The document discusses erythropoiesis, the process of red blood cell formation. It notes that in fetuses, erythrocytes form in the liver and spleen, while after birth they form in red bone marrow. As people age, red marrow becomes inactive and erythrocytes then form in skull, ribs, vertebrae and pelvis bones. Erythropoiesis is regulated by oxygen supply, erythropoietin hormone from kidneys and liver, healthy bone marrow and liver, hormones, and diet with necessary iron, vitamins and minerals. Deficiencies in these can lead to anemias.
This document discusses anti-anemic or hematinic drugs, which are used to treat anemia. It defines anemia as a reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity of blood due to low red blood cell mass or hemoglobin. The major causes of anemia include blood loss, inadequate red blood cell production due to deficiencies of iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid, increased red blood cell destruction, drug-induced effects, and nutritional deficiencies. The document then discusses the mechanisms and uses of several anti-anemic drugs, including iron supplements, vitamin B12, and folic acid.
Hematinics are substances that help form blood components like iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid. They play a key role in hematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells in the bone marrow. Deficiencies can lead to different types of anemia. Iron deficiency causes microcytic anemia with small red blood cells. Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies cause megaloblastic anemia with large, nucleated red blood cells. Treatment involves oral or injectable supplements of the deficient hematinic as well as hematopoietic growth factors like erythropoietin to stimulate blood cell production.
This document discusses the relationship between nutrition and periodontal health. It defines key terms like diet, nutrition, and malnutrition. It also classifies nutrients and discusses the roles of macronutrients like proteins, carbohydrates, and fats as well as micronutrients like vitamins and minerals. Specific nutrient deficiencies are linked to periodontal diseases. The document also explores how nutrition can impact the oral microbiome and periodontal biofilm formation. Finally, it concludes that while nutritional deficiencies do not directly cause periodontal disease, they can alter the body's resistance and repair mechanisms, affecting periodontal health.
3. D. FACTORS AFFECTING ERYTHROPOIESIS....Abhijit Hota.pptxrashmimishra129
This document outlines the key factors necessary for erythropoiesis (red blood cell formation) and hemoglobin formation. It discusses stimulating factors such as hypoxia, erythropoietin, thyroxine, and hematopoietic growth factors. It also discusses maturation factors including vitamin B12, intrinsic factor, and folic acid. Finally, it discusses the factors required for hemoglobin formation, including proteins/amino acids, iron, copper, cobalt/nickel, and various vitamins.
Introduction about the mineral metabolism, function, classification, Role of minerals in life process such as calcium, potassium, phosphorous, chloride, magnesium, zinc, iodine, copper, cobalt some of the trace minerals. uses and their deficiency diseases and disorders. source of water, execration and water balance water process in life. acid-base balance, osmosis, concept of pH, concept of buffer, concept of electrolytes.
This document discusses erythrocyte disorders and includes information on:
- The causes, clinical features, and treatment of iron deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, and folate deficiency anemia.
- Sickle cell anemia results from a defective hemoglobin gene and can be precipitated by factors like cold, hypoxia, acidosis, and dehydration.
- Polycythemia is divided into relative and absolute types and refers to an excess of red blood cells that increases blood viscosity.
The document discusses erythropoiesis, the process of red blood cell formation. It notes that in fetuses, erythrocytes form in the liver and spleen, while after birth they form in red bone marrow. As people age, red marrow becomes inactive and erythrocytes then form in skull, ribs, vertebrae and pelvis bones. Erythropoiesis is regulated by oxygen supply, erythropoietin hormone from kidneys and liver, healthy bone marrow and liver, hormones, and diet with necessary iron, vitamins and minerals. Deficiencies in these can lead to anemias.
This document discusses anti-anemic or hematinic drugs, which are used to treat anemia. It defines anemia as a reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity of blood due to low red blood cell mass or hemoglobin. The major causes of anemia include blood loss, inadequate red blood cell production due to deficiencies of iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid, increased red blood cell destruction, drug-induced effects, and nutritional deficiencies. The document then discusses the mechanisms and uses of several anti-anemic drugs, including iron supplements, vitamin B12, and folic acid.
Hematinics are substances that help form blood components like iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid. They play a key role in hematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells in the bone marrow. Deficiencies can lead to different types of anemia. Iron deficiency causes microcytic anemia with small red blood cells. Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies cause megaloblastic anemia with large, nucleated red blood cells. Treatment involves oral or injectable supplements of the deficient hematinic as well as hematopoietic growth factors like erythropoietin to stimulate blood cell production.
This document discusses the relationship between nutrition and periodontal health. It defines key terms like diet, nutrition, and malnutrition. It also classifies nutrients and discusses the roles of macronutrients like proteins, carbohydrates, and fats as well as micronutrients like vitamins and minerals. Specific nutrient deficiencies are linked to periodontal diseases. The document also explores how nutrition can impact the oral microbiome and periodontal biofilm formation. Finally, it concludes that while nutritional deficiencies do not directly cause periodontal disease, they can alter the body's resistance and repair mechanisms, affecting periodontal health.
3. D. FACTORS AFFECTING ERYTHROPOIESIS....Abhijit Hota.pptxrashmimishra129
This document outlines the key factors necessary for erythropoiesis (red blood cell formation) and hemoglobin formation. It discusses stimulating factors such as hypoxia, erythropoietin, thyroxine, and hematopoietic growth factors. It also discusses maturation factors including vitamin B12, intrinsic factor, and folic acid. Finally, it discusses the factors required for hemoglobin formation, including proteins/amino acids, iron, copper, cobalt/nickel, and various vitamins.
Introduction about the mineral metabolism, function, classification, Role of minerals in life process such as calcium, potassium, phosphorous, chloride, magnesium, zinc, iodine, copper, cobalt some of the trace minerals. uses and their deficiency diseases and disorders. source of water, execration and water balance water process in life. acid-base balance, osmosis, concept of pH, concept of buffer, concept of electrolytes.
This document discusses erythrocyte disorders and includes information on:
- The causes, clinical features, and treatment of iron deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, and folate deficiency anemia.
- Sickle cell anemia results from a defective hemoglobin gene and can be precipitated by factors like cold, hypoxia, acidosis, and dehydration.
- Polycythemia is divided into relative and absolute types and refers to an excess of red blood cells that increases blood viscosity.
1. Iron deficiency anemia is a condition caused by low levels of iron in the body, which reduces the amount of oxygen carried by red blood cells.
2. Common causes of iron deficiency anemia include blood loss from menstruation or childbirth, a diet low in iron, and an inability to absorb enough iron from food.
3. Symptoms of iron deficiency anemia include fatigue, dizziness, pale skin, headaches, and brittle nails. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplements to replace iron stores in the body.
Biotin is a B vitamin that acts as a coenzyme in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. It is essential for cell growth and DNA/RNA replication. Biotin deficiency can cause dermatitis, hair loss, and neuromuscular dysfunction with symptoms like scaly skin, rash, hypotonia, and depression. Good dietary sources of biotin include eggs, organ meats, nuts, dairy, and whole grains.
This document discusses vitamins and minerals, which are nutrients that humans must obtain through their diet. It defines vitamins and minerals, and explains how they are classified based on solubility. The document then describes several deficiency diseases that can result from not getting enough of specific vitamins and minerals, such as scurvy from vitamin C deficiency and rickets from vitamin D deficiency. It provides details on the functions and food sources of many important vitamins and minerals.
At the end of the session the students should be able to:
Describe the structure of RBCs
Describe in detail erythropoiesis mechanism
Describe the life-span of RBC (circulation and their breakdown)
Explain the factors affecting erythropoiesis
med_students0
1. The document discusses various blood diseases including different types of anemia (microcytic, macrocytic, normocytic), their causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment approaches.
2. Microcytic anemias like iron deficiency anemia result in small red blood cells, while macrocytic anemias from folate or B12 deficiency produce large cells. Normocytic anemias maintain normal cell size.
3. Diagnostic tests include complete blood counts and smears to identify cell types and sizes. Management involves treating the underlying cause, blood transfusions, and supplements.
Blood is composed of plasma and three main types of blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells are produced through erythropoiesis mainly in the bone marrow and spleen. Hemoglobin inside red blood cells transports oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. Anemia is a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin and can be caused by blood loss, nutrient deficiencies, or diseases. Common types of anemia include iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia from B12 or folate deficiencies, hemolytic anemia, sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia.
Heamatological Disorder-WPS Office.pptxSudipta Roy
Iron deficiency anemia is a common type of anemia caused by low iron levels. It develops when iron loss from bleeding or inadequate dietary iron intake exceeds the amount the body absorbs. Symptoms include fatigue, pale skin, shortness of breath, and irregular heartbeat. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure hemoglobin and iron levels. Treatment focuses on oral iron supplements and improving iron intake through diet.
Iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid are important haematinic agents used to treat different types of anaemia. There are two main types of anaemia - iron deficiency anaemia, which occurs due to blood loss or malabsorption of iron, and megaloblastic anaemia, which can be caused by deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folic acid due to problems with absorption or diet. Haematinic agents work to treat the underlying cause of anaemia and help increase red blood cell production by providing the necessary nutrients.
Vitamins and Coenzymes biochemistry.pptxEmma910932
This document discusses vitamins and coenzymes. It defines vitamins as organic compounds required in small amounts for proper growth and health. Coenzymes are non-protein parts of enzymes that combine with apoenzymes to form holoenzymes. Some coenzymes are derived from vitamins. Vitamins are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B complex). Key functions, deficiency diseases, dietary sources and coenzymes derived from each vitamin are described.
This document provides definitions and classifications for anemia. It begins by defining anemia based on hemoglobin concentration ranges for males, females, and pregnant females. It then discusses classifying anemia based on morphology, etiology/mechanism, impaired red blood cell production, hemolytic anemias, and blood loss. Specific types of anemia are then discussed in more detail, including iron deficiency anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, folate deficiency, and anemia of chronic disease. Causes, clinical features, investigations, and treatment are outlined for each type.
Factors responsible for erythropoiesis. Development and maturation of erythrocytes require mostly three types of factors
1. General factors 2. Maturation factors 3. Factors necessary for hemoglobin formation.
RBC
FATE OF RBCS
ERYTHIOPOIESIS
HEMOGLOBIN
1) circular biconcave discs.
2) non nucleated
3) not contain cell organelles
4) are elastic and highly
deforming.
5) Life span 120 days
In red cell membrane there are very important proteins which maintain the shape of RBCs.
These are:
1) Spectrin
2) Ankyrin
3) Stromatin,
4) Actin
5) glycoprotein Elanin.
A congenital haemolytic anaemia i.e; hereditary spherocytosis results because of a significant deficiency of spectrin in the wall of RBCs cannot be maintained.
In RBCs membrane, blood group antigens are present.
SITES
Embryonic life (early wks) --- Yolk sac
Middle trimester ---- Liver, spleen, Lymph nodes
Last months & after birth --- Bone marrow
5 years --- B0ne marrow of all bones
Till 20 years --- proximal portions of humeri & tibiae
Onwards --- marrow of membranous bones such as vertebrae, sternum, ribs and ilia.
(trimester is 3 months duration in pregnancy)
The process of the origin, development and maturation of red blood cells.
It is an extremely active process
About 2.5 million erythrocytes are produced every second in order to replace those that are continuously destroyed by spleen and liver
Different growth and differentiation inducers control growth and differentiation of stem cells controlled by factors outside bone marrow
Above downward
Size of nucleus decrease
Size of hemoglobin increase
Cytoplasmic/ nucleus ratio increase
Amount of RNA responsible for basophilic stain decrease
In orthochromatic erythroblast stage , nucleus is expelled.
During reticulocyte stage, cell passes from bone marrow in to blood capillaries by the process of “Diapedesis”. Small amount of basophilic material.
Remaining basophilic material in the reticulocyte disappear with in 1 to 2 days and then it is called “Erythrocytes”.
Life span 120 days
After 120 days, taken by reticuloendothelial cells i.e; spleen & liver.
Spleen is the graveyard of RBCs.
Decrease in enzyme activity, ATP levels, and MCH
Decreased deformability
Metabolic processes slow down
Membrane becomes fragile
Destroyed in spleen as the red pulp space is narrow (3 μm) as diameter is very small. So, the spleen is called “Graveyard of RBCs”.
RBCs burst out
Hb is immediately phagocytized by macrophages pf the body. Iron and globin released.
EMBRYO
In 2nd month of intrauterine life:
There is Gower 1 & Gower 2 Hb.
Gower 1 contain:
2 zeta & 2 Epsilon
Gower 2 contain:
2 alpha & 2 Epsilon
3rd month onwards:
Fetal Hb:
Hb-F occurs in fetal red cells and disappears by 2 to 3 months after birth.
During I/U life, there is
HbF= 2alpha + 2 gamma chains.
Adult Haemoglobin
(HbA1):
2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains
HbA2:
is a minor component & is only 2.5% in normal adults.
After birth, there is Hb A2 (small amount), which is composed of 2 alpha & 2 delta chains.
Anemia Causes, Types, Symptoms, Diet, and Treatment Dr Medical
https://userupload.net/0gv9ijneu7hf
Anemia is a condition that develops when your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a main part of red blood cells and binds oxygen. If you have too few or abnormal red blood cells, or your hemoglobin is abnormal or low, the cells in your body will not get enough oxygen.
This document discusses the biochemical functions and clinical significance of manganese, copper, and zinc. It provides information on:
- The roles of copper, zinc, and manganese as cofactors for enzymes involved in important metabolic processes.
- Recommended dietary allowances for copper, zinc, and manganese.
- Sources of copper, zinc, and manganese in foods.
- Clinical signs of deficiencies in copper, zinc, and manganese including impaired growth, bone abnormalities, and neurological symptoms.
- Potential toxicity issues from excess manganese intake through inhalation exposure.
This document provides an outline for a course on blood disorders. It covers topics like anatomy and physiology of blood, hematologic studies, conditions like anemia, sickle cell anemia and leukemia. Specific types of anemia discussed in detail include iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemias (pernicious anemia and folic acid deficiency), and aplastic anemia. Hemolytic anemia and sickle cell anemia are also summarized.
The document discusses the key factors necessary for erythropoiesis (red blood cell formation). There are three main types of factors: general factors, maturation factors, and factors for hemoglobin formation. General factors include erythropoietin, thyroxine, hematopoietic growth factors like interleukin-3, -6, and -11, and vitamins like B, C, D, and E. Maturation factors consist of vitamin B12, intrinsic factor, and folic acid. Finally, factors for hemoglobin formation are proteins and amino acids, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, and vitamins C, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, and pyridoxine.
Cellular degeneration and infiltration are abnormal structural changes and decreased functions that occur as nonspecific responses to injury. There are three main types of degeneration: water overload causing cellular swelling, metabolite overload involving fat, protein or carbohydrate accumulation, and storage loading of non-degradable pigments or minerals. The document describes the microscopic and pathological features of each type of degeneration in detail.
This document provides information on 7 important minerals: phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, nickel, and lead. It discusses their sources, recommended daily amounts, functions in the body, potential deficiency or excess conditions, and treatment approaches for related diseases. The minerals play critical roles in bone and teeth health, nerve function, fluid balance, energy production and more. Deficiencies can cause issues like rickets or osteoporosis, while excesses may result in conditions like hypernatremia. Treatment involves supplementation or intravenous intake of minerals, as well as addressing underlying causes.
1. Iron deficiency anemia is a condition caused by low levels of iron in the body, which reduces the amount of oxygen carried by red blood cells.
2. Common causes of iron deficiency anemia include blood loss from menstruation or childbirth, a diet low in iron, and an inability to absorb enough iron from food.
3. Symptoms of iron deficiency anemia include fatigue, dizziness, pale skin, headaches, and brittle nails. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplements to replace iron stores in the body.
Biotin is a B vitamin that acts as a coenzyme in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. It is essential for cell growth and DNA/RNA replication. Biotin deficiency can cause dermatitis, hair loss, and neuromuscular dysfunction with symptoms like scaly skin, rash, hypotonia, and depression. Good dietary sources of biotin include eggs, organ meats, nuts, dairy, and whole grains.
This document discusses vitamins and minerals, which are nutrients that humans must obtain through their diet. It defines vitamins and minerals, and explains how they are classified based on solubility. The document then describes several deficiency diseases that can result from not getting enough of specific vitamins and minerals, such as scurvy from vitamin C deficiency and rickets from vitamin D deficiency. It provides details on the functions and food sources of many important vitamins and minerals.
At the end of the session the students should be able to:
Describe the structure of RBCs
Describe in detail erythropoiesis mechanism
Describe the life-span of RBC (circulation and their breakdown)
Explain the factors affecting erythropoiesis
med_students0
1. The document discusses various blood diseases including different types of anemia (microcytic, macrocytic, normocytic), their causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment approaches.
2. Microcytic anemias like iron deficiency anemia result in small red blood cells, while macrocytic anemias from folate or B12 deficiency produce large cells. Normocytic anemias maintain normal cell size.
3. Diagnostic tests include complete blood counts and smears to identify cell types and sizes. Management involves treating the underlying cause, blood transfusions, and supplements.
Blood is composed of plasma and three main types of blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells are produced through erythropoiesis mainly in the bone marrow and spleen. Hemoglobin inside red blood cells transports oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. Anemia is a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin and can be caused by blood loss, nutrient deficiencies, or diseases. Common types of anemia include iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia from B12 or folate deficiencies, hemolytic anemia, sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia.
Heamatological Disorder-WPS Office.pptxSudipta Roy
Iron deficiency anemia is a common type of anemia caused by low iron levels. It develops when iron loss from bleeding or inadequate dietary iron intake exceeds the amount the body absorbs. Symptoms include fatigue, pale skin, shortness of breath, and irregular heartbeat. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure hemoglobin and iron levels. Treatment focuses on oral iron supplements and improving iron intake through diet.
Iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid are important haematinic agents used to treat different types of anaemia. There are two main types of anaemia - iron deficiency anaemia, which occurs due to blood loss or malabsorption of iron, and megaloblastic anaemia, which can be caused by deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folic acid due to problems with absorption or diet. Haematinic agents work to treat the underlying cause of anaemia and help increase red blood cell production by providing the necessary nutrients.
Vitamins and Coenzymes biochemistry.pptxEmma910932
This document discusses vitamins and coenzymes. It defines vitamins as organic compounds required in small amounts for proper growth and health. Coenzymes are non-protein parts of enzymes that combine with apoenzymes to form holoenzymes. Some coenzymes are derived from vitamins. Vitamins are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B complex). Key functions, deficiency diseases, dietary sources and coenzymes derived from each vitamin are described.
This document provides definitions and classifications for anemia. It begins by defining anemia based on hemoglobin concentration ranges for males, females, and pregnant females. It then discusses classifying anemia based on morphology, etiology/mechanism, impaired red blood cell production, hemolytic anemias, and blood loss. Specific types of anemia are then discussed in more detail, including iron deficiency anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, folate deficiency, and anemia of chronic disease. Causes, clinical features, investigations, and treatment are outlined for each type.
Factors responsible for erythropoiesis. Development and maturation of erythrocytes require mostly three types of factors
1. General factors 2. Maturation factors 3. Factors necessary for hemoglobin formation.
RBC
FATE OF RBCS
ERYTHIOPOIESIS
HEMOGLOBIN
1) circular biconcave discs.
2) non nucleated
3) not contain cell organelles
4) are elastic and highly
deforming.
5) Life span 120 days
In red cell membrane there are very important proteins which maintain the shape of RBCs.
These are:
1) Spectrin
2) Ankyrin
3) Stromatin,
4) Actin
5) glycoprotein Elanin.
A congenital haemolytic anaemia i.e; hereditary spherocytosis results because of a significant deficiency of spectrin in the wall of RBCs cannot be maintained.
In RBCs membrane, blood group antigens are present.
SITES
Embryonic life (early wks) --- Yolk sac
Middle trimester ---- Liver, spleen, Lymph nodes
Last months & after birth --- Bone marrow
5 years --- B0ne marrow of all bones
Till 20 years --- proximal portions of humeri & tibiae
Onwards --- marrow of membranous bones such as vertebrae, sternum, ribs and ilia.
(trimester is 3 months duration in pregnancy)
The process of the origin, development and maturation of red blood cells.
It is an extremely active process
About 2.5 million erythrocytes are produced every second in order to replace those that are continuously destroyed by spleen and liver
Different growth and differentiation inducers control growth and differentiation of stem cells controlled by factors outside bone marrow
Above downward
Size of nucleus decrease
Size of hemoglobin increase
Cytoplasmic/ nucleus ratio increase
Amount of RNA responsible for basophilic stain decrease
In orthochromatic erythroblast stage , nucleus is expelled.
During reticulocyte stage, cell passes from bone marrow in to blood capillaries by the process of “Diapedesis”. Small amount of basophilic material.
Remaining basophilic material in the reticulocyte disappear with in 1 to 2 days and then it is called “Erythrocytes”.
Life span 120 days
After 120 days, taken by reticuloendothelial cells i.e; spleen & liver.
Spleen is the graveyard of RBCs.
Decrease in enzyme activity, ATP levels, and MCH
Decreased deformability
Metabolic processes slow down
Membrane becomes fragile
Destroyed in spleen as the red pulp space is narrow (3 μm) as diameter is very small. So, the spleen is called “Graveyard of RBCs”.
RBCs burst out
Hb is immediately phagocytized by macrophages pf the body. Iron and globin released.
EMBRYO
In 2nd month of intrauterine life:
There is Gower 1 & Gower 2 Hb.
Gower 1 contain:
2 zeta & 2 Epsilon
Gower 2 contain:
2 alpha & 2 Epsilon
3rd month onwards:
Fetal Hb:
Hb-F occurs in fetal red cells and disappears by 2 to 3 months after birth.
During I/U life, there is
HbF= 2alpha + 2 gamma chains.
Adult Haemoglobin
(HbA1):
2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains
HbA2:
is a minor component & is only 2.5% in normal adults.
After birth, there is Hb A2 (small amount), which is composed of 2 alpha & 2 delta chains.
Anemia Causes, Types, Symptoms, Diet, and Treatment Dr Medical
https://userupload.net/0gv9ijneu7hf
Anemia is a condition that develops when your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a main part of red blood cells and binds oxygen. If you have too few or abnormal red blood cells, or your hemoglobin is abnormal or low, the cells in your body will not get enough oxygen.
This document discusses the biochemical functions and clinical significance of manganese, copper, and zinc. It provides information on:
- The roles of copper, zinc, and manganese as cofactors for enzymes involved in important metabolic processes.
- Recommended dietary allowances for copper, zinc, and manganese.
- Sources of copper, zinc, and manganese in foods.
- Clinical signs of deficiencies in copper, zinc, and manganese including impaired growth, bone abnormalities, and neurological symptoms.
- Potential toxicity issues from excess manganese intake through inhalation exposure.
This document provides an outline for a course on blood disorders. It covers topics like anatomy and physiology of blood, hematologic studies, conditions like anemia, sickle cell anemia and leukemia. Specific types of anemia discussed in detail include iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemias (pernicious anemia and folic acid deficiency), and aplastic anemia. Hemolytic anemia and sickle cell anemia are also summarized.
The document discusses the key factors necessary for erythropoiesis (red blood cell formation). There are three main types of factors: general factors, maturation factors, and factors for hemoglobin formation. General factors include erythropoietin, thyroxine, hematopoietic growth factors like interleukin-3, -6, and -11, and vitamins like B, C, D, and E. Maturation factors consist of vitamin B12, intrinsic factor, and folic acid. Finally, factors for hemoglobin formation are proteins and amino acids, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, and vitamins C, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, and pyridoxine.
Cellular degeneration and infiltration are abnormal structural changes and decreased functions that occur as nonspecific responses to injury. There are three main types of degeneration: water overload causing cellular swelling, metabolite overload involving fat, protein or carbohydrate accumulation, and storage loading of non-degradable pigments or minerals. The document describes the microscopic and pathological features of each type of degeneration in detail.
This document provides information on 7 important minerals: phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, nickel, and lead. It discusses their sources, recommended daily amounts, functions in the body, potential deficiency or excess conditions, and treatment approaches for related diseases. The minerals play critical roles in bone and teeth health, nerve function, fluid balance, energy production and more. Deficiencies can cause issues like rickets or osteoporosis, while excesses may result in conditions like hypernatremia. Treatment involves supplementation or intravenous intake of minerals, as well as addressing underlying causes.
Similar to Erythropoiesis- Dr.E. Muralinath-C Kalyan (20)
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
PPT on Sustainable Land Management presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark UniverseSérgio Sacani
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptxgoluk9330
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
3. • GENERAL FACTORS:-
•
• ERYTHROPOIETIN:-
• The most important general factor for erythropoiesis is the hormone termed as erythropoietin. It is otherwise known as hemopoietin or erythrocyte stimulating factor.
•
• CHJEMISTRY:
• It is a glycoprotein with 165 amino acids.
• SOURCE OF SECRERTION:
• The secretion of major quantity of erythropoietin takes place by capillaries of kidney. It is also secreted in brain and liver also.
• STIMULANT FOR SECRETION
• Hypoxia is the stimulant for the secretion of erythroietin.
• ACTIONS OF ERYTHROIPOITIN
• Erythroipoietin is helpful regarding formation and release of new RBCs into circulation. After secretion, it takes approximately 4-5 days to exhibit the action.
• Erythroipoietin enhances the following processes.
• Production of proerythroblasts from CFU-E of the bone marrow.
• Conversion of proerythroblasts into matured RBCs via various stages - early normoblast, intermediate normoblast, l;ate normoblast and reticulocyte.
• Release of matured erythrocytes into blood.. Even a very few reticulocytes ( immature erythrocytes) are released along with matured RBCs.
• The blood level of erythroipoietin enhances in anemia.
4. • 2) HEMOPOIETIC GROWTH FACTORS:-
• Hemopoietic growth factors or growth inducers are interleukins and stem cell factor. Normally these
factors initiate the proliferation of PHSCs.
• Interleukins ( IL ) are glyco proteins which are linked to the cytokines family. An involvement of the
interleukins takes place in erythropoiesis and the names of interleukins include
• Interleukin - 3 (IL-3) produced by T cells
• Interleukin 6 (IL -6) produced by T cells, macrophages and endothelial cells.
• Interleukin 11 (IL-11) produced by osteoblast.
5. • 3)THYROXINE:-
• Thyroxine enhances the process of erythropoiesis at various levels because thyroxine behaves as a
general metabolic hormone. That is why, polycythemia is observed in hyper thyroidiam.
6. • 4) VITAMINS:-
• A very few vitamins are essential for the process of erythropoiesis. The deficiencies of these vitamins lead to anemia
associated with other types of disorders. The vitamins, which are responsible for the erythropoiesis include
•
• Vitamin B:
• Its deficiency results in anemia and pellagra ( disease manifested by skin lesions, nervousness, weakness, diarrhea and
dementia).
•
• Vitamin C
• Its deficiency leads to anemia and scurvy ( ancient disease manifested by impaired collagen synthesis leading to rough skin,
loosening o0f teeth, bleeding gum, bone pain, poor wound healing, lethargy and emotional changes)
• c) Vitamin D
• Its deficiency leads to anemia as well as rickets ( bone disease )
• d) Vitamin E
• Its deficiency results in anemia as well as mal nutrition.
7. • MATURATION FACTORS:-
• - Vitamin B12 , intrinsic factor and folic acid are responsible regarding maturtation of RBCs.
•
• VITAMIN B12 (Cyano cobalamin):-
• Vitamin B12 is otherwise knon as extrinsic factor since it is derived mostly from diet. Its absorption from
intestine needs the presence of intrinsic factor of castle .
• Vitamin B12 is preserved primarily in liver and in small quantity in muscle. If necessaity arises, the
transpoortation of B12 takes place in bone marrow. to enhance maturation of RBCs. B12 is also produced
in the large intestine particularly by the intestinal flora.
• ACTION:-
• a)Vitamin B12 plays an important role in regarding the synthesis of DNA in RBCs. Is deficiency results in
failure regarding maturation of cell and decrement in the cell division.
• b) Besides, thje cells are larger with fragile and weak cell membrane leading to macro cytic anemia. The
deficiency of vitamin B12 leads to pernicious anemia.
8. • 2).INTRINSIC FACTOR OF CASTLE:-
• a)The production of an intrinsic factor of Castle takes place in gastric mucosa particularly by parietal cells.
• b) It is responsible for absorption of B12 from intestine
• C)An absorption of intrinsic factor does not happen particularly during the absence of intrinsic factor.
This results in Pernicious anemia
• d)The deficiency of intrinsic factor takes place in Gastrectomy, Severe gastritis and Ulcer.
• e)The extrinsic and intrinsic factors are together termed as Hematinic Principle which is the maturation
factor’
9. • 3.)FOLIC ACID:--
• Folic acid also plays an important role especially during maturation.
• It is needed for synthesis for the synthesis of DNA
• In the deficiency of folic acid , the synthesis of DNA reduces and leading to failure of maturation.
• This results in anemia in which, the cells are larger and appear in megaloblastic (proerythroblastic) stage.
• An anemia happens because of the folic acid deficiency abd this condition is termed as megaloblastic
anemia.
10. • FACTORS ESSENTIAL FOR HEMOGLOBIN FORMATION:-
• Various materials play an important role regarding the formation of hemoglobin especially in the RBCs. An
absence of these materials reduces the production of hemoglobin and results in anemia. Such factors are
• First class proteins and amino acids:-
• Proteiins of high biological value are responsible for the formation of hemoglobin. Amino acids derived
from these proteins are needed for the synthesis of protein part of hemoglobin, the globin.
• Cobalt and nickle : These materials are responsible for the utilization of iron especially during hemoglobin
formation.
• Copper:- It plays an important role during the absorption of iron from the gastro intestinal tract (GIT).
• Iron:- It plays an important role during the formation of heme part of hemoglobin.
• Vitamins:- Vitamin C, Pyrridoxine and nicotinic acid play an important role during the formation of
hemoglobin
11. • References
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• Coad J, Pedley K. Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in women. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 2014;244:82-9; discussion 89. [PubMed]
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• Hunt JR, Zito CA, Johnson LK. Body iron excretion by healthy men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jun;89(6):1792-8. [PubMed]
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Jan;71(1):94-102. [PubMed]
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12. • .
• Carpenter CE, Mahoney AW. Contributions of heme and nonheme iron to human nutrition. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1992;31(4):333-67. [PubMed]
• 9.
• Lynch SR, Hurrell RF, Dassenko SA, Cook JD. The effect of dietary proteins on iron bioavailability in man. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1989;249:117-32.
[PubMed]
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• Björn-Rasmussen E, Hallberg L. Effect of animal proteins on the absorption of food iron in man. Nutr Metab. 1979;23(3):192-202. [PubMed]
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• Taylor PG, Martínez-Torres C, Romano EL, Layrisse M. The effect of cysteine-containing peptides released during meat digestion on iron absorption
in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986 Jan;43(1):68-71. [PubMed]
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• Lynch SR, Cook JD. Interaction of vitamin C and iron. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1980;355:32-44. [PubMed]
• 13.
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[PubMed]
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adolescents: Ensanut MC 2016. Salud Publica Mex. 2018 May-Jun;60(3):291-300. [PubMed]