This document is a project report submitted by four students at the Institute of Engineering and Technology in Lucknow, India. It describes their work to improve the gain of an operational amplifier designed using 90nm technology. The students declare that the work is original and was conducted under the guidance of Dr. Tanmay Dubey. The report includes an abstract, introduction on operational amplifiers, description of the CMOS design process, simulation results, and conclusions on matching calculations to simulations. The head of the electronics department certifies that the project fulfills requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree.

1. INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY, LUCKNOW
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
PROJECT REPORT
Improvement in Gain of Operational Amplifier using 90nm
technology
Submitted by
Karna Patel (1805231028)
Ravi Vedic (1805231042)
Rohan Kumar (1805231044)
Shivam Gupta (1805231052)
Under the Guidance of
Dr. Tanmay Dubey
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

2. DECLARATION
We, hereby, declare that the work being presented in this dissertation entitled “Improvement in
Gain of Operational Amplifier using 90nm technology” towards the partial fulfillment for the
award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering, is an
authentic record of our own work carried out under the supervision and guidance of Dr. Tanmay
Dubey, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, IET Lucknow. The content of
my dissertation, in full or in part, has not been submitted by me to any other university or
institute for the award of any degree or diploma.
Date: 18/02/2022
Karna Patel(1805231028)
Place: Lucknow Ravi Vedic (1805231042)
Rohan Kumar(1805231044)
Shivam Gupta (1805231052)

3. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “Improvement in Gain of Operational Amplifier
using 90nm technology” submitted by Mr. Karna Patel, Mr. Ravi Vedic , Mr. Rohan Kumar, Mr.
Shivam Gupta students of B.Tech. in Electronics and Communication Engineering, is a record of
bonafide work carried out by the candidates under my supervision in the Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering at Institute of Engineering & Technology Lucknow.
The project report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree
of Bachelor of Technology, in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Lucknow. To the best of my knowledge, the work carried out has
not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree.
Dr. Tanmay Dubey Dr. Neelam Srivastava Professor
Head of Department

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Success is a sweet fruit, which everyone strives to taste. To achieve this goal, one has to put in a
lot of physical and mental efforts. Each time we write this report, we gain stronger appreciation
for the fact that we couldn’t do it without the help of many talented and dedicated people. So
we wish to express our appreciation to those whose help has been most valuable. We wish to
express our profound gratitude and indebtedness to Dr. Rajiv K. Singh, Professor Department of
Electronics Engineering, IET Lucknow for introducing the present topic and for their inspiring
guidance, constructive criticism and valuable suggestions throughout the project work. We
deeply express sincere thanks to our Head of Department Dr. Neelam Srivastava for encouraging
and allowing us to present the project on the topic “Intelligent security and information
management system using video analysis” at our department premises for the partial fulfillment
of the requirements leading to the award of Btech degree. Last but not least, our sincere thanks
to all our friends who have patiently extended all sorts of help for accomplishing this undertaking.

5. Table of content
1. Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6
2. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
3. CMOS …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8-10
4. Design Procedure …………………………………………………………………………………….. 11-12
5. Simulation ……………………………………………………………………………………… 13- 22
6. Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………. 23
7. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………. 24
8. References ……………………………………………………………………………………… 25

6. Abstract
The present System on Chip (SOC) applications requires integration of both analog and digital
components to meet the non functional constraints. The design of analog circuits can be done
with the help of basic analog components like switched capacitors, Analog to Digital converters,
filters etc. All these circuit components are targeted for performance metric parameters like
area, speed, noise, power, gain etc. The design of less noise, high gain analog components can
be designed by using fully differential circuit concepts with the help of Operational Amplifiers
(Op-Amps). The Op-Amp can be designed by providing the amplification of input voltages at
two stages to meet the design features. The two stage Op-Amp features can be improved by
providing the concepts like compensation techniques, folded cascade etc.
The Op-Amp design for high speed applications requires proper selection of biasing, logic style,
and compensation techniques as the technology is scaling down. This project deals with the
design of basic two stage Op-Amps using 180nm for functional verification and gain
calculations. This basic Op-Amp performance metrics can be improved by adding the
compensation techniques. The Op-Amps are designed for both with compensation and
compensation with gain improvement using Cadence full custom design suite for 90nm
technology. Index Terms—Op-Amp, Two stage, Compensation.

7. Introduction
The present day System On Chip (SOC) applications requires integration of both analog and
digital components to meet the non functional constraints. The proper design of analog and
digital circuits can be achieved with the help of best selected topology. The digital circuit
components can be selected from gates, flip flops, inverters and amplifiers etc. Analog circuit
design requires a good understanding of how the system and circuit is working. And the digital
circuitry works with two distinct states, many parameters are under consideration for analog
circuits which work with continuous values. Some of the analog components are switched
capacitors, Analog to Digital converters, filters etc
All these circuit components are targeted for performance metric parameters like area, speed,
noise, power, gain etc. The design of less noise, high gain analog components can be designed
by using fully differential circuit concepts with the help of Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps).
The Operational Amplifiers (Op amps) are one of the most widely used building blocks for
analog and mixedsignal systems. They are employed from dc bias applications to high speed
amplifiers and filters. General purpose op amps can be used as buffers, summers, integrators,
differentiators, comparators, negative impedance converters, and many other applications.
Nowadays, Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology has become
dominant over bipolar technology for analog circuit design in a mixed-signal system due to the
industry trend of applying standard process technologies to implement both analog circuits and
digital circuits on the same chip. While many digital circuits can be adapted to a smaller device
level with a smaller power supply, most existing analog circuitry requires considerable change
or even a redesign to meet the same constraints. With transistor length being scaled down to a
few tens of nanometers, analog circuits are becoming increasingly more difficult to improve
upon.

8. Conclusion
In this project, the hardest part was to match hand calculation to simulation results. The channel length
modulation (λ) was actually not considered during hand calculation. However, it had a significant
influence on the schematic simulation. Some other factors such as Cgd, Cgs, Vth, etc. also caused the
mismatch between calculation and simulation. Therefore, after the simulation, most of the transistors’
size still needed to be modified in order to optimize the performance. In fact, both hand calculation and
simulation are very important when designing a circuit since hand calculation gives an estimation range
for all parameters, and simulation presents the results closer to the real circuit. The parametric analysis
was a very useful function that enabled to run different values for different variables at the same time
and plotted all different performances. Through many experimental trials, the desired performance of
op amp circuit was finally achieved. Even though the parametric analysis helped to save a lot of time for
finding out good parameters for each device, it would have been more efficient if the optimization
function would have been used