – 6.40. CRI of LEDs is fairly high as compared to other lights
which are 83-90. Ignition time is instant and most important thing is consideration which includes
only high initial cost but in other technologies their considerations are production of heat,
production of gases, pollution due to mercury and lead and fade colors dispersion, low life. But if
we look toward LED technology it is best technology in all aspects and low or no limitations which
are mentioned above in all other technologies thus it has proved that LED technology is more
efficient technology in present era.
2.4.2 How Much Money Can you Save by Using LED’s
Let the average house holders use 50 light bulbs. All the light bulbs are of 80 watts. Now we can
see that how much power is consumed by 50 bulbs of 80 watts each.
Total Wattage = 50 bulbs X 80 watts = 4000 watts (2.1)
This power consumption is very high .If same number of LED bulbs are used in house as CFL
bulbs each having wattage of 15 watts. Thus an easy comparison can be made between two
technologies in order to check their wattage consumption.
Table 2.2 LED’s Vs. Incandescent bulbs
All bulbs provide equal
brightness
Single light wattage Wattage used for whole
house

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Incandescent lights
80 watts 4000 watts
LED lights 15 watts 750 watts
This comparison shows that there is quite difference in power consumption between a in
candescent bulbs and efficient LED bulbs. In other words we can say that by using LED lights we
can save 3250 watt power thus can save a lot amount of energy and thus save money.
2.4.3 Cost of Electricity
Let us suppose that the cost of electricity in the Pakistan is 12 per kilowatt hour it means that if
we use 1,000 watts for an hour, cost of the electricity will be Rs.12000.
2.4.4 Time in which Lights are turned on
Suppose for example, that each house uses lights for 6 hours per day. Let 30 days in a month (on
average), for 6 hours per day.
6 hours X 30 days = 180 hours (2.2)
Including all factors let’s make a comparison between LED lights and incandescent lights on the
basis of the cost of their energy consumption. The formula is:
KW used X Cost per kWh X Hours Used = Monthly Lighting Costs (2.3)
Kilowatt is 1,000 watts; now divide the wattage by 1,000 for this formula.
Monthly Cost of using Incandescent Bulbs is
4.000 X Rs.12 X 180 hours = Rs. 8640 (2.4)

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Monthly Cost of Using LED light Bulbs
0.750 X Rs.12. X 180 hours =Rs. 1620 (2.5)
Now it has become clearer from this example that LEDs consume very less light as compared to
other lights and thus low in cost.
2.5 Related Projects
2.5.1 StreetLighting with Automatic Brightness Control Basedon Climatic
Situations and Movements of Vehicle
The project is a remote streetlight monitoring and controlling system which is based on LEDs
panel and also wireless sensor network. The system is set on automatic control of street lights.
This automatic control can be attaining by a right adjustment according to the seasonal variations.
Another important aspect of this project is that, this system can run in controlled Condition. In this
controlled mode, we can take an enterprise to control lights of streets through PC monitor. This
system also contains function of time cut-out and automatic control periods if we want to conserve
more electricity, importantly when vehicles pass by these lights, the light will illuminate
automatically, and then after a fix time they turn off. This project can save a great amount of energy
and cost as compared to other lamps which keep turn on all night. The projects also rely on the
amount of traffic on the road, thus transmitting the road conditions to monitor. Another advantage
of this project is that this system comprises of an auto-alarm which will be ringing in the condition
when light get damage and the serial number of light will be shown on computer screen, thus no
difficulty to find damaged light and thus repaired the damaged light. The system can be used in all
areas which need timely control system such as streets, stations, mining, schools etc. In addition
to these functions, this system contains a digital temperature sensing device and humidity sensor,
thus this system not only based on street lights but also on temperature and humidity.

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Figure: 2.1 Brightness Adjustments Technique
2.5.2 Automatic Streetlighting using Induction Lamp
The main purpose of this project is time monitoring and also contains the management of the
nights lights both for vehicles and human as a pedestrian, moreover this system presents the
more efficient and more efficient system and also is a stable system, can operate under all
weather conditions and whole night at automatic control basis thus saves a lot amount of energy
from consumptions. It is the efficient system of lightning for urban areas. This technology
reduces the energy as well as cost also this is an efficient project to reduce other difficulties in
sense of lightning. This system thus saves the life of peoples by eliminating accidents. This
system can also base on automatic patrol of street lights and have an automatic function. This
system can save a considerable energy by using induction lamps as the street lights they have
a control function and also data acquisition function. This system contains expand functions:
such as dimming and brightness control, cooperate with induction lamps to adjust light
brightness, under the premise that does not affect the lighting; achieve the maximum energy

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saving effect. Thus it is concluded that a maximum energy can be saved by automatic
brightness adjustment induction lamp systems.
2.5.3 Intelligent Light EmergencyBallastfor FluorescentLights
Main working using the common emergency light systems is to provide the low light brightness
level, when there occurs failure in line voltage. Therefore for this purpose it becomes necessary to
store the energy in battery to provide the electricity to the lamp when a fault or failure occurs in
them. In such type of illuminating systems the internal faults and damages e.g. overcharging of the
battery, damaged lamps and failure the main purpose of a common emergency lighting system is
the supply of a low level of lightning when a line voltage failure occur. Thus, it is essential to store
energy in a battery to supply the lights if failure occurs. In this type of lighting systems the internal
faults and damages e.g. overcharging of battery, faulted lamps and failure of starting network
should be observed and corrected by experts. Because of this, the intelligent lighting prototype can
test and observe its function in twelve days and input results into a LED screen. With these types
of specifications they can test themselves also check their position of function and have a tendency
to display their internal faults and damages. Also by doing so, cost of the maintenance can be
decreased up to a precise level. The main purpose is the commutation of the line voltage which
can be sensing block that showed in the systems by a complex microprocessor based. The system
is more efficient in a way that it has a more flexible, for instant, so that become difficult to
communicate the many devices with a computer, which can check the position of every object
every time. New emergency streets lightning systems are more energy saving. Another important
feature is the saving of money for mass production process importantly whether a microprocessor
with the programming in ROM can be used. Thus system becomes more efficient of saving the
cost and also saves the energy consumptions.
2.5.4 Limitations & Bottleneck
Main purpose of intelligent street lightning system is to design such a system in which more energy
and cost can be saved it means that such system should have less limitations and bottlenecks as
compared to their disadvantages. Also these systems should be efficient, reliable and also should
provide intelligence about street lightning. Thus by doing so we can minimize the dangers of

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accidents and other crimes. First project demonstrated here is also an intelligent street lightning
system based on two stations, sending and receiving stations thus it is based on vehicle movements
and climatic conditions. This is also an energy efficient project but a main limitation in this system
is that it becomes some uneconomical system because when there occur a fault in based station or
sending station then intelligence process is interrupted and also this system is some costly because
more equipment’s are used here therefore such system becomes uneconomical due to costly
equipment’s present in the project. Second project which is intelligent street lightning system using
induction lamps is also have many advantages but main disadvantage in this system is that it uses
induction lamps for street lightning . This technology has some major advantages on other
technologies and they are major step toward the LED lighting system. But a major disadvantage
of induction light technology is that there is low dispersion and directionality of light as compared
to advanced LED technology. Their life is reduced due to production of heat in them and also due
to containing lead in them which leads them toward the severe environment pollution. In third
project smart lightning energy blast for florescent lights it is also saves energy and cost but there
are also some limitations of using fluorescent lights in this project. One of the major limitations of
fluorescent lights is that they are often made larger thus they become inappropriate in using street
lights. Thus their fitting become more difficult. Another main limitation of fluorescent lights color
of lightning. CFLs are unable to use in street lightning because these lamps become dimmer in
cold weather, thus they are inappropriate lightning system to use in outdoors in winter season. And
at last, perhaps one of the major limitations is that they contain mercury. When mercury exposed
in environment it cause severe pollution. Thus intelligent street lightning system with automatic
brightness adjustment sensing human and vehicle movement presented in our project is most
efficient system of street light which use LED lights and also supply intelligence up to a good level
which is more economical.
2.6 Summary

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There are many technologies used for street lightning system which are incandescent lamps
and high discharge sodium lamps, fluorescent lamps and induction and many other
technologies. All of these technologies have more disadvantages then their advantages which
includes their more energy consumption and dangerous for environments. Thus LED
technology is best technology which removes all the effects and best in all parameters. The
other projects presented here are either costly or they use the technology which is cost effective
as well as cause pollution of environment. Therefore intelligent street lightning system with
automatic brightness adjustment sensing human and vehicle movement based on LED
technology best overcomes all limitations and bottlenecks presented by other technologies and
projects.
CHAPTER 03

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HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS
3.1 Hardware Used with Technical Specifications
3.1.1 Microcontroller
A microcontroller is a small chip integrated circuit. It consists of a processor core, programmable
input output and memory. We have used PIC16F887A microcontroller which is a common
microcontroller and have many applications in industries, in control devices and in protection
devices.
3.1.2 PIC16F877A Architecture and Pin Configuration
PIC 16F877A is a microcontroller with 40 pin 8 bit and only 35instructions to learn. The core
architecture is very high-performance CPU. Its operating frequency is from 0-20 MHz with 5V
power supply. It has 256 bytes EEPROM memory and 368 bytes RAM.
Figure: 3.1 PIC16F877A Microcontroller
PIC16F877A pin configuration is shown in figure.

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Figure: 3.2 PIC16F877A pin configuration
3.1.3 Liquid Crystal Display
Liquid crystal display is a kind o display consists of two polarizing sheets with liquid crystals
between them. When a current passes through it crystals align themselves so block the passage of
light. In this way they work. In our project we have used 16x2 LCD.
Figure: 3.3 LCD 16x2
3.1.4 Voltage Regulator

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A voltage regulator is an electronic device which automatically keeps a constant voltage level
across a circuit. In our project we have used two voltage regulators. They are used at relays ends
to provide constant voltage to them because relays are very sensitive to voltages. A typical voltage
regulator is shown in figure given below:
Figure: 3.4 Voltage Regulator
3.1.5 Resistors, Capacitors and Diodes
In our project we have used many resisters with ratings 10K, 220 ohm, 2.7K used at voltage
regulators, at LED’s and at relays. We used capacitors with ratings 104uF, 27pF, and 1000uF at
oscillator, at voltage regulator circuits and at relays. Diodes used at full wave rectification circuit.

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Figure: 3.5 Capacitor, Diode, Resister
3.1.6 Full Wave Rectifier Circuit
Our project works on DC system whereas power supply is in AC. So conversion of AC system to
DC system is done by rectifier circuit and then we use capacitors to filter the DC.
Figure: 3.6 Full Wave Rectifier Circuit
3.1.7 Step down Transformer
As our requirement in project is to have 12V whereas supply is 220V so we use step down
transformer to step the voltage down to 12V. Coil ratio is 10:1 means number of turns on primary
side is greater than that on secondary side. Use of transformer in project is to only to step down
the voltage to our required level.

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Figure: 3.7 Step Down Transformer
3.1.8 Oscillator
It is an electronic circuit used to produce sine wave or square wave. It produces periodic signals
for many devices such as microcontroller. The oscillator used in our project to provide periodic
signal to PIC16F877A microcontroller. The signal frequency that we have chosen for
microcontroller is 4MHz. They have positive feedback. Thus, the signal regenerates and sustains
itself. A typical oscillator is shown in the figure.
Figure: 3.8 Oscilator with its Symbol
3.1.9 Relays

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A relay is electrically operated switch and it has two operations first it detects the fault then it gives
the switch a signal to eliminate the faulty part of circuit from main circuit. Switching can be
electromagnetic, electromechanical etc. in our project we have used electromechanical relays
connected to IR Photo diodes. One diode is acting as receiver and other is acting as transmitter.
Relay detect the signal from the diode and ask the microcontroller to take suitable action. A typical
relay is shown in figure.
Figure: 3.9 Relay
The relay is connected to IR Photo diode through variable resister and Transistor. The internal
circuit of relay is given below.

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Figure: 3.10 Schematic diagram of Electromechanical Relay
3.1.10 Transistor
Transistor is an electronic device used as amplifier or as a switch. It is a semi conductor device
with three terminals called as emitter, collector and base for connection to external circuit. In PNP
transistors material used is N-type, doped between two p-type materials whereas in NPN transistor
p-type is doped between 2 n-type materials. As shown in figure.

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Figure: 3.11 PNP & NPN Transistors
In our project it is used as switching device. A small current passing through one part of a transistor
will make a bigger current flow through other part of transistor. The small current as a result
switches on the larger one which is essential for all computer chips work.
3.1.11 Thermister
A Thermister is a temperature dependent resister whose resistance changes with time. These are
very sensitive to temperature therefore used as inexpensive and reliable temperature sensors.
Thermister are widely used for simple temperature measurements. They can’ be used for high
temperature due to some limitations but in their working range they are mostly used. Their
response time is very quick that’s why they are used. A Thermister whose resistance can be
increased by increasing the temperature are said to have positive thermal co-efficient. A
Thermister whose resistance decreases with an increase in temperature are said to have negative
temperature co efficient.

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.
Figure: 3.12 Thermister
3.1.12 IR Photodiode
IR Photodiode is a photodiode and it is a semi conductor device that uses light as a input and
generates a current signal by creating a potential difference. It is a PN junction with reverse biased
phenomena. When light falls on the junction then it works. When there is no light on the junction
then reverse current is very small and also called as Dark Current. It works as when light falls on
junction then light transfer some of its energy to atoms of the junction that in a result creates more
electrons and reverse current increases. This phenomenon is called as inner photoelectric effect.
This current creates a potential difference that can be measured by using a series resistor in some
external circuit. IR photodiode can be used in zero bias which is also called as photovoltaic effect.
During zero mode it prevents the photoelectrons (electron generated due to light on the junction)
flow from out of device due to which a voltage builds up. In reverse biased mode also called
photoconductive mode. In this mode when light falls on the junction it generates electrons which
as a result increase the depletion region thus additional current will increase the depletion region
which result in the increase in light fall area on the region and reverse current increase more
rapidly.

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Figure: 3.13 IR Photodiode
3.1.13 InfraredLED
Infrared light emitting diode is a electronic device which emits light of higher wave length which
are greater than visible light so these are invisible from us. The light which they emit is called
Infrared light. It is also called as IR transmitter and it lie in the range of 760nm wavelength. Its
appearance is similar to common visible LED. Its operating voltage is around about 1.4V and
current is nearly about 20mA. Resisters are usually connected in series to adjust voltages so that it
can be used for different operating voltages. In our project it used as infrared transmitter. When a
vehicle or human passes through it its lights blocked and the receiver on the other hand generates
a signal by using a relay. The relay sends this signal to microcontroller which decides to switch
ON the LED panels according to given programming algorithm burned in it. It is P-N Junction
diode, when activated it emits light. When a suitable voltage is applied electrons recombine with
electron holes and thus releases energy in the form of photons. It is usually have small area and
shaped in such a way to focus its radiations.

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Figure: 3.14 IR LED
3.1.14 LED Panels
LED panels are used in our project which is fixed at street light towers on one side of road repeated
after measured intervals. The height of tower is designed with respect to light intensity of LED
panels. The LED panel consists of many rows of LED’s. Many rows are installed because we can
easily control the brightness of panel in this way. We switch ON some rows when we need low
brightness but when we need full brightness then we switches all rows. This is done with the help
of microcontroller. Microcontroller decides when to switch the rows of LED’s but its decision
depends upon the signal from relay connected to sensor that senses the vehicle or human
movement.
Figure: 3.15 LED Panel

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3.2 Programming
Device 16F877A
XTAL 4
ALL_DIGITAL=true
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
Declare LCD_TYPE 0 'in case we use alphanumeric then type 0 if graphical
then 1
Declare LCD_DTPIN PORTD.4 'this show that 4 pin interface with lcd and 4
data pins will start from b4....b7
Declare LCD_RSPIN PORTD.2 'declaring lcd reset pin
Declare LCD_ENPIN PORTD.1 'declaring enable pin
Declare LCD_RWPIN PORTD.0 'declaring read write pin
Declare LCD_LINES 2 'telling how much rows lcd has
Declare LCD_INTERFACE 4 '
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''SERIAL SETTINGS'''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'CCP1_PIN = PORTC.2 ' PORTC.1 is the CCP1 pin on the 16F877 device
PORTB_PULLUPS=true
Symbol light1=PORTC.0
Symbol light2=PORTC.1
Dim i As DWord
Dim f As Byte
Dim freq As Word
freq=200
Cls
Cursor 1,1: Print " Welcome"
Low PORTC.2
DelayMS 3000
Cls
While 1=1
Cursor 1,1: Print "Evening "
Cursor 2,1: Print "Lit1:Off Lit2:Of"
If f=1 Then
For i=1 To 900000 Step 1
If PORTB.0=0 Then
Cursor 1,1: Print "Evening Person"

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Cursor 2,1: Print "Lit1:On Lit2:Off"
High light1
While PORTB.0=0
Inc i
If PORTB.1=0 Then
Cursor 1,1: Print "Evening Vehicle"
EndIf
Wend
DelayMS 3000
Low light1
EndIf
If PORTB.1=0 Then
Cursor 1,1: Print "Evening Person"
Cursor 2,1: Print "Lit1:On Lit2:Off"
High light1
While PORTB.1=0
Inc i
If PORTB.0=0 Then
EndIf
Wend
DelayMS 3000
Low light1
EndIf
Next
f=0
EndIf
Cursor 1,1: Print "Night "
Cursor 2,1: Print "Lit1:Off Lit2:Off"
If f=0 Then
For i=1 To 900000 Step 1
If PORTB.0=0 Then
Cursor 1,1: Print "Night Person "
Cursor 2,1: Print "Lit1:On Lit2:On "

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High light1
High light2
While PORTB.0=0
Inc i
If PORTB.1=0 Then
EndIf
Wend
DelayMS 3000
Low light1
Low light2
EndIf
If PORTB.1=0 Then
Cursor 1,1: Print "Night Person "
Cursor 2,1: Print "Lit1:On Lit2:On "
High light1
High light2
While PORTB.1=0
Inc i
If PORTB.0=0 Then
EndIf
Wend
DelayMS 3000
Low light1
Low light2
EndIf
Next
EndIf
Wend

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3.3 Details about Software/Algorithms/Tools
3.3.1 Visual Studio
As mentioned before MicroController is compatible of programming language e.g. C/C++ and
microC. In our project “Intelligent Street lighting System based on vehicle and human movement”
we have used microC language. We used MikroC for this language.
3.3.2 Compiler
It is software used to burn the programming to a microcontroller. Programming or burning a
microcontroller is a process of transferring programming of desired steps which are to be
performed by microcontroller from compiler to microcontroller. The programming of a
microcontroller is usually written in C, and assembly language etc. we have done programming
in C for our project. The compiler converts the coding of program into machine language which is
the language of microcontroller.
3.3.3 Soldering
Soldering is a process which joined the two metals same or different type by melting a solder
between the joints of two metals. Solder has a melting point less than the jointed metals. Solders
can be in different shapes, sizes, forms and alloys.
3.4 Summary
The components used in our project are described above with specifications, their operation and
their working with diagrams. The purpose of this project is to provide such a system which is
reliable, most efficient and economical to install for betterment of citizens of a city. Also this
project helps to overcome power consumption in a country like Pakistan which is energy deficient
country. It is based on some facts that how to reduce power usage, decrease maintenance efforts
and to built a reliable system. We have used LED technology that uses less power and its brightness
can be control by decreasing or increasing the power which also helps in decreasing the power

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usage. Lighting system will work as it will be ON at evening depending on light intensity value
and remains ON for mid night and then it will work on sensing the vehicle or human movement.
Also the brightness will be decrease for human and at the evening when full brightness is not
needed. So by using these techniques we have save a lot of power.

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CHAPTER 04
METHEDOLOGIES AND IMPLEMENTATIONS
4.1 Designof investigation
4.1.1 Objectives
Intelligent Street lighting system is to overcome the flaws which occur usually occurs in the
common street light systems. Firstly intelligent street lightning based on LEDs have many
advantages on other lightning systems due to its low energy consumptions , thus reduce the overall
cost and secondly it is environmental friendly system in which there occurs no pollution. On the
other hand other type of lamps used in street lightning cause emission of co2 which is very
hazardous for our environment. The first one, and maybe the most intuitive, is the use of recent
technologies for the sources of light. 1st consideration is based on LED technology which is
considered as best solution of these flaws but it initial cost of LEDs is little high. 2nd consideration
is that system is automatically controlled as there is no need to adjust brightness manually and 3rd
consideration is illumination of lights occurs only when there is vehicle or a pedestrian is present
on the road.
4.1.2 Back Ground
In previous days, street lights were manually controlled where there was a control switch which
was connected with every lamp post to turn on and off the lamps. So this was so called as first
generation street lighting system. And thus after this, another methodology was introduced that
was method of optical control. In this procedure there high pressure sodium lights were using in
this system. It can be observed that nowadays this procedure is using in all over the world. This
procedure is processing by setting an optic control circuit, change the resistance of light dependent
resistor so lights are shut down in all day and turn on when the intensity of day light become low
and becomes night. Street lighting system can be grouped on the basis of type of lamps using for
example incandescent lights, mercury vapor lights, metal halide lights, high pressure sodium

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lights, low pressure sodium light, fluorescent light, compact fluorescent light, induction light and
LED lights. LED is familiar to be a best solution to recent street lighting because of its deportment
and its unlimited advantages.
4.2 Procedure
Intelligent Street lightning system with automatic brightness adjustment sensing human and
vehicle movement is saves the energy and cost by following methods:
4.2.1 Led Technology
Light emitting technology is very fast increasing technology in the world due to their output, their
efficiency and more reliability as compared to all other technologies. In all aspects LED
technology take a high lead on all other technologies which have more disadvantages as compared
to their advantages. As the initial high cost of LED technology is very high but in spite of it they
are more efficient lights in reducing electricity consumptions, high reliability and also this
technology is environmental friendly. But if we want to take the full advantage of this technology
there is need to differentiate between low quality technologies and LED technology, as the low
quality technologies have increased in the whole the world as compared to LED. So main purpose
is render supply of other technologies.
Figure: 4.1 LED

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4.2.2 Automatic Brightness Adjustment
Intelligent street lightning is based on automatic brightness adjustment. This brightness adjustment
is time dependent and flow of traffic dependent. So the brightness increases of street lights is
depend upon time of night. When there is evening time after 6pm, street lights turn on with low
intensity because of light is present is present with low brightness also when it became the full
night up to 12am lights will turn on with low intensity due to crowd of vehicles on the road need
less light because lights of vehicles themselves is enough. After 12 am when there is full night and
less flow of vehicles these lights will glow with full intensity until morning when there is day light.
4.2.3 Intelligence
Intelligent Street lightning system main function is intelligence that is when a vehicle or a
pedestrian move on the road then lights automatically turn on and then turn off when they went
after a fix period which is pre settled. When pedestrian comes then it will display on the LCD and
when a vehicle comes in front of lights then they turn on for a fix time and then off thus state of
vehicle is displayed on the LCD so it is easy to know if vehicle or pedestrian is moving on the road
so this system provides an efficient intelligence.
4.2.4 Analysis Procedure
Let us suppose that the cost of electricity in the Pakistan is 12 per kilowatt hour it means that if we
use 1,000 watts for an hour, cost of the electricity will be Rs.12000
Now suppose for example, that each house uses lights for 6 hours per day. Let 30 days in a month
(on average), for 6 hours per day.
6 hours X 30 days = 180 hours (2.2)
Including all factors let’s make a comparison between LED lights and incandescent lights on the
basis of the cost of their energy consumption. The formula is:

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KW used X Cost per kWh X Hours Used = Monthly Lighting Costs (2.3)
Kilowatt is 1,000 watts; now divide the wattage by 1,000 for this formula.
Monthly Cost of using Incandescent Bulbs is
4.000 X Rs.12 X 180 hours = Rs. 8640 (2.4)
Monthly Cost of Using LED light Bulbs
0.750 X Rs.12. X 180 hours =Rs. 1620 (2.5)
Now it has become clearer from this example that LEDs consume very less light as compared to
other lights and thus low in cost.
4.3 Implementation Procedure
4.3.1 Details about Hardware

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Figure: 4.2 Circuit Diagram of Project
In this topic we are briefly explain the all hardware components which are use in our project. There
are total 4 circuit boards in this project. As shown in the hardware model of project.
Figure: 4.3 Hardware of Project
 DC Supply section
 Controller section
 Relay section
 LED Panel section
 Sensing section

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4.3.2 DC Supply Side Components
 Step down transformer
 Bridge Rectifier
 diodes ( 1K )
 capacitor (1000uf)
 Description
 Step down transformer(220V to 12V and 50 mA)
We are using step down transformer of rating 220V/12V. It consists of primary 220 high voltage
side and secondary 12V low voltage side, and current is 50 mA; it converts 220V ac in to 12V ac.
Which is then passed to the rectifier bridge circuit?
4.3.2.1 Bridge Rectifier
Rectification (AC to DC) is done using bridge rectification. The input of bridge rectifier is ac and
output of rectifier is pulsating dc .the process of rectification is done by using a combination of
diodes known as bridge. during positive cycle of the input two diodes become forward biased and
two becomes reverse biased in this way half cycle is obtained at the output, during negative cycle
the reverse biased becomes conducting and other two becomes reverse biased in this way the other
cycle is used and output is pulsating dc.

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Figure: 4.4 Bridge Rectifier Circuit
4.3.2.2 Capacitor (1000uF)
The pulsating dc is not good for the system so it passes through the capacitor filter which makes it
ripple free and output is constant dc supply.
In this way our constant dc supply is made this supply power to the controller as controller input
is dc and also supply dc to the relays.
4.3.3 Controller Section Board
4.3.3.1 PIC-Microcontroller (16F887A)
It is used in project for data communication between the grid, loads connected and the PC
monitoring and for the proper functioning of the system to make it reliable.
4.3.3.2 Pin Configuration

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 40 pins
 1 pin, regulator circuit
 Pin2, analog to digital
 Pin6 , analog to digital
 Pin 11, (+5v)
 Pin 12, 31 (Ground)
 Pin 13, 14 (crystal oscillator)
 Pin 15,16 relay to PIR sensor
 Pin19,20 relays to LED panel
 Pin21 reset
 Pin 22 enable
 Pin27,28,29,30 output to LCD
4.3.3.3 Microcontroller Trainer
It consists of oscillator, capacitors and a resistor for its basic operation.
4.3.3.4 Crystal Oscillator
It is at pin no 13 & 14 gives clock pulses to controller for its operation.

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Figure: 4.5 Oscillator
4.3.3.5 Relay Section Board
 Relay 12V
 PIR sensor
 Transistor PNP
 Variable resistor
 LED panel
4.3.3.6 Relaying Section
There are total 4 relays used in this circuit board for the purpose of controlling three devices.
Although we can control two sensors with two relays and two rows of LED panel are control with
other two relays.

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4.3.3.7 Infrared Sensor
Passive Infrared sensor is electronic equipment that is used for detection of an object. It operates
when there are infrared rays present in its vicinity. Two basic types of passive infrared sensors
have following detail:
 Thermal infrared sensor:
It operates on change of heat in the environment.
 photo infrared sensor:
Photo infrared sensor utilizes the photo diode for the detection of infrared rays. In this project
photo infrared sensor is used. It consists of a LED as a transmitter and photodiode as a receiver so
any object is sensed by this transmitter receiver circuit.
Advantages of PIR sensor:
Some advantages and applications of PIR sensor are given below:
 Detection of an object
 Detection of motion
 Detection of glass breakage
 Detection of smoke
 Measuring distance
 Also use in robotics
 For counting objects and more other applications
Passive infrared sensor circuit diagram is given below. It contains LED as infrared sending and a
photo diode for infrared receiver both act as are major components of this sensor. Photo diode
radiate infrared rays which when hit with any object in its way thus these rays move behind with
deflected angle. Infrared receiver observes rays which are deflected back. As photo diode is used
in this sensor for this reason it is known as photo infrared sensor.
4.3.3.8 Some Elements of Infrared Sensor
 Infrared receiver TSFF5210
 Photodiode

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 Resistor 100 ohm
 Resistor 10kohm
 Variable resistor 10kohm
 IC LM358
IC LM358 is a comparator when Infrared receiver observes infrared radiations, LM358 becomes
high and thus LED is put on.
4.3.3.9 Transistor PNP
Signal comes at the base of power transistor and hence relay gets operated. Signal comes from the
passive infrared sensor.
Figure: 4.6 PNP Transistor
4.3.3.10 Transistor NPN
NPN transistor is used between the between for LED panel thus it carry the signal between the
microcontroller and relays on the basis of which relays operate for evening and night time.

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Figure: 4.7 NPN Transistor
4.3.3.11 LED Panel
Panel consists of two rows of white LEDs. At evening time up to 6pm to 12 pm when there is
intensity of light due to high traffic one row of LED lights will be turn on and when there is
deficiency of vehicles on the road all LED panel will be illuminate with full intensity.
4.4 Software/ Algorithms/Tools
4.4.1 MikroC
As mentioned before Microcontroller programming is compatible of programming language e.g.
C/C++ and microC. In our project we are using microC language which is uses as an interface
between PIR sensors, LCD and LED panel.
4.4.2 MicroC
It is denoted as microC. This language is general purpose language, OOP language, modern and
simple. It is suitable for applications written or both embedded system and hosted system. The
application written is C language or economical in requirement of memory and processing power.

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4.4.3 Specifications of programming language C++
C++ is used as general purpose programming language which is based on the C programming
language as described in ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Programming languages — C. In addition to the
facilities provided by C, C++ provides additional data types, classes, templates, exceptions,
namespaces, operator overloading, function name overloading, references, free store management
operators, and additional library facilities.

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Chapter 05
Results and Analysis
5.1 Presentation of the Findings
5.1.1 Result Procuredin Chapter One
In chapter one we defined our project, merits and why we are choose this project. We defined the
LED technology which is basically the core of our project because LED technology is most
efficient technology in all aspects. Secondly automatic brightness control of street lighting system
is defined in which it is concluded that all street lightning system with automatic brightness
adjustment is save more energy in addition to LED technology used in this project. Thus the main
result concluded is that intelligent street lightning system with automatic brightness adjustment is
more cost saving, energy saving and more efficient intelligence providing system.
5.1.2 Result Procuredin Chapter Two
In this chapter we discussed the technologies related to LED technology related studies of
intelligent street lightning system and also related projects of intelligent street lightning system. In
related technology comparisons we found that all other street lightning technologies related to
street lightning are fail to fulfil the all energy saving requirements and therefore these technologies
are more costly even they have low initial cost but their running cost is very high and also they are
more dangerous to the environment due to emission of mercury and lead. So the result concluded
is that LED street lightning technology is more energy and cost saving though the initial cost is
high and also environmental friendly. Projects related to our project (intelligent street lightning
system sensing human and vehicle movement with automatic brightness adjustment) is more
efficient project due to LED technology used in it also due to intelligence of street lightning
provision and most important thing is automatic brightness adjustment which makes the street
lightning system cost effective.

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5.1.3 Result Procuredin Chapter One
This stage consists of tools and techniques involved in our project with hardware and software
techniques used and their complete technical specifications. Project components enlisted with their
complete portrayal. Division based methodology to explain the techniques step by step and at the
end software that we have used which is Visual Basic, C++, C#, C programming is written.
5.1.4 Hardware Results
We divided hardware section of our project into different stages. They are Supply side, IR sensor
side, Transformer side and load side. In Supply side a step down transformer, bridge rectifier and
a capacitor is used that steps down and converts 220V AC to filtered 12V DC. This section is the
power supply of the complete intelligent street lightning system. A regulator circuit is connected
with the microprocessor to supply it. This is 5V regulator circuit which converts 12V DC to 5V
DC for microcontroller. Two regulator circuits are used, one for microprocessor and one for relay
circuit for the reason that one regulator cannot afford the power for both circuits. In PIR sensor
module 5V DC from PC to microcontroller (16F877A) 5V Dc supply is given to the PIR sensor
and thus to microcontroller. A crystal oscillator a pin 13, 14 that gives clock frequency for the
operation of microcontroller. LCD (16*4) displays the condition of light intensity if it is evening
or full night and also displays the presence of pedestrian or vehicle on the road. In short this section
provides visual monitoring and controlling. Transformers circuit side includes a step-down and
two voltage regulators are used. 220V are stepped down to 12V AC which is converted to DC by
bridge rectification thus 12V supply of step down transformer after rectification converted into
+5V supply and gives it to relay circuit for its operation and also to microcontroller and other
components. In short this side gives DC current for the operation of relays. This is relay section
which has relays to which are given 5V from regulator circuit from the main DC supply. PIR
sensors operate from microcontroller. PIR sensors have photodiode as transmitter and LED as a
receiver that uses 5V of regulator circuit. LED light will short circuit the photo diodes and gives
power to transistors and then relay gets turned on. Relay will transfer to microprocessor and thus
these 5V are given to LED panel through NPN transistors and relays. Negative of all LEDs is

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common. Two rows of LEDs are used when there is evening time only one row will be turn on
through one relay connected to microcontroller and when there is full night both relays will
connected to microcontroller to turn on both the rows with full intensity. This is load side of our
project which are operated by relays.
5.1.5 Software Results
The software we implemented in our project to achieve our task is Visual Basic, C# and JAVA
AND C, C++ language. This enables us to detect the state of road if there is evening or full night
so illuminate the LED panel with low intensity and full intensity and also we come to know about
the object on the road f there is vehicle or pedestrian on the road. The programming take in the
intelligent street lightning based and automatic brightness adjustment based scheme in coding
which helps better energy saving and intelligent provision system.
5.1.6 Discussionofthe Findings
In fact we developed a street lightning system which has three major specifications. The first major
advantage is use of LED technology in this system which is considered as a best technology in all
aspects and in all parameters. We can compare LED technology with that of other technologies in
all aspects. Only disadvantage of using LED lights is that these lights have high initial cost but this
initial cost is not due to their efficiency this is due to their high quality scheme for their production
because LED lights are not prepare like other cheap technologies but a high experience and quality
materials and lot of time is required in preparation of LEDs therefore high initial cost of LEDs is
not a problem but if we observe the running cost of LED lights it is clearly find that LED lights
are most efficient lights in purpose of energy saving and cost saving. One another major aspect of
using LED lights is that they cause no pollution due to their explosion or disposal therefore it is
find that LED technology is environmental friendly technology. Thus it best meets the
requirements to use them in intelligent street lightning system. Second major specification is
intelligent provision. Intelligence means the provision of such a system in which can easily detect
the evening time or full night time. Thus lights glow according to time provide by intelligence
system. Another intelligence system provide the information about the object on the road either it
human or vehicle on the road thus send both the results on LCD for display. Third main and

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important feature is automatic brightness adjustment which saves more energy as compared to use
energy efficient LED technology. When it is evening time as LED lights will glow with low
intensity and at full night automatically brightness become full due to deficiency of vehicles on
road and full night time.
Figure: 5.1 Intelligent street lightning technologies (ISLT)
5.2 Intelligent street lightning technologies (ISLT)
There are following technologies if intelligent street lightning
 LED Technology
LED technology used in intelligent street lightning system makes it low cost street lightning
technique. Thus these lights give white bright light which make them more excellent source
for intelligent street lightning system.
 Intelligence Technology
This technology provides the intelligence about the presence of pedestrian and vehicle on the
road and time period of evening and morning.

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 Sensing Technology
This technology is used to sense the presence of an object i.e. human or vehicle on the road.
This technology is based on PIR transmitter and receiver system and provides information of
object to microprocessor unit.
 Automatic Brightness Technology
This technology is based on automatic variation of brightness of LED panel on the basis of
evening time and full night time.
 Advanced Components
Advanced components such as relays, PIR sensors, LED panels and some controlling
components are present in this system.
5.3 Future Work
The project work has been studied and implemented a complete working model using a PIC
microcontroller. The programming and interfering of PIC microcontroller has been mastered
during the implementation. This work includes the study of energy saving system in many
applications. The design and verification of Automatic Street light successfully. The main
advantage of the present system is power saving. It requires the initial cost only for designing and
installation and not for utilization. Hence, such systems are very much useful for the government
to reduce the utilization of conventional power (generated by hydraulic power stations).Therefore,
such systems are once implemented on a large scale can bring significant reduction of the power
consumption caused by street lights. This initiative will help the government to save this energy
and meet the domestic and industrial needs. The other advantages of the circuit are that it is simple
circuit, avoids constant supervision of time and flexibility in design. After having implemented
this Intelligent System, what remains is the scope for improvements. Firstly, we could directly go
for Wireless Power Transmission which would further reduce the maintenance costs and power
thefts of the system, as cable breaking is one of the problems faced today .In addition to this,
controlling the Traffic Signal lights would be another feature that we could look into after

66
successful implementation of our system. Depending on the amount of traffic in a particular
direction, necessary controlling actions could be taken. Also emergency vehicles and VIP convoys
can be passed efficiently. Moreover, attempts can be made to ensure that the complete system is
self-sufficient on nonconventional energy resources like solar power, windmills, Piezo-electric
crystals, etc. We hope that these advancements can make this system completely robust and totally
reliable in all respects.
5.4 Comparisonwith Initial Goal
Our main purpose of designing this system is to make an intelligent street lightning system which
can saves more energy with respect to other energy saving projects through lightning. Our goal
was to construct the more efficient energy saving street lightning system which can save energy
up to more than 50% but we can design a system which can saves the total energy up to 30-40%.
Our goal was to use a street lightning system which provide more intelligence about the street
lights and different times of day and night and can give full information about every object on the
road and at footpath but in this aspect we become success in designing some intelligence which is
not more enough as compare to our goal and future advancement of street lightning system.
Another goal was to build a system which can automatically vary the lights brightness from
evening to mid night and then from midnight to morning. In this aspect we also became successful
up to some level.
5.5 Reasoning for Short Comings
Our main goals which we have to achieve, they we cannot achieve because of following reasons
and short comings we have to design our project powered by the control panel but due to high cost
of control panel is so high that we cannot purchase a solar panel. Thus our system is dependent
upon the distribution supply. We cannot provide the efficient intelligent system due to high cost
of GSM system which is unaffordable by the students. Thus the end short coming is that can we
can design more efficient brightness control system due to reason of complex programming and
software is require building such a system.

67
What we achieved
But what matters here for us we successfully achieved to manage load by our intelligent street
lightning system by using two special techniques that favors’ both energy saving best provision of
intelligence.
5.6 Limitations
Energy consumption is major issue in the present era which is increasing day by day. There are
many different methods through which energy consumption can be controlled and can be saved up
to some extent. Our project is also about saving the electrical energy so we decided to save the
electrical energy through street lightning system. Intelligent street lightning system sensing human
and vehicle movement can save the energy up to a good extent but this energy saving is up to 35-
40% so energy saving greater than 50% could not achieved. Moreover the programming used in
microcontroller is C++ which have some limitations that it is difficult to build programming
through C++ and also difficult to understand by a user. Another limitation of intelligent street
lightning is that it Our goal was to use a street lightning system which provide more intelligence
about the street lights and different times of day and night and can give full information about
every object on the road and at footpath but in this aspect we become success in designing some
intelligence which is not more enough as compare to our goal and future advancement of street
lightning system. Another goal was to build a system which can automatically vary the lights
brightness from evening to mid night and then from midnight to morning. In this aspect we also
became successful up to some level. We successfully gain the requirements of energy saving by
intelligent street lightning system up to an extent which we can do with our best hard work and
intelligence. But there are some limitations in our project which we have explained and Insha Allah
we will try to overcome them in future by designing an intelligent street lightning system which
will give better output like a system which we have described to design in future.

68
5.7 Summary
In this chapter we discussed results we achieved its comparison with other similar projects and
discussion of the findings. This chapter contains all the results about hardware and software of this
project and about the feasibility of hardware and software. Also we discussed above the intelligent
street lightning technology and our future goal for making improvements in intelligent street
lightning system for saving more energy. Thus comparison of our project with initial goals are
discussed which we could not achieved and reasons behind them and at last the limitations of this
project are discussed. We talked about what we claimed initially and what we can't accomplish
our limitations and recommendations.

69
CONCLUSION
The project is all about energy saving by doing some intelligent things with street
lighting. This system offers ease of maintenance and energy savings. It is obtained by providing
highly economical LED technology. The proposed system is particularly suitable for the roads in
Remote urban and rural areas where traffic is low at all times and there is less need of traffic lights.
Also this system is quite economical and anyone can invest in this to save money, power and time.
The lifetime of LED street lights is usually 10 to 15 years. Quick turn on and off: Unlike
fluorescent lamps, which take time to heat up once switched on, LEDs come on with full brightness
instantly. Also we can vary the brightness during evening and night time by using a highly efficient
intelligence system. The equipment used like microcontroller, LED, voltage regulators, capacitors,
PIR sensors and LCD etc. are easily available and less costly. Overall the system is very good
system which saves power and cost by less initial cost. This system can be improved if we could
directly go for Wireless Power Transmission which would further reduce the maintenance costs
and power thefts of the system, as cable breaking is one of the problems faced today .In addition
to this, we can use SCADA system but its initial cost is high and its expensive system. Moreover,
attempts can be made to ensure that the complete system is self-sufficient on nonconventional
energy resources like solar power, windmills, Piezo-electric crystals, etc. We hope that these
advancements can make this system completely robust and totally reliable in all respects. All in all
we can say by keeping in mind the overall scenario of the initial cost, power consumption and
other factors this system looks very economical and efficient. This is done by replacing sodium
vapor lamps by LED and adding dimming technology to it. E-Street provides an effective measure
to save energy by preventing unnecessary wastage of electricity, caused due to manual switching
of street-lights when it is not required. The system is versatile, extendable and totally adjustable to
user needs.

70
REFERENCES
[1] ALZUBAIDI, S.; SOORI, P.K., "Study on energy efficient street lighting System design,"
Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEDCO) Melaka, Malaysia, 2012 IEEE
International , vol., no., pp.291,295, 6-7 June 2012, DOI: 10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230877
[2] Philips Lighting, A solution for smart city lighting,
www.lighting.philips.com/main/smartcities/, accessed July 2014.
[3] WU YUE 1, N2,SHI CHANGHONG3, ZHANG XIANGHONG3, YANG WEIL, “Design
of New Intelligent Street Light Control System”, 2010 8th. IEEE International Conference on
Control and Automation Xiamen, China, June 9-11, 2010.
[4] Long, X.; Liao, R.; Zhou, J. "Development of street lighting system-based novel high-
brightness LED modules," Optoelectronics, IET, vol.3, no.1, pp.40-46, February 2009 DOI:
10.1049/ietopt: 20070076
[5] Po-Yen Chen; Yi-Hua Liu; Yeu-Torng Yau; Hung-Chun Lee; , "Development of an
energy efficient street light driving system," Sustainable Energy Technologies, 2008. ICSET 2008.
IEEE International Conference on, vol., no., pp.761-764, 24-27 Nov. 2008 DOI:
10.1109/ICSET.2008.4747108
[6] Yuichi Aoyama, Toshiaki YACHI, “An LED Module Array System Designed for Streetlight
Use”, IEEE Energy2030 Atlanta, GA USA, 17-18 November, 2008
[7] B.ACKERMANN, V. Schulz, C. MARITINY, A. HILGERS, X. Zhu,” Control of LEDs”, 1-
4244-0365-0/06/$20.00 (c) 2006 IEEE.

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