Embedded systems play a key role in modern automobiles, controlling many safety and convenience features. They combine hardware and software to perform dedicated tasks. Examples of embedded systems in cars include airbags, anti-lock braking systems, adaptive cruise control, traction control and stability control. These systems use sensors and microprocessors to monitor conditions in real-time and activate features like airbags during a crash or apply brakes to individual wheels to maintain control on slippery roads. Embedded systems are critical for advanced driver assistance technologies and fully autonomous vehicles of the future.

1. Embedded System in Automobile
By : Amit Kumar Sah
Roll No: 09/ECE/73
NIT Durgapur

2. Embedded System- Definition?
“An embedded system is a
combination of hardware and
software which creates a
dedicated computer system
that performs specific, pre-
defined tasks and which is
encapsulated within the
device it controls (if it is part
of a larger device).”

3. • FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) : A type of logic chip that can be programmed & supports
thousands of gates
•ASIC (Application-specific integrated circuit): An integrated circuit (IC) that has been customized for
a specific use
Embedded system components

4. Characteristics of embedded systems
 Sophisticated functionality.
 Often have to run sophisticated algorithms or multiple algorithms.
 Often provide sophisticated user interfaces.
 Real-time operation .
 Must finish operations by deadlines
 Many systems are multi-rate must handle operations at widely varying
rates
 Low manufacturing cost.
 Low power.
 Designed to tight deadlines by small teams.

5. Automotive Systems: Technology in today's vehicle
 Air Bags
 The Black Box
 Anti-lock Brake System(ABS)
 Adaptive Cruise Control
 Drive by wire
 Satellite Radio Eg:XM
 Telematics Eg:OnStar
 Rain-sensing Wipers
 Emission Control
 Traction Control
 Automatic Parking
 In-vehicle entertainment
 Heads-up display
 Night Vision
 Back-up collision sensor
 Navigation Systems
 Tire Pressure Monitor
 Climate Control

6. Air Bags : Principle of function
 It is from the Newton's 2nd law of
motion
 It basically restrains the
continuous motion of the
passenger, by giving a soft surface
to land on.
 AIR BAGS are among the most
important safety improvements
added to cars and light trucks in
recent years, providing extra
protection for front-seat occupants
in head-on crashes.
 And of late, every passengers
protection
Fig : Air Bag- Working

7. Event Data Recorder-EDR or the The "Black Box"
 The Event Data Recorder (EDR) in
an automobile is based upon the
sensors and microprocessor
computer system that are used to
activate the airbag in the vehicle
during a crash.
 The SDM, which is controlled by a
microprocessor, has multiple
functions:
(1) It determines if a severe enough
impact has occurred to warrant
deployment of the air bag;
(2) It monitors the air bags components;
(3) It permanently records information.
Black Box – Exterior View
Black Box – Interior View

8. Anti-lock Braking System(ABS)
 Up until the seventies, hitting the brakes too
hard could lead to an accident.
 The reason: When the coefficient of slip
between tires and road surface is too low,
hitting the brakes can cause wheel lock-up.
The vehicle is no longer steerable and goes
into a skid.
 In particular, this danger is present
 On wet or slippery road surfaces with different
levels of grip between tires and road
 On preventing wheel lock-up:
 Reduces the total braking distance as far
as possible
 Increase vehicle stability
 Maintains steer ability even in case of all-out
braking
Without ABS
The vehicle in no longer
steerable when driver
hits the brake
With ABS
The vehicle remains
steerable even during
panic

9. Principle of functioning
 Wheel-speed sensors detect whether a wheel is showing a tendency to
lock-up
 In case of a lock-up tendency, the electronic control unit reduces the
braking pressure individually at the wheel concerned
 High-speed correction of the braking pressure up to shortly before the
lock-up threshold
 The brake-fluid return together with the closed-loop brake circuits makes
this a safe, reliable, and cost-effective system
Advantage
 A gain for driving safety
 The vehicle remains steerable, even in case of panic braking
 Shorter stopping distances on practically all road surfaces
 Many accidents are avoided

10. Dynamic Traction & Stability Control
 The traction control system is required to prevent driver error from
overloading any of the four wheels and causing slip, through either
throttle or brake application
 Drastically improve vehicle performance and safety by maintaining
optimal wheel traction in all road conditions
 The basic principle is always the adaptation of the wheel torque to the
coefficient of friction between the wheel and the road surface.
 To this end, the systems make use of different intervention methods
 In the wheel brakes
 In the drivetrain control

11. Dynamic Traction & Stability Control
Fig: The Principle of Functioning of TCS with brakes

12. Intelligent Cruise Control
 Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control with Collision Warning (CACC +
CW)
 CACC: Cruise at given speed when the road is clear (cruise control)
otherwise follow the car in front, using radar (adaptive) and/or
communications (cooperative).
 CW: Warn the driver when an object is being approached too fast, or
is too close
How it works :
 Uses forward-looking radar, installed behind the grill of a vehicle, to
detect the speed and distance of the vehicle ahead of it.
 Can automatically adjust speed in order to maintain a proper distance
between vehicles in the same lane

13. Drive by wire
 Drive-by-Wire replaces mechanical connections – push rods,rack
& pinion, steering columns, overhead cams, cables – by
mechatronic connections – sensors, actuators, embedded
microprocessors, control software
Fig: Drive-by-Wire Throttle Control Fig: Future Car with drive by wire technology

14. Toyota’s Autonomous Vehicle Technology

15. Conclusion : It’s a connected drive

16. THANK YOU