3. Embedded Systems
We are surrounded by Embedded
Systems.
Cell Phones
Automatic Washing Machines.
Traffic Signals with Timers.
Automobile Electronics.
Find a system that contains no
electronic system.
How can a electronic system improve
the functionality/efficiency of that
system.
Custom design an embedded system
for the same.
3 Introduction to Embedded Systems Anish Goel
4. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Embedded system means the
processor is embedded into that
application.
An embedded product uses a
microprocessor or
microcontroller to do one task
only.
In an embedded system, there is
only one application software that
is typically burned into ROM.
Example'printer, keyboard,
video game player
4 Introduction to Embedded Systems Anish Goel
22. Functional Blocks in Microcontroller
Functional Circuits in a Chip or Core Microcontroller (Microcomputer)
I/O Ports
Processor Non Volatile
Control and
PROM/ROM/E
Data and Interface/Driv
PROM
Stack in ers
External
Internal Serial UART
Memories
RAM Communicatio
Interface
Timers and n Port
Watchdog
Serial
Timer
Interrupt Synchronous
Controlle Communicatio
r n Port
Application Specific Circuits in Specific Versions
DMA Network A/D
Driver PWM for Modem DTMF
Controlle Converte
Stack/ D/A Circuit
r r LAN Printer
22 Interfac Controlle Controlle
e r r
23. Microcontrollers Used in Diff. Scale
Systems
Small-Scale Embedded System
Microcontrollers
68HC05 PIC
8051
68HC08 16F8X
Medium-Scale Embedded System
Microcontrollers
8051 68HC11xx
80x86 80196
80251 68HC12xx
Large-Scale Embedded System
Microcontrollers
Intel
PowerPC
80960C ARM7
MPC 604
A
23 Introduction to Embedded Systems Anish Goel
24. Embedded System Processors
General purpose processor (GPP)
Microprocessor
Microcontroller
Embedded processor
Digital signal processor (DSP)
Media processor
Application specific system processor (ASSP) as additional
processor
Multiprocessor system using GPPs and application specific
instruction processors (ASIPs)
GPP core(s) or ASIP core(s) integrated into application specific
integrated circuits (ASIC) or VLSI circuits or an FPGA core
integrated with processor unit(s) in a VLSI (ASIC) chip.
24 Introduction to Embedded Systems Anish Goel
25. Microcontrollers used in Embedded
Systems
A microcontroller is a single-chip VLSI unit which though
having limited computation capabilities, possesses enhanced
input-output capabilities and a number of on-chip functional
units.
Stream Microcontroller Family Source CISC or RISC
1 68HC11xx,HC12xx,HC1 Motorola CISC
6xx
2 8051, 80251 Intel CISC
3 80x86 Intel CISC
4 PIC16F84 or 16C76, Microchip CISC
16F876
5 Enhancements of ARM9, ARM, Texas, CISC with RISC
ARM7 etc.
25 Introduction to Embedded Systems Anish Goel
26. MICROPROCESSORS
MICRO + PROCESSOR
Length of transistor is in micron region.
This length becomes half every eighteen months
Moore’s Law stated by Gordan Moore.
More transistors per chip.
26 Introduction to Embedded Systems Anish Goel
27. Different aspects of a
microprocessor/controller
Hardware :Interface to
the real world
Software :order how to
deal with inputs
27 Introduction to Embedded Systems Anish Goel
28. Microprocessors:
General-purpose microprocessor
CPU for Computers
No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself
Example'Intel’s x86, Motorola’s 680x0
Data Bus Many chips on mother’s board
CPU
General-
Serial
Purpose RAM ROM I/O Timer COM
Micro- Port
Port
processor
Address Bus
General-Purpose Microprocessor System
28 Introduction to Embedded Systems Anish Goel
29. Microcontroller :
A smaller computer
On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
Example'Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051, Zilog’s Z8 and PIC
16X
CPU RAM ROM
A single chip
Serial
I/O Timer COM
Port
Port
Microcontroller
29 Introduction to Embedded Systems Anish Goel
31. Microprocessors and Computer
Architecture.
What is needed to make systems smart????
Human Brain !!!
We are surrounded by microprocessors.
Where are they???
In cell phones.
In cars.
Smallest electronic system you can think of.
Largest system you can think of.
They are there is Shoes as well.
What???? In shoes???
What would a piece of semi-conductor do in a shoes?
31 Introduction to Embedded Systems Anish Goel
32. Why Microprocessors?
They will act as brain of the system.
They add intelligence to the system.
They can be programmed to perform a task.
Once programmed, they make the system work automatically.
Computer Architecture!
Specialized branch that deals with the Microprocessor Architecture.
For instance:
What is the memory requirement of the system.
How many input and output devices are to be connected to the system.
32 Introduction to Embedded Systems Anish Goel
33. Block Diagram of a Computer
33 Introduction to Embedded Systems Anish Goel
34. Layers of a Computer System
High Level Sum := Sum + 1
Assembly MOV BX,SUM INC (BX)
Machine 1101010100001100001000110111010111110
Register Transfer Fetch Instruction, Increment PC, Load ALU
with SUM ...
Gate
Circuit
34 Introduction to Embedded Systems Anish Goel
35. CPU PLATFORM
ARM
Power PC
x86
Intel 8051
Atmel AVR
MSP-430
MC68HC12
35 Introduction to Embedded Systems Anish Goel
36. PERIPHERALS
Serial Communication Interfaces (SCI): RS-232, RS-422, RS-485 etc
Synchronous Serial Communication Interface: I2C, JTAG, SPI, SSC and
ESSI
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
Networks: Ethernet, Controller Area Network, LonWorks, etc
Timers: PLL(s), Capture/Compare and Time Processing Units
Discrete IO: General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO)
Analog to Digital/Digital to Analog Converter (ADC/DAC)
36 Introduction to Embedded Systems Anish Goel
37. MICROCONTROLLER over MICROPROCESSOR
Single chip computer
Integrated memory
Integrated peripherals
Minimum circuit
Cost reduction
37 Introduction to Embedded Systems Anish Goel
38. FEATURES OF A MICROCONTROLLER
Central Processing Unit - ranging from small and simple 8-bit
processors to sophisticated 32- or 64-bit processors
Input/Output Interface such as serial ports
Peripherals such as timers and watchdog circuits
RAM for data storage
ROM, EEPROM or Flash Memory program storage
Clock Generator - often an oscillator for a quartz timing
crystal, resonator or RC circuit
38 Introduction to Embedded Systems Anish Goel
40. 32-bit Electronic Fuel Injection Systems (EFI)
Electronic engine control for minimizing exhaust
emissions and maximizing fuel economy
Instrumentation for measuring vehicle performance
parameters and for diagnosis of on-board system
malfunctions
Driveline control
Vehicle motion control
Safety and convenience
Entertainment/communication/navigation
40 Introduction to Embedded Systems Anish Goel
41. Control Outputs to Engine
41 Introduction to Embedded Systems Anish Goel
42. INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION & ROBOTICS
Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility
(ASIMO)
Most developed humanoid in the world.
42 Introduction to Embedded Systems Anish Goel
43. AHS:( Advanced Cruise-Assist Highway Systems)
Most advanced systems in the ITS
field
Reduces traffic accidents
Enhances safety
Improves transportation
efficiency
Reduces the operational work
of drivers
43 Introduction to Embedded Systems Anish Goel
44. ELECTRONIC SHOES by ADDIDAS
Adapts to the environment
Senses the cushioning level on every step & Understands
whether the cushioning provided is too soft or too firm
Adapts itself to provide the right level of cushioning
Sensor, located just below the runner’s heel
Takes 1,000 readings a second
Accurate to a tenth of a millimeter
Microprocessor capable of
making five million calculations
per second
Adapts with a motor-driven cable
system that spins at 6,000 rpm
44 Introduction to Embedded Systems Anish Goel
45. What happens when a man is merged with a
computer?
First human Cyborg.
Half man, half machine.
Microprocessor chip inside his
arm.
Plans to integrate his brain
with a Chip
Prof. Kevin Warwick
45 Introduction to Embedded Systems Anish Goel
46. Thank you !!! But wait…
This presentation is open source….
Log on to my website:
www.discovermechatronics.blogspot.com
You can view/download this presentation.
You can brows my projects on this website.
46 Introduction to Embedded Systems Anish Goel
