This presentation is an overview of the description of the 4 stages of the cardiac cycle (atrial diastole, atrial systole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole) as well as explaining the mechanism of the cardiac cycle.
Cardiac cycle refers to a complete heartbeat from its generation to the beginning of the next beat.
Cardiac events that occur from –
beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next are called the cardiac cycle.
Right Atrium of human heart
This PPT help to understand the external and internal structures of right atrium.
sulcus terminalis on external surface of rt atrium,
crista terminalis on internal side of rt. atrium,
interior is divided into rough anterior part and smooth posterior part ( sinus venarum)
superior and inferior venae cavae drains deoxygenated blood into rt. atrim
there is Eustachian valve to guard the opening of IVC and Thebesian valve to guard the opening of coronary sinus
septal wall presents fossa ovalis with its border limbus fossa ovalis
This presentation is an overview of the description of the 4 stages of the cardiac cycle (atrial diastole, atrial systole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole) as well as explaining the mechanism of the cardiac cycle.
Cardiac cycle refers to a complete heartbeat from its generation to the beginning of the next beat.
Cardiac events that occur from –
beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next are called the cardiac cycle.
Right Atrium of human heart
This PPT help to understand the external and internal structures of right atrium.
sulcus terminalis on external surface of rt atrium,
crista terminalis on internal side of rt. atrium,
interior is divided into rough anterior part and smooth posterior part ( sinus venarum)
superior and inferior venae cavae drains deoxygenated blood into rt. atrim
there is Eustachian valve to guard the opening of IVC and Thebesian valve to guard the opening of coronary sinus
septal wall presents fossa ovalis with its border limbus fossa ovalis
The electrocardiogram (EKG) below the diagram shows the corresponding waves with each phase of the cardiac cycle. The bottom line represents the first and second heart sounds. The cardiac cycle represents the hemodynamic and electric changes that occur in systole and diastole. It has many phases.
The electrocardiogram (EKG) below the diagram shows the corresponding waves with each phase of the cardiac cycle. The bottom line represents the first and second heart sounds. The cardiac cycle represents the hemodynamic and electric changes that occur in systole and diastole. It has many phases.
CARDIAC CYCLE-The cardiac cycle is the performance of the human heart from th...zaaprotta
The cardiac cycle refers to all of the events that occur from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next and can be divided into two parts: a period of relaxation known as diastole and a period of contraction known as systole.
Medical science of cardiovascular system. It is the importance system in the human body. Blood is a specialised fruit can keep tissue which is circulated by cardiovascular system. Other system are respiratory system nervous system, gastrointestinal system . But cardiovascular system is the important system in our human body. Which involved heart
CARDIAC CYCLE, ECG AND HEART SOUNDS.pptxthiru murugan
CARDIAC CYCLE, ECG AND HEART SOUNDS: BY Wincy Thirumurugan..
“Cardiac cycle refers to the series of events that take place when the heart beats.”
Each cycle is initiated by spontaneous contraction in the SA node and then transmit through the A-V bundle and branches into the ventricles results completion of one cycle.
EVENTS OR PHASES OF CARDIAC CYCLE: Diastolic phase (Diastole) in this phase the heart chamber are in the state of relaxation and fills with blood that receives from the veins [IVC, SVC,PULMONARY VEINS]
Systolic phase (Systole) in this the heart chambers are contracting and pumps the blood towards the periphery via the arteries. [ Pulmonary artery and aorta]
PHASES OF THE CARDIAC CYCLE
The different phases of the cardiac cycle involve:
Atrial diastole - Atrial relaxation
Atrial systole -Atrial contraction
Isovolumic relaxation -ventricular relaxation in the early phase but blood will not move and the Atrio ventricular valves will be closed
Ventricular filling - ventricular relaxation, the Atrio ventricular valves will be open allows filling blood in the ventricles
Isovolumic contraction of ventricle – ventricular systole in the early phase but no movement of the blood. The semilunar valves will be closed.
Ventricular ejection -ventricular contraction and send blood out of the ventricles through opened semilunar valves.
6. Ventricular Filling Stage: second phase. Rapid Filling, Slow Filling & Last Rapid Filling Duration of Cardiac Cycle:
In a normal person, a heartbeat is 72 beats/minute.
An Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a medical test that detects cardiac (heart) abnormalities by measuring the electrical activity generated by the heart as it. The machine that records the patient’s ECG is called an electrocardiograph.
contracts.
PLACEMENT OF ECG LEADS
ECG WAVES:
The P wave is caused by spread of depolarization through the atria, After the onset of the P wave, The QRS waves Occurs as a result of electrical depolarization of the ventricles, the ventricular T wave represents the stage of repolarization of the ventricles, The 'U' wave is a wave comes after the T wave of ventricular repolarization and may not always be observed.
HEART SOUNDS: First Heart Sound (S1)
The first heart sound results from the closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves. Second Heart Sound (S2): The second heart sound is produced by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves. Third Heart Sound (S3):
The third heart sound, also known as the “ventricular gallop,” occurs just after S2 when the mitral valve opens, allowing passive filling of the left ventricle. The S3 sound is actually produced by the large amount of blood striking a very compliant LV.
[Compliance heart means how easily the chamber of heart or the lumen of blood vessels expands when it is filling with the blood]
Fourth Heart Sound (S4):
The fourth heart sound, also known as the “atrial gallop,” occurs just before S1 when the atria contract to force blood into the LV.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
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Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
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2. Cardiac Cycle:
Definition:
The sequence of changes in the pressure and flow in
the heart chambers and blood vessels in between
the two subsequent cardiac contractions is known as
cardiac cycle.
• Normal duration: 0.8 second at heart rate of 75 per
minute.
• Atrial systole: 0.1 second
• Ventricular systole: 0.3 second
• Atrial diastole: 0.7 second
• Ventricular diastole: 0.5 second
3. Events in Cardiac Cycle:
• The parts of heart normally beat in an orderly
sequence- atrial systole, ventricular systole, atrial
diastole and ventricular diastole.
5. A. Atrial Systole:
1) Duration 0.1 second. It is seen following the
impulse generation in the SAN.
2) Atrial muscle contracts and atrial pressure rises
with ventricular pressure following it.
3) It propels approximately 30% additional blood
into the ventricles.
6. B. Ventricular Systole:
1) Total duration 0.3 second. It is seen after the
ventricles get invaded by the excitation process.
Ventricular contraction begins and ventricular
pressure exceeds atrial pressure very rapidly
causing closure of AV valves with production of
first heart sound (HS1).
2) The amount of blood ejected by each ventricle
per stroke at rest is 70-80 mL. this is called stroke
volume. This is approximately 65% of the end-
diastolic ventricular blood volume (EDV).
7. C. Atrial Diastole:
1) Duration 0.7 second.
2) During this phase, atrial muscles relax and atrial
pressure gradually increases due to continuous
venous return.
8. D. Ventricular Diastole:
1) Total duration 0.5 second. During ventricular
diastole the arterial pressure is better sustained
due to elastic recoil of the vessel wall and
immediately arterial pressure exceeds that in the
ventricle this results in closure of semilunar
valves causing sharp second heart sound (HS2).
2) The ventricular filling occurs passively during this
phase due to continuous blood return to the
heart (venous return) and due to atrial systole.
10. Electrocardiogram (ECG):
• Body is a volume conductor, i.e. body fluids are
good conductor of electricity. Therefore electrical
changes which occur in the heart with each heart
beat are conducted all over the body and can be
picked up from the body surface. The record of
these electrical fluctuations during cardiac cycle is
called electrocardiogram (ECG).
11.
12. NORMAL ECG:
• The wave associated with electrical activity of the
various parts of the heart tissue during each cardiac
cycle are represented by letter P,Q,R,S and T.
1) P wave: It is due to atrial depolarisation and
represents the spread of impulse from SA node to
atrial muscles.
2) P-R segment: Following the P wave there is a brief
isoelectric period of 0.04 second called P-R segment.
3) QRS complex: It is due to ventricular depolarisation.
13. NORMAL ECG:
4) Q wave: Its duration less than 0.04 second,
beginning of Q wave represents invasion of mid-
portion of the interventricular septum by
excitation process.
5) R wave: It is a prominent and positive wave, it
represent excitation process, its height is directly
proportional to the functional activity of
ventricles.
6) S wave: It is negative deflection which follows
the ‘R’ wave, it represent excitation of more basal
parts of ventricles.
14. NORMAL ECG:
7) S-T segment: Following QRS complex there is
long isoelectric period which extend from the end
of S wave to the beginning T wave called S-T
segment. Its duration is 0.04 to 0.08 second.
8) T wave: Rounded positive deflection of duration
0.27 second and 0.5 mV height, It represents
ventricular repolarisation.