Final neubauer chamber by Pandian M, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP, MH
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This document provides information about tools and procedures for counting blood cells. It describes the Neubauer chamber, which is used to count red blood cells and white blood cells under a microscope. Rules are provided for counting cells within the chamber's squares. The key differences between red blood cell and white blood cell pipettes are outlined. Methods for capillary and venous blood collection are explained, along with the process for diluting a blood sample before counting cells.
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Manual RBC count
Take 3.98 ml( 3980ul) of RBC diluting fluid in a test tube
Mix EDTA sample well. Take 20 ul of blood into pipette. Wipe off excess blood from the tip of the pipette
Add into the test tube.
Charging the Improved Neubar chamber.
Take 10 ul of fluid into the pipette
Place a coverslip over the chamber
Discharge the fluid into the chamber
Make sure it doesn’t overflow or is underfilled
Counting of cells
Counting is done under high power
The number of cells in the RBC counting chamber is counted
Calculations:
No of cells/ul=no of cells counted
dilution x depthx area
RBCs /ul=no.of cellsx10000
Manual WBC count
Take 0.38 ml( 380ul) of WBC diluting fluid
Add 20 ul of whole blood
Allow to stand for 10 min
Load on Neubars chamber as described before
Wbc count
calculate no. of cells in all 4 large squares
(depth=1/10 mm
dilution=1:20)
No. of WBCs= no. of cells counted in 4 chambersx50
Ex: no. of cells counted in 4 wbc chambers is 150
then wbc count is 150x50=7500
Manual Platelet Count
Take 1.98 ml of platelet diluting fluid
Add 20 ul of blood
Allow to stand for 5 min
Charge the neubars chamber as described before
Count all platelets in 4 large wbc squares
Platelet/ul
=no. of platelets in 4 WBC squaresx10x2.0x1/
4x1x0.02
Or count platelets in 25 small RBC squares x1000
Charging the Improved Neubar chamber.
Take 10 ul of fluid into the pipette
Place a coverslip over the chamber
Discharge the fluid into the chamber
Make sure it doesn’t overflow or is underfilled
depth=1/10
dilution= 1:10
Reference
Handbook of medical laboratory technology. Robert Carman. Christian Medical Association of India. Reprint 2013.
Heamatology Manual
This document provides information about hematological parameters and blood components. It describes that whole blood is composed of plasma and cells. Plasma constitutes 55% of blood and contains water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients and wastes. Cells make up 45% of blood and include red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets. Normal ranges are provided for various blood cell counts. Methods for measuring hematocrit, hemoglobin and performing a complete blood count are summarized. Red blood cell indices including MCV, MCH and MCHC are also defined. Finally, blood typing and Rh factor are briefly explained.
RBC count and WBC count
This document describes methods for counting red blood cells and white blood cells using a hemocytometer. For red blood cell counting, blood is diluted and cells in 5 squares are counted under a microscope. The number of cells is then used to calculate the RBC concentration per microliter. For white blood cell counting, blood is similarly diluted and cells in 4 squares are counted under a microscope to calculate the WBC concentration per microliter. Normal ranges for RBCs and WBCs in human blood are also provided.
Wounds & Bleeding. Hemorrhage control
The document discusses hemorrhage control for wounds, describing the types of wounds including open wounds like lacerations and closed wounds like contusions. It then covers the management of bleeding, emphasizing the importance of stopping bleeding through direct pressure, elevation, splinting, and use of a tourniquet as a last resort for profuse arterial bleeding. Internal bleeding is also discussed along with its signs, diagnosis, and management focusing on positioning the patient and transporting them promptly to the hospital.
rbccount-Dr.ANINDITA SAHA 09876543210.PDF
Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen throughout the body. Disruptions to red blood cells can affect oxygen carrying capacity. Red blood cells are biconcave discs that are flexible and can squeeze through narrow vessels. There are manual and automated methods for counting red blood cells. The manual method uses a hemocytometer, diluting fluid, and involves counting red blood cells in a gridded chamber under a microscope. The automated method uses electronic detection and dilution to count thousands of cells rapidly. Normal red blood cell count ranges are provided for adults and newborns. Conditions that decrease or increase red blood cell counts are also outlined.
Haemocytometer
Haemocytometry is a technique used to count blood cells by diluting a blood sample and examining it under a microscope. The blood is diluted using specialized pipettes then placed under a cover slip on a counting chamber slide. The counting chamber has a grid that is divided into squares to allow cells in the diluted sample to be enumerated and the total cell count in the original undiluted blood to be calculated based on the dilution factor. Cell counts are performed to evaluate normal and abnormal blood levels, assist in medical diagnoses, and monitor patient responses to treatment.
HEmocytometry.pptx
This document provides instructions for performing a manual white blood cell count. Key steps include diluting a blood sample 1:20, loading the diluted sample onto a hemocytometer, counting cells in specific areas, and using correction factors to calculate the WBC concentration in units of cells/μL. Quality control involves counting duplicate samples and ensuring counts from different areas of the hemocytometer agree within 10%. The document also describes how to perform a corrected WBC count when nucleated red blood cells are present.
PCV.pptx
Hematocrit (packed cell volume) is the ratio of the volume of red cells to that of the whole blood.
It indicates relative volume of red cells and plasma (e.g. in anemia red cells are reduced with corresponding reduction in the hematocrit)
Methods
Macromethod using Wintrobe tube
• Micromethod using capillary tube
• Automated analyse
The packed cell volume is a measurement of the proportion of blood that is made up of cells. The value is expressed as a percentage
Blood Specimen Collection FY17.pptx
1) The document provides an overview of proper blood specimen collection procedures, including patient identification, types of blood draws, order of draw, tube requirements, and causes of rejected samples.
2) It emphasizes the importance of accurate patient identification and collection techniques to avoid issues like hemolysis that can impact test results and require redraws.
3) Key aspects of blood draws are outlined, including vein selection, cleaning the site, needle gauge, filling tubes, mixing, and disposal of sharps.
Blood collection.pptx
This document discusses different methods of blood collection. It describes arterial sampling, venipuncture sampling, and fingerprick/capillary sampling as common types. Venipuncture, which involves collecting blood from veins, is highlighted as the easiest method. Key equipment for venipuncture includes vacutainers, indwelling catheters, butterfly needles, and syringes. The document outlines the venipuncture procedure using vacutainers and syringes, and notes potential complications like hematoma and infection.
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The thalamus is located in the center of the cerebral hemispheres. It receives sensory input from various areas and projects to different cortical regions. The thalamus and cortex work as a single functional unit, with the thalamus integrating inputs and the cortex performing higher-level processing.
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Damage to the
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Pulmonary surfactant is produced by type II alveolar cells and acts to reduce surface tension in the lungs. It is composed primarily of phospholipids including dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and surfactant proteins. Surfactant functions to prevent alveolar collapse during exhalation by reducing surface tension and to maintain uniform alveolar size. Disruption of surfactant production can lead to respiratory distress syndrome in newborns and adults with lung injury.
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The document discusses key concepts related to patients and illness. It defines a patient as someone suffering from an illness and receiving medical treatment. It describes acute illnesses as short-term and severe, while chronic illnesses persist for over 6 months and may cause disability. The stages of illness behavior are discussed, from initially experiencing symptoms, to assuming the sick role and seeking medical care, becoming dependent on treatment, and recovering. Emotional responses like fear and anxiety are also reviewed.
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This document discusses white blood cell formation and regulation. It begins by explaining that leukopoiesis (white blood cell formation) is mainly regulated by cytokines like colony stimulating factors, interleukins, and tumor necrosis factors which are produced by tissues like T lymphocytes, monocytes, fibroblasts and organs like the liver and kidneys. It then goes on to describe various conditions that can cause changes in different white blood cell counts, including physiological and pathological causes of neutrophilia, neutropenia, eosinophilia, basophilia, lymphocytosis, lymphocytopenia, monocytosis and monocytopenia. Examples of diseases or situations associated with increases or decreases in specific white blood cell types are provided. The document concludes by listing
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Properties of CM, Plateau Potential & Pacemaker.pptx
Cardiac muscle has unique properties that allow the heart to function as a syncytium.
1) Cardiac cells are branched and joined by intercalated discs containing desmosomes and gap junctions, allowing action potentials to spread between cells.
2) The heart has specialized pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node that generate action potentials spontaneously due to unstable membrane potentials and funny channels.
3) Cardiac action potentials have a plateau phase due to calcium influx through L-type calcium channels, allowing the heart to contract forcefully for over 200ms.
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The document discusses renal tubular reabsorption and secretion. It covers:
1. The proximal tubule reabsorbs about 65% of filtered sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, potassium, and essentially all filtered glucose and amino acids. It also secretes organic acids, bases, and hydrogen ions.
2. In the loop of Henle, the descending limb reabsorbs water by passive diffusion. The thick ascending limb actively reabsorbs sodium, chloride, and potassium.
3. The distal tubules and collecting ducts reabsorb approximately 7% of filtered NaCl and 8-17% of water. They secrete potassium and hydrogen ions. The medullary collecting duct is perme
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The document summarizes the three main processes involved in urine formation: glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. It describes glomerular filtration in detail, including the characteristics of the filtration membrane that allow it to be highly selective. The normal glomerular filtration rate is 125 mL/minute, with the kidneys producing a total of about 180 L of filtrate per day. Glomerular filtration rate is regulated by several factors that influence the net filtration pressure across the glomerular membrane.
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The countercurrent mechanism involves the loops of Henle and vasa recta working together to create and maintain an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla. The loops of Henle function as countercurrent multipliers, actively transporting ions from the thick ascending limb to increase the osmolarity of the interstitial fluid. The vasa recta parallel the loops of Henle and function as countercurrent exchangers, rapidly exchanging fluids between ascending and descending limbs to minimize washing out solutes and preserve the osmotic gradient as blood flows through the medulla. This countercurrent system allows urine to be concentrated as water is reabsorbed along the nephron according to the osmotic gradient in the
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This document discusses the degeneration and regeneration of nerve fibers following injury. It describes the various types of nerve injuries classified based on severity from first to fifth degree. When an axon is injured, degenerative changes occur in the distal segment, proximal segment, and nerve cell body. The distal segment undergoes Wallerian degeneration where the axon breaks down. Regeneration is possible if the nerve cell body and nucleus remain intact and the cut ends are within 3mm and aligned. Peripheral nerves can regenerate guided by Schwann cells, while regeneration is more limited in the central nervous system.
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Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs. It is composed of globin and heme, with the heme portion containing iron that binds to oxygen. Hemoglobin allows for the efficient transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.
composition of blood - BPTH 2022.pptx
COMPOSITION
BLOOD CELLS
PLASMA
SERUM
FUNCTIONS
NUTRITIVE FUNCTION
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
EXCRETORY FUNCTION
TRANSPORT OF HORMONES AND ENZYMES
REGULATION OF WATER BALANCE
REGULATION OF ACID-BASE BALANCE
REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
STORAGE FUNCTION
DEFENSIVE FUNCTION
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Blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma and cellular elements. Plasma is 55% of blood and contains water, proteins, nutrients, gases, and electrolytes. Cellular elements include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells help fight infection. Platelets help with blood clotting. Blood has many functions including nutrient transport, waste removal, temperature regulation, hormone transport, and immune defense. Anemia is a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin and can be caused by blood loss, increased cell destruction, or decreased cell production.
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Final neubauer chamber by Pandian M, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP, MH
- 5. Side view of Neubauer chamber
- 11. Neubauer chamber
- 14. RULES WHILE COUNTING CELLS IN EACH SQUARE • Count only the cells present inside each square • Cells on the line – count only the cells that are there on the TOP and LEFT border • Omit those on the RIGHT border & lower border • This will avoid counting the same cell again
- 16. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RBC & WBC PIPETTE RBC PIPETTE WBC PIPETTE MARKING ? ? BEAD ? ? MOUTH PIECE ? ? INTERNAL BORE ? ? BULB CAPACITY ? ?
- 17. LANCET
- 18. BLOOD COLLECTION Capillary/peripheral blood collection Things required: Disposable lancet, spirit, cotton • Select the finger tip • Clean the tip with spirit • Allow it to dry • Make a prick with the lancet • Wipe the first drop – blood diluted with tissue fluid • Allow the blood to flow freely- do not squeeze or milk the finger to get blood
- 19. VENOUS BLOOD COLLECTION • Things required: disposable syringe & needle, spirit, cotton, tornique, anticoagulant
- 20. METHOD OF DILUTION • Take blood up to the 0.5 mark without any air bubble • Take the dilution fluid upto the 11 or 101 mark • Keep the pipette between the palms and mix the fluid • The fluid in the bulb gets mixed completely
- 21. DILUTION FACTOR • Blood taken till 0.5 mark • Dilution fluid taken till 101 mark • Fluid in the bulb is blood + dilution fluid • Fluid in the stem is cell free • Discard the stem fluid – roughly 2-3 drops • So 0.5 blood is diluted in 100 dilution fluid or • 1 blood is diluted in 200 dilution fluid • Dilution = 1: 200
- 22. Thank you