The document discusses the charge coupled device (CCD). It describes the operational mechanism of CCDs which uses clock pulses to control and shift electrical charge packets within the device. There are different types of CCDs including surface channel CCDs (SCCD), buried channel CCDs (BCCD), and junction CCDs (JCCD) which store and transfer charges in different ways. CCDs are used in applications such as digital cameras, video cameras, barcode readers, and CCTV due to their ability to store and shift electrical charge.

1. Charge coupled device (CCD)
Presented By:
Darshil Shah (IU1241090051)
Sachin Jain (IU1241090018)
Jainam Patel (IU1241090033)

2. Outline
 Introduction
 Operational Mechanism
 Surface-Channel charge coupled device (SCCD)
 Dynamic characteristics
 Application

3. Introduction
 CCD is a array of MOS-diode structure that was proposed in 1969
by George smith & Willard boyle.
 A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a device for the movement of
electrical charge, usually from within the device to an area where
the charge can be manipulated
 The CCD/CTD can move the charges in the MOS diode along a
predetermined path under the control of clock pulses

4. Types of CCD’s
 SCCD (Surface channel CCD)
 BCCD (Buried channel CCD)
 JCCD (Junction CCD)
 SCCD/BCCD stores and transfer the charges on the surface/interior of
semiconductor respectively.
 JCCD stores and transfer the charge packet at the PN-junction.

5. Operational Mechanism
 Under control of externally applied gate voltage ,the potential
wells and the charge packets can be shifted from one well to
adjacent one rapidly through entire CCD structure.
 Three operational mechanism allow the charge packets to move
1) Self –induced drift
2) Thermal diffusion
3) Fringing field drift

6. Energy band of MIS diode

7. Three-phase structure

8. Store and transfer of charger packet

9. SCCD
 A surface channel CCD is basically an MOS diode structure.
 Its energy Band diagram is shown in figure. b and c.
 There are two cases for the creation of a charge packet under deep depletion

10. Case I: Zero Signal Charge(Qsig=0)
 Gate voltage and surface potential are related by
Here
Vfb =flat band voltage
Vi =voltage across the insulator
Hence We obtain :

11. Case II: Stored Signal Charge(Qsig>0)
 Surface Potential equation is given by :
The maximum charge density that can
be stored on an MOS capacitor is
approximately given by :

12. DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
 Charge transfer efficiency(ƞ) is defined as the fraction of charge
transferred from one well to the next in a CCD .The fraction left
behind is the transfer loss(Ɛ)
 If a single charge pulse width an initial amplitude (Po) transfer
down a CCD register after n transfers(phases), the amplitude
(Pn) becomes

13.  The maximum achievable transfer efficiency depends upon two
factors:
1. How fast the free charge can be transferred between
adjacent gates
2. How much of the charge gets trapped at each gate location
by stationary states
 Frequency Response: There are upper and lower frequency
limitation for CCDs. The maximum frequency is limited by the
channel length L.
 Power Dissipation per bit is given by

14. Application
 Photocopier
 Bar-code Reader
 CCTV cameras
 Video cameras
 Photographic cameras

15.  Signal processing : The CCD can perform several analog and
digital signal processing function such as delay, multiplexing,
demultiplexing, transversal filtering, recursive filtering,
integration, analog memory, digital memory and digital logic.
Thus CCD are being used widely in special application for the very
large scale integration (VLSI) circuit.
 Infrared detection and imaging : CCD is capable of detecting and
imaging the infrared light from a target by forming charge packets
that are proportional to light intensity of target. These packets
are shifted to detector point for detection, read-out, multiplexing
and time and delay integration(TDI)

17. References
 Semiconductor devices: Physics and technology, 2nd
Edition, Wiley India Edition, By S M Sze
 Microwave devices and circuits, 3rd Edition ,PHI , By Samuel y.
Liao.
 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/fermi.html
 http://ecee.colorado.edu/~bart/book/flatband.htm