Factors responsible for erythropoiesis. Development and maturation of erythrocytes require mostly three types of factors
1. General factors 2. Maturation factors 3. Factors necessary for hemoglobin formation.
Factors responsible for erythropoiesis. Development and maturation of erythrocytes require mostly three types of factors
1. General factors 2. Maturation factors 3. Factors necessary for hemoglobin formation.
Glucose tolerance test- Indications, contraindications, preparation of a patient, precautions, types of GTT, normal curve, diabetic curve, renal glycosuria, lag curve, Criteria for diagnosis of DM
• A blood group also called a Blood Type.
• Classification of blood is based on the presence or absence
of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood
cells (RBCs).
• These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates,
glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group
system.
Glucose tolerance test- Indications, contraindications, preparation of a patient, precautions, types of GTT, normal curve, diabetic curve, renal glycosuria, lag curve, Criteria for diagnosis of DM
• A blood group also called a Blood Type.
• Classification of blood is based on the presence or absence
of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood
cells (RBCs).
• These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates,
glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group
system.
Plasma proteins, the components of plasma proteins, the protein fractions and condition causing the alteration in the each protein fraction. Clinical implications of the each fraction, the electrophorotic pattern of plasma protein. Acute phase proteins which include the positive and negative phase proteins.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. Plasma Proteins
• The normal serum protein level is 6.3-8.3 g/dL.
• • The type of proteins in serum include:
• a. Albumin- 4.8 g/dL
• b. Globulins- 2.3 g/dL
α− globulin: α1 & α2−globulins
β− globulin: β1 & β2 globulins
γ− globulins
• c. Fibrinogen - 0.3 g/dL
• d. Prothombin -
3. Synthesis of plasma proteins
IN EMBRYO-
- Plasma proteins are synthesized by mesenchymal
cells.
IN ADULT-
-albumin and fibrinogen – Reticuloendothelial cells of
liver.
-alpha and beta globulins- liver , spleen, bone marrow
-Gamma globulins – B Lymphocyte
4. MEASUREMENT OF PROTEIN
FRACTIONS
• The protein fraction in plasma can be
separated and estimated using the following
methods:
– Electrophoresis
_ Precipitation
– Immuno-electrophoretic method
– Salting out method
– Ultracentrifugation
5. Plasma proteins
simple or conjugated (glycoproteins, lipoproteins)
separation:
a) salting-out methods albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
b) electrophoresis albumin, globulin 1, 2, , fractions:
-
+
2
1
albumin
6. ALBUMIN
• A low molecular weight protein (M.Wt= 65,000).
• Functions include:
– Transport
– Osmotic pressure regulation
• Synthesized in the liver.
• Deficiency: in liver disease and kidney disease.
7. HYPOALBUMINAEMIA
• Normal albumin level = 3.2-5.2 g/dL.
• Hypoalbuminaemia: the level of albumin <3.2
g/dL.
• Frequently encountered.
• Consequence:
– Oedema
– Hypocalcaemia
– Alteration in the levels of protein-bound
substance due to loss of carrier protein.
8. GLOBULINS
• Heterogenous group
• Can be separated into different fractions on the
basis of their electrophoretic mobility and
sedimentation coefficient:
- α1-Globulin - α1- Fetoprotein
α1- Antitrypsin
- α2- Globulin - α2- Fetoprotein
Haptoglobin
- β- Globulin - Transferrin
Ceruloplasmin
- γ- Globulin - Antibodies
(immunoglobulins)
9. FIBRINOGEN
• A globulin of very high mol. wt.
• Can be precipitated easily.
• Can be converted to fibrin which causes the
blood clot formation.
• Synthesized exclusively in the liver.
10. A/G Ratio
Normal albumin: globulin ratio- 1.7:1 (2:1)
It is reversed when albumin synthesis
decreased as occurs in liver diseases,
and when globulin increased as occurs in
hyperproteinaemia.
11. SERUM PROTEIN DEFECTS
• Normal serum protein levels:
Total serum protein level: 6.3-8.3 g/dL.
• Hyperproteinaemia:
Total serum protein level: > 9.0 g/dL.
• Hypoproteinaemia:
Total serum protein level: < 6.3 g/dL.
12. Functions of Plasma proteins
• Osmotic regulation:
- Plasma proteins are colloidal and non-diffusable
and exert a colloidal osmotic pressure which helps
to maintain a normal blood volume and a normal
water content in the interstitial fluid and the
tissues.
- Albumin content is most important in regulation of
colloidal osmotic or oncotic pressure.
- Decrease in albumin level results in loss of water
from blood and its entry into interstitial fluids
causing edema.
13.
14. Functions of Plasma proteins
Contribution to blood viscosity-
- Fibrinogen and albumin are significant contributor to
blood viscosity.
- It is 4-5 times that of water.
- It play important role to maintenance of the blood
pressure.
Role as reserve proteins-
Plasma proteins serve as reserve proteins and utilized
by tissues during condition like- starvation, inadequate
protein intake, excessive catabolism.
15. Functions of Plasma proteins
• Protective function:
- Immunoglobulins combine with foreign antigens
and remove them.
Provide stability to blood- Globulin and fibrinogen
help in the suspension stability to blood. RBCs
remain suspended uniformly in blood during
circulation.
16. Functions of Plasma proteins
• Transport: e.g.
-Transferrin transports iron.
- Ceruloplasmin transports copper.
- Albumin transports fatty acids, bilirubin
calcium, many drugs etc.
-Transcortin transports cortisol and corticosterone
- Retinol binding protein transports retinol.
- Lipoproteins transport lipids.
- Haptoglobin transports free haemoglobin.
-Thyroxin binding globulin transports thyroxin.
17. Functions of Plasma proteins
• Blood clotting:
- Many factors are involved in clotting mechanism
and prevent loss of excessive amount of blood.
e.g. clotting factors IX,VIII, thrombin, fibrinogen
etc.
- An excess of deficiency leads to a disease. e.g
hemophilia, thrombus formation.
• Anticoagulant activity (thrombolysis):
- Plasmin breaks down thrombin and dissolves the
clot
18. Functions of Plasma proteins
• Catalytic function (enzymes):
- e.g.- lipases for removal of lipids from the
blood.
• Buffering capacity:
- Proteins in plasma help to maintain acid-base
balance.
19. Plasmapheresis/Whipple’s
experiment
To demonstrates the importance of plasma protein
Dogs – blood is removed completely washed in saline
and re-infused into the body with a solution.
Due to lack of proteins the animal undergoes the state
of shock. If animal fed with diet containing proteins the
normal level of PP is restored.These synthasized by
liver of dog.
After removal of liver , the shock persist and animal
lead to death.
Importance- PP are essential for survival.
- pp mainly synthesized by liver.