Metal is classified into ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals contain iron while non-ferrous do not. The key ferrous metals are pig iron, cast iron, wrought iron and steel. Pig iron is very hard and brittle while cast iron is also hard but brittle. Wrought iron is ductile, malleable and tough. Steel is an alloy of iron with 0.2-2.1% carbon and includes types like mild steel, high speed steel and stainless steel. The document discusses the properties and uses of various metals.

1. METAL

2. •Metal is an element, compound or alloy that is a
good conductor of both electricity and heat.
Metal crystal structure and specific metal
properties are determined by holding together the
atoms of a metal

3. •Metals in building construction are classified
into 2 -----
Metals
Ferrous
Iron
Pig iron
Cast iron
Wrought
iron
Steel
Non-
Ferrous
Copper &
Alloys
Aluminium
Zinc
Tin
Lead
Cobalt
Nickel

4. NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF
METALS
•Brittle material :- easily breaks into pieces or
can be easily reduced to powder form.
•Ductile material :- can be drawn into wires
•Hard material :- can not be cut by a sharp
tool
•Malleable material :- can be beaten into
sheets
•Soft material :- can be easily cut by a sharp
weapon
•Tough material :- does not easily break under
a hammer

5. Ferrous Metals
•There are 4 types of ferrous metals, namely –
1. Pig Iron
2. Cast Iron
3. Wrought iron
4. Steel

6. Metals Properties Uses
1. Pig Iron
(contains 92% iron, upto
3.5% carbon & other
impurities )
•Can be hardened but not
tempered
•Can not be magnetized
•Can not be welded
•Does not rust
•Difficult to bend
•Hard and brittle
•Neither ductile nor
malleable
•Melts easily
•Possesses high compression
strength but weak in tension
•Making steel…Modern steel
mills and iron plants transfer
the molten iron to a ladle for
immediate use in the steel
making furnaces or cast it
into pigs on a pig-casting
machine for reuse or resale.

7. Metals Properties Uses
2. Cast Iron •If placed in salt water, it
becomes salt
•Can be hardened by heating
•Cannot be magnetized
•Does not rust easily
•Fusible
•Hard but it is brittle
•Isn’t ductile & cannot be
adopted to absorb shocks
•Melting temp is about 1250
deg Celsius
•Shrinks on cooling
•Structure is granular &
crystalline
•Lacks plasticity
•Weak in tension & strong in
compression
•2 pieces of cast iron cannot
be connected by the process
•Making cisterns, water
pipes, gas pipes and sewers,
sanitary fittings.
•Making ornamental castings
such as brackets, gates, lamp
posts, spiral staircases etc.
•Making parts of machinery
•Manufacturing compression
members like columns, bases
o columns, etc.
•Preparing agricultural
implements
•Preparing rail chairs,
carriage wheels etc.

8. Metals Properties Uses
3. Wrought Iron •Becomes soft at white heat
& can be easily welded.
•Can be used to form
temporary magnets.
•Fuses with difficulty,
therefore cannot be used for
castings.
•Ductile, malleable & tough.
•Moderately elastic.
•Unaffected by saline water
•Resists corrosion
•Melting point is 1500 deg
Celsius
•Clear bluish colour with a
high silky luster and fibrous
appearance.
•replaced at present to a very
great extend by mild steel
•used where a tough
material is required.
•Used for rivets, chains
ornamental iron work,
railway couplings, water and
steam pipes, row material for
manufacturing steel, bolts
and nuts, horse shoe bars,
handrails, straps for timber
roof trusses, boiler tubes,
roofing sheets, armatures,
electro-magnets, etc

9. Non-Ferrous Metals
There are 7 types of non-ferrous metals, namely :
1. Copper
2. Aluminium
3. Zinc
4. Tin
5. Lead
6. Cobalt
7. Nickel

10. Metal Properties Uses
1. Copper
• Latin cuprum (Cu)
• ranks next to iron in
importance and wide
range of application
• Alloys: brass, bronze,
cupro- nickel (copper
nickel) alloys
 Reddish-brown in colour
 Malleable
 ductile
 good heat and electrical
conductivity
 Turns green as it
corrodes
•Electrical wires
•Heating pipes
•Roofing
2. Zinc  bluish white in colour
 corrosion resistant in air
due to a thin oxide film
forming on its surface
•For galvanizing(coating
steel) to stop rusting
3. Tin
• Latin stannum (Sn)
• tin based alloy with
amounts of lead
•Silvery-white colour
•Lustrous & soft
•Malleable
•Ductile
•resistant to corrosion
•Weak & combined with
other metals
•coating for steel and sheet
iron

11. Metal Properties Uses
4. Lead
• Latin plumbum (Pb)
•can be cut white a knife.
•makes impression on
paper.
•Lustrous & heavy metal
•bluish-grey colour
•possesses little tenacity.
•very soft & plastic(can be
easily moulded) at room
temperature
•Almost devoid of elasticity
•Making shots, bullets,
alloys, storage cells
•sanitary fittings, cisterns,
water-proof and acid proof
chambers
•gas pipes, roof gutters
• printing types
•damp-proof courses of
buildings, cable coverings
• preparation of lead oxides
for paints
•plates for storage
batteries, covering for
electrical cables

12. Metal Properties Uses
5. Aluminium •Silver in colour
•Very strong but light in
weight
•very good conductor of heat
and electricity
•non-magnetic substance
•highly resistant to corrosion
(oxide forms on the outside
preventing corrosion)
•Soft & malleable
•Ductile
•reducing agent in the
manufacture of steel
•making automobile bodies,
engine parts
•casting of steel
•manufacture of electrical
conductors
•manufacture of paints in
powder form
•Making drink cans, high
tension wires
6. Cobalt •If cobalt is red hot, It can
decompose steam.
•Lustrous
•white metal
•malleable
•ductile
•preparation of special alloy
steels, ceramic products,
television articles, etc.
•forms the basis of all blue
colours used in glass and
porcelain manufacture.

13. Metal Properties Uses
7. Nickel •If nickel is red hot, it can
decompose steam.
•grayish white in colour
• lustrous
•capable of taking a high
polish and can easily be
welded.
•Hard & magnetic
• malleable
•It is not attacked by fused
alkalis.
•ranks below iron in electric
conductivity.
•resistance to corrosion is
high.
•widely used as a coating for
other metals
•preparation of alloys like
german silver, nickel, nickel
steel etc.
•Manufacture of chemical
apparatus, electroplating
parts of machines, domestic
utensils etc.

14. Difference between Ferrous & Non-Ferrous Metals
Ferrous Metals Non-Ferrous Metals
1. Contains any amount of iron in its basic
form.
Does not contains any amount of iron in its
basic form.
2. That’s why they possesses magnetic
property and makes them prone to
corrosion.
They do not possess magnetic property, but
resist corrosion much better than ferrous
metals.
3. They have a high tensile strength since
they can carry a high amount of strain.
They have very low tensile strength.
4. They have the ability for oxidation, known
as corrosion. Oxidation of ferrous metals
forms as a reddish-brown deposit on the
surface & is oxide of iron.
They have typically lighter weights, higher
melting points & are basically resistant to
corrosion.
5. Typically used when the magnetic
attraction of iron may be a disadvantage.
(used where strength is the primary focal
point)
Ideal for electronic & electrical applications.
6. Eg., pig iron, steel, cast iron, etc. Eg., cobalt, aluminium, zinc, etc.

15. Steel
•Steel is an alloy that consists mostly of iron and
has a carbon content between 0.2% and 2.1% by
mass
•There are 3 types of steels, namely :
1. Cast Steel
2. High-Speed Steel
3. Stainless Steel

16. Steel Properties Uses
1. Stainless Steel
• Also known as mild steel,
is a steel alloy with a
minimum of 10.5 or 11%
chromium content by
mass.
•can be magnetized
permanently.
•malleable
•ductile.
•not easily attacked by salty
water.
•rust easily and rapidly.
•more elastic than wrought
iron.
•used for all types of
structural works.

17. Metal Properties Uses
2. High Speed Steel •can be easily hardened and
magnetized permanently.
•has a granular structure.
•Not easily attacked by salt
water.
•Has more elasticity than
mild steel.
•rust easily and rapidly.
•used for finest cutlery, edge
tools and for an vibrations.

18. Cast Steel
•Cast steel would be a steel that has been ‘cast’ into
a particular shape.
•It is a iron with less than 2% carbon that has been
formed into a particular shape via a metal working
process. It is the manufacturing process for a steel
plate.
•It is also used in many purposes, such as in tools &
decorative hardware.