The worldwide interest has been increasing about wind energy for power generation purpose due to
continue increase in fuel cost and the need to have clean source of energy. Wind energy may enhance the power
generation capabilities and maximize its capacity factor, inurn participate in generating power at lower cost. It
has also been notice that renewable power generation through wind energy is also the fast growing energy
technology. The optimization of the efficiency of wind turbine is prudent to complete the conventional power
sources. Wind Turbine Power Generation (WTPG) is a complex phenomenon to understand since the real
process has depends upon the Wind Velocity and the relative turbine dimensions and the outside climatological
parameter like Wind Velocity (WV) nature of wind, etc. In this paper an effort has been made to develop a fuzzy
logic approach to predict an appropriate WTPG considering the WV, AD and Chord Length of Turbine Blades
(CLTB) as input parameters. The complexities of the parameters and the imprecision of linguistic expressions
are taken into consideration; the application combining linguistic variable to optimize WTPG under multiple
conditions is presented in this study.
Optimal tuning of a wind plant energy production based on improved grey wolf ...journalBEEI
The tuning of optimal controller parameters in wind plant is crucial in order to minimize the effect of wake interaction between turbines. The purpose of this paper is to develop an improved grey wolf optimizer (I-GWO) in order to tune the controller parameters of the turbines so that the total energy production of a wind plant is increased. The updating mechanism of original GWO is modified to improve the efficiency of exploration and exploitation phase while avoiding trapping in local minima solution. A row of ten turbines is considered to evaluate the effectiveness of the I-GWO by maximizing the total energy production. The proposed approach is compared with original GWO and previously published modified GWO. Finally, I-GWO produces the highest total energy production as compared to other methods, as shown in statistical performance analysis.
Optimal Operation of Wind-thermal generation using differential evolutionIOSR Journals
This document presents an optimal operation model for a wind-thermal power generation system using differential evolution (DE). DE is an evolutionary algorithm inspired by biological evolution that can solve complex constrained optimization problems. The paper formulates the economic dispatch problem to minimize total generation cost of the wind and thermal plants subject to various constraints like power balance, generator limits, ramp rates, and valve point loading effects. Five different DE mutation strategies are analyzed for solving the wind-thermal economic dispatch problem on a test system with 10 thermal units. The results show that the best mutation strategy and control parameter values (mutation rate and crossover rate) depend on the problem and can significantly impact the solution quality and consistency obtained by the DE algorithm.
A Comparative study on Different ANN Techniques in Wind Speed Forecasting for...IOSRJEEE
There are several available renewable sources of energy, among which Wind Power is the one which is most uncertain in nature. This is because wind speed changes continuously with time leading to uncertainty in availability of amount of wind power generated. Hence, a short-term forecasting of wind speed will help in prior estimation of wind power generation availability for the grid and economic load dispatch.This paper present a comparative study of a Wind speed forecasting model using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) with three different learning algorithms. ANN is used because it is a non-linear data driven, adaptive and very powerful tool for forecasting purposes. Here an attempt is made to forecast Wind Speed using ANN with Levenberg-Marquard (LM) algorithm, Scaled Conjugate Gradient (SCG) algorithm and Bayesian Regularization (BR) algorithm and their results are compared based on their convergence speed in training period and their performance in testing period on the basis of Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Mean Square Error (MSE).A 48 hour ahead wind speed is forecasted in this work and it is compared with the measured values using all three algorithms and the best out of the three is selected based on minimum error.
The quality of data and the accuracy of energy generation forecast by artific...IJECEIAES
The paper presents the issues related to predicting the amount of energy generation, in a particular wind power plant comprising five generators located in south-eastern Poland. Thelocation of wind power plant, the distribution and type of applied generators, and topographical conditions were given and the correlation between selected weather parameters and the volume of energy generation was discussed. The primary objective of the paper was to select learning data and perform forecasts using artificial neural networks. For comparison, conservative forecasts were also presented. Forecasts results obtained shaw that Artificial Neural Networks are more universal than conservative method. However their forecast accuracy of forecasts strongly depends on the selection of explanatory data.
Suitable Wind Turbine Selection using Evaluation of Wind Energy Potential in ...IJCI JOURNAL
Nowadays, low environmental impact of wind energy is attractive. This paper aims to investigate the wind-power production potential of sites in North of Iran. Analysis of the wind speed of one city in the province of MAZANDARAN which is located in north of Iran is performed in this paper. The class of this site is a class one wind power site and the annual average wind speed is 3.58 m/s. The power density of this site is 99 W/m2 at 50 m height. Wind speed data measured over a five-year period at a typical site on the north coast of Iran are presented. The annual wind speeds at different heights have been studied to make optimum selection of wind turbine installation among three commercial turbines
Cuckoo Search Algorithm for Congestion Alleviation with Incorporation of Wind...IJECEIAES
The issue to alleviate congestion in the power system framework has emerged as an alluring field for the power system researchers. The research conducted in this article proposes a cuckoo search algorithm-based congestion alleviation strategy with the incorporation of wind farm. The bus sensitivity factor data are computed and utilized to sort out the sutiable position for the installation of the wind farm. The generators contributing in the real power rescheduleing process are selected as per the generator sensitivity values. The cuckoo search algorithm is implemented to minimize the congestion cost with the embodiment of the wind farm. The proposed method is tested on 39 bus New England framework and the results obtained with the cuckoo search-based congestion management approach outperforms the results opted with other heuristic optimization techniques in the past research literatures.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Wind power forecasting: A Case Study in Terrain using Artificial IntelligenceIRJET Journal
This document presents a study on using artificial neural networks to forecast wind power. Real-time data on wind speed, direction, temperature, humidity and pressure was collected from a measurement station. 100 artificial neural networks with different structures were trained and tested. The best performing network was a multilayer perceptron with 6 inputs, 24 hidden layers, exponential activation and identity output activation. This network achieved a 99% success rate in estimating wind power compared to real measured data. The study demonstrates that artificial neural networks can accurately estimate wind power for short-term forecasting.
Optimal tuning of a wind plant energy production based on improved grey wolf ...journalBEEI
The tuning of optimal controller parameters in wind plant is crucial in order to minimize the effect of wake interaction between turbines. The purpose of this paper is to develop an improved grey wolf optimizer (I-GWO) in order to tune the controller parameters of the turbines so that the total energy production of a wind plant is increased. The updating mechanism of original GWO is modified to improve the efficiency of exploration and exploitation phase while avoiding trapping in local minima solution. A row of ten turbines is considered to evaluate the effectiveness of the I-GWO by maximizing the total energy production. The proposed approach is compared with original GWO and previously published modified GWO. Finally, I-GWO produces the highest total energy production as compared to other methods, as shown in statistical performance analysis.
Optimal Operation of Wind-thermal generation using differential evolutionIOSR Journals
This document presents an optimal operation model for a wind-thermal power generation system using differential evolution (DE). DE is an evolutionary algorithm inspired by biological evolution that can solve complex constrained optimization problems. The paper formulates the economic dispatch problem to minimize total generation cost of the wind and thermal plants subject to various constraints like power balance, generator limits, ramp rates, and valve point loading effects. Five different DE mutation strategies are analyzed for solving the wind-thermal economic dispatch problem on a test system with 10 thermal units. The results show that the best mutation strategy and control parameter values (mutation rate and crossover rate) depend on the problem and can significantly impact the solution quality and consistency obtained by the DE algorithm.
A Comparative study on Different ANN Techniques in Wind Speed Forecasting for...IOSRJEEE
There are several available renewable sources of energy, among which Wind Power is the one which is most uncertain in nature. This is because wind speed changes continuously with time leading to uncertainty in availability of amount of wind power generated. Hence, a short-term forecasting of wind speed will help in prior estimation of wind power generation availability for the grid and economic load dispatch.This paper present a comparative study of a Wind speed forecasting model using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) with three different learning algorithms. ANN is used because it is a non-linear data driven, adaptive and very powerful tool for forecasting purposes. Here an attempt is made to forecast Wind Speed using ANN with Levenberg-Marquard (LM) algorithm, Scaled Conjugate Gradient (SCG) algorithm and Bayesian Regularization (BR) algorithm and their results are compared based on their convergence speed in training period and their performance in testing period on the basis of Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Mean Square Error (MSE).A 48 hour ahead wind speed is forecasted in this work and it is compared with the measured values using all three algorithms and the best out of the three is selected based on minimum error.
The quality of data and the accuracy of energy generation forecast by artific...IJECEIAES
The paper presents the issues related to predicting the amount of energy generation, in a particular wind power plant comprising five generators located in south-eastern Poland. Thelocation of wind power plant, the distribution and type of applied generators, and topographical conditions were given and the correlation between selected weather parameters and the volume of energy generation was discussed. The primary objective of the paper was to select learning data and perform forecasts using artificial neural networks. For comparison, conservative forecasts were also presented. Forecasts results obtained shaw that Artificial Neural Networks are more universal than conservative method. However their forecast accuracy of forecasts strongly depends on the selection of explanatory data.
Suitable Wind Turbine Selection using Evaluation of Wind Energy Potential in ...IJCI JOURNAL
Nowadays, low environmental impact of wind energy is attractive. This paper aims to investigate the wind-power production potential of sites in North of Iran. Analysis of the wind speed of one city in the province of MAZANDARAN which is located in north of Iran is performed in this paper. The class of this site is a class one wind power site and the annual average wind speed is 3.58 m/s. The power density of this site is 99 W/m2 at 50 m height. Wind speed data measured over a five-year period at a typical site on the north coast of Iran are presented. The annual wind speeds at different heights have been studied to make optimum selection of wind turbine installation among three commercial turbines
Cuckoo Search Algorithm for Congestion Alleviation with Incorporation of Wind...IJECEIAES
The issue to alleviate congestion in the power system framework has emerged as an alluring field for the power system researchers. The research conducted in this article proposes a cuckoo search algorithm-based congestion alleviation strategy with the incorporation of wind farm. The bus sensitivity factor data are computed and utilized to sort out the sutiable position for the installation of the wind farm. The generators contributing in the real power rescheduleing process are selected as per the generator sensitivity values. The cuckoo search algorithm is implemented to minimize the congestion cost with the embodiment of the wind farm. The proposed method is tested on 39 bus New England framework and the results obtained with the cuckoo search-based congestion management approach outperforms the results opted with other heuristic optimization techniques in the past research literatures.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Wind power forecasting: A Case Study in Terrain using Artificial IntelligenceIRJET Journal
This document presents a study on using artificial neural networks to forecast wind power. Real-time data on wind speed, direction, temperature, humidity and pressure was collected from a measurement station. 100 artificial neural networks with different structures were trained and tested. The best performing network was a multilayer perceptron with 6 inputs, 24 hidden layers, exponential activation and identity output activation. This network achieved a 99% success rate in estimating wind power compared to real measured data. The study demonstrates that artificial neural networks can accurately estimate wind power for short-term forecasting.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Wind energy forecasting using radial basis function neural networkseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used radial basis function neural networks to forecast wind energy. The study collected wind resource data from 76 monitoring stations in India, including parameters like wind speed, direction, air density, and more. It divided the data into a 80% training set and 20% testing set. A radial basis function neural network with an input layer of 14 neurons, hidden layer of 142 neurons, and output layer of 1 neuron was developed. This network was trained for 10,000 cycles to model the nonlinear relationship between input wind parameters and output wind power density. The predicted wind power densities for new locations based on the trained network agreed well with actual measured values, with a mean absolute percentage error of less than 10%. The
In network aggregation using efficient routing techniques for event driven se...IJCNCJournal
Sensors used in applications such as agriculture, weather , etc., monitoring physical parameters like soil moisture, temperature, humidity, will have to sustain their battery power for long intervals of time. In order to accomplish this, parameter which assists in reducing the consumption of power from battery need to be attended to. One of the factors affecting the consumption of energy is transmit and receive power. This energy consumption can be reduced by avoiding unnecessary transmission and reception. Efficient routing techniques and incorporating aggregation whenever possible can save considerable amount of energy. Aggregation reduces repeated transmission of relative values and also reduces lot of computation at the base station. In this paper, the benefits of aggregation over direct transmission in saving the amount of energy consumed is discussed. Routing techniques which assist aggregation are incorporated. Aspects like transmission of average value of sensed data around an area of the network, minimum value in the whole of the network, triggering of event when there is low battery are assimilated.
The document discusses wind speed prediction using the Weibull distribution and a hybrid Weibull-ANN technique. It presents the motivation for improved wind speed prediction due to the increasing use of wind energy. The Weibull distribution is described as a common statistical model used to analyze wind speed data. An artificial neural network model with backpropagation is also introduced for prediction. The document then analyzes wind speed data from Bhubaneswar using Weibull distributions and histograms to model the data distributions. Finally, it evaluates the hybrid Weibull-ANN technique for wind speed prediction performance.
The two main challenges of predicting the wind speed depend on various atmospheric factors and random variables. This paper explores the possibility of developing a wind speed prediction model using different Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Categorical Regression empirical model which could be used to estimate the wind speed in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India using SPSS software. The proposed Neural Network models are tested on real time wind data and enhanced with statistical capabilities. The objective is to predict accurate wind speed and to perform better in terms of minimization of errors using Multi Layer Perception Neural Network (MLPNN), Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) and Categorical Regression (CATREG). Results from the paper have shown good agreement between the estimated and measured values of wind speed.
Analysis and Comparisons of Different Type of WCES- A Literature Reviewpaperpublications3
Abstract: With very rapid development of wind power technologies and significant growth of wind power capacity installed worldwide, various wind turbine concepts have been developed. The wind energy conversion system is required to be more cost-competitive, so that comparisons of different wind generator systems are necessary. A literature review of different types wind energy conversion systems is presented. First, the modern wind turbines are described with respect to both their control features and drive train types, and their advantages and disadvantages are described. Then, the quantitative comparison and market penetration of different wind generator systems are presented. The promising permanent magnet generator types are also investigated. After that the ongoing trends of wind generator systems and related comparison criteria are discussed.
Evaluation of the Energy Performance of the Amougdoul Wind Farm, Morocco IJECEIAES
This paper is concerned with the assessment of the the performance of the Amougdoul wind farm. We have determined the Weibull parameters; namely the scale parameter, c (m/s) and shape parameter, k. After that, we have estimated energy output by a wind turbine using two techniques: the useful power calculation method and the method based on the modeling of the power curve, which is respectively 134.5 kW and 194.19 KW corresponding to 27% and 39% of the available wind energy, which confirm that the conversion efficiency does not exceed 40%.
Optimal Configuration of Wind Farms in Radial Distribution System Using Parti...journalBEEI
Recently, a wide range of wind farm based distributed generations (DGs) are being integrated into distribution systems to fulfill energy demands and to reduce the burden on transmission corridors. The non-optimal configuration of DGs could severely affect the distribution system operations and control. Hence, the aim of this paper is to analyze the wind data in order to build a mathematical model for power output and pinpoint the optimal location. The overall objective is minimization of power loss reduction in distribution system. The five years of wind data was taken from 24o 44’ 29” North, 67o 35’ 9” East coordinates in Pakistan. The optimal location for these wind farms were pinpointed via particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm using standard IEEE 33 radial distribution system. The result reveals that the proposed method helps in improving renewable energy near to load centers, reduce power losses and improve voltage profile of the system. Moreover, the validity and performance of the proposed model were also compared with other optimization algorithms.
Techno-Economic Analysis of Stand-Alone Hybrid Energy System for the Electrif...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper explores the potential of use of stand-alone hybrid wind/solar energy system in electrification of calibrating equipment of drilling oil rig in Iran. To achieve this, different hybrid energy system configurations based on calibration equipment demand are proposed. This study puts emphasis on the energy production and cost of energy from both wind turbine and photovoltaic (PV) in the hybrid system. In addition, to make conditions more realistic, the real meteorological data is used for HOMER software to perform the technical and economic analysis of the hybrid system. Results indicate that the PV array shares more electricity production than the wind turbine generator if both wind turbine and PV array are utilized in the wind/solar hybrid system. Moreover, results show that the operational cost will be reduced by the suggested hybrid system.
Performance of a Wind System: Case Study of Sidi Daoud SiteIJERA Editor
This document presents a study of the performance of a wind energy conversion system at the Sidi Daoud site in Tunisia. Experimental data from the site was collected and used to develop performance models relating the output power of the wind turbine to factors like wind speed, mast height, blade diameter, and other dimensional characteristics. The models showed that output power increases with mast height and blade diameter up to an optimal speed range, above which turbulence reduces power. An optimization approach is suggested to minimize the investment cost per kWh by determining the optimal mast height and blade diameter values.
Electricity Generation Scheduling an Improved for Firefly Optimization AlgorithmIRJET Journal
This document describes using an improved firefly optimization algorithm to schedule electricity generation from thermal and wind power plants. The algorithm aims to minimize total generation costs while meeting load demand and reserve requirements, taking into account wind power availability constraints and both generation unit and system constraints. It formulates the objective function and constraints for the generation scheduling problem and applies the firefly algorithm to a test system with 30 conventional units and 4 wind farms, comparing results to a particle swarm optimization method. The firefly algorithm performance is found to provide better schedules with lower total costs compared to particle swarm optimization.
Implementing Workload Postponing In Cloudsim to Maximize Renewable Energy Uti...IJERA Editor
Green datacenters has become a major research area among researchers in academy and industry. One of the
recent approaches getting higher attention is supplying datacenters with renewable sources of energy, leading to
cleaner and more sustainable datacenters. However, this path poses new challenges. The main problem with
existing renewable energy technologies is high variability, which means high fluctuation of available energy
during different time periods on a day, month or year. In our paper, we address the issue of better managing
datacenter workload in order to achieve higher utilization of available renewable energy. We implement an
algorithm in CloudSim simulator which decides to postpone or urgently run a specific job asking for datacenter
resources, based on job’s deadline and available solar energy. The aim of this algorithm is to make workload
energy consumption through 24 hours match as much as possible the solar energy availability in 24 hours. Two
typical, clear and cloudy days, are taken in consideration for simulation. The results from our experiments show
that, for the chosen workload model, jobs are better managed by postponing or urgently running them, in terms
of leveraging available solar energy. This yields up to 17% higher utilization of daily solar energy
Energy harvesting earliest deadline first scheduling algorithm for increasing...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a new approach for energy minimization in energy harvesting real time systems has been investigated. Lifetime of a real time systems is depend upon its battery life. Energy is a parameter by which the lifetime of system can be enhanced. To work continuously and successively, energy harvesting is used as a regular source of energy. EDF (Earliest Deadline First) is a traditional real time tasks scheduling algorithm and DVS (Dynamic Voltage Scaling) is used for reducing energy consumption. In this paper, we propose an Energy Harvesting Earliest Deadline First (EH-EDF) scheduling algorithm for increasing lifetime of real time systems using DVS for reducing energy consumption and EDF for tasks scheduling with energy harvesting as regular energy supply. Our experimental results show that the proposed approach perform better to reduce energy consumption and increases the system lifetime as compared with existing approaches.
Design and Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Based Approach for Control of ...ijtsrd
Renewable Energy Sources are those energy sources which are not destroyed when their energy is harnessed. The model of wind turbine is based on the steady state power characteristics of the turbine. The stiffness of the drive train is infinite and the friction factor and the inertia of the turbine must be combined with those of the generator coupled to the turbine. In this paper, variable speed wind turbine driving permanent magnet synchronous generator with current controlled voltage source inverter has been proposed. Detailed modeling and control strategies of the overall system has been developed. It is found that under the proposed control strategy the system runs smoothly under randomly and quickly varying wind condition. During both symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault conditions, the system is found stable. Results shows that by using Current Source Inverter CSI stability of wind power can be achieved. By using CSI based Controller voltage source inverter or any separate storage energy system is not required. A model is used to determine the behavior of the wind turbine, induction generator and load. Arshid Mehraj | Harjit Singh | Onkar Singh "Design and Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Based Approach for Control of Wind Turbine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38107.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/38107/design-and-analysis-of-artificial-intelligence-based-approach-for-control-of-wind-turbine/arshid-mehraj
This research proposes the control system structure for a small-scale wind turbine. Significantly, the maximum power point tracking algorithm (MPPT) and the pitch angle controller are deeply analyzed; this is the base for proposing the strategy of the MPPT algorithm combined with pitch-angle control in a wide speed range of wind. This article also researches the converters, then analyses the advantages of each converter to choose the suitable converter for the small-scale wind turbine. In the MPPT algorithm design, the expert experience takes advantage through the fuzzy controller. The pitch angle controller is built based on the PID controller with its parameters adjusted by Fuzzy logic. The results showed that the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is much better than that of the traditional control strategy. Moreover, in high and low wind speeds, the proposed control system operates reliably and stably.
Optimal design of adaptive power scheduling using modified ant colony optimi...IJECEIAES
For generating and distributing an economic load scheduling approach, artificial neural network (ANN) has been introduced, because power generation and power consumption are economically non-identical. An efficient load scheduling method is suggested in this paper. Normally the power generation system fails due to its instability at peak load time. Traditionally, load shedding process is used in which low priority loads are disconnected from sources. The proposed method handles this problem by scheduling the load based on the power requirements. In many countries the power systems are facing limitations of energy. An efficient optimization algorithm is used to periodically schedule the load demand and the generation. Ant colony optimization (ACO) based ANN is used for this optimal load scheduling process. The present work analyse the technical economical and time-dependent limitations. Also the works meets the demanded load with minimum cost of energy. Inorder to train ANN back propagation (BP) technics is used. A hybrid training process is described in this work. Global optimization algorithms are used to provide back propagation with good initial connection weights.
Optimal Unit Commitment Based on Economic Dispatch Using Improved Particle Sw...paperpublications3
The document presents an improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) algorithm for solving the optimal unit commitment problem in power systems. The IPSO algorithm extends the standard PSO algorithm by using additional particle information to control mutation and mimic social behaviors. The algorithm was implemented on the IEEE 14 bus test system in MATLAB. Results showed the IPSO approach committed units to meet load demand over 24 hours while satisfying constraints, with bus voltages maintained between 1.0017 and 1.0751 per unit. Total costs including fuel, startup, and shutdown costs were minimized at each hour.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Educational Setup by a Global Repute Company of Greater Noida (Uttar Pradesh)...IOSR Journals
This report was carried out to divulge the main aspect of a company’s social responsibility towards the society, specifically the vicinity in which they are operating. The company has an industrial unit in a village of Greater Noida (Uttar Pradesh) and has adopted the villages within 5kms of radius. The report provides an analysis and evaluation of current and prospective performance of students enrolled by the trust in a school started by them for the village students. The sample taken was of 55 students of two nearby villages. The method of analysis included questionnaires, interaction with the teachers, students, parents and the employees of the trust, along with that inspection was personally conducted to ensure no loopholes were there and its fixture if any. The findings suggest that the company has to follow some standard procedures to ensure regular attendance of these students enrolled by them. A regular check on the teachers needs to be maintained to match the educational standards expected, so as to fully ensure their responsibility towards the society. The results showed that the engagement of the students in their household chores left them with little time to attend school in case of girl students and various other factors affected the performance of the students overall.
Product Development, Biochemical and Organoleptic Analysis of a Sports Drink.IOSR Journals
Abstract: There is a large amount of evidence showing that an individual undergoing dehydration (during a
tournament or the exercise regimen) has a negative impact on performance. Thus restoration of this fluid
balance must be achieved. Sports drinks are ideally placed to fill both these roles. A sports drink is a beverage
designed to help athletes rehydrate, as well as replenish electrolytes, sugars and other nutrients that are lost or
depleted after strenuous exercise, training or competition. However, in a sports drink, a variety of substances
and nutrients are dissolved in water to make the final product. Not only that, a variety of fruit juices can also be
added which provide natural flavor and color rather than adding the artificial ones. In this project, a sports
drink was developed mainly using Anandi variety of pomegranate (Punica granatum) and kokum (Garcinia
indica). These fruits not only provide natural flavor and color, but also minerals which are essential for the
enhancement of athletes’ performance. These fruits are available throughout the year and hence, were selected.
Proximate, biochemical, microbiological and sensory properties of the developed product were analyzed. The
sports drink product was isotonic. It contained 6.33 % of carbohydrate, and 105.6 mg/100 ml of vitamin C
which allows the sports drink for easy gastric emptying and intestinal absorption. The electrolytes present in the
sports drink were similar to those lost through sweating and were obtained as; potassium (33.99 mg %), sodium
(65.75 mg %), phosphate (4.085mg %), chloride (394.4 mg %), calcium (8 mg %), magnesium (4.86 mg %) and
iron (0.72 mg %). Results from the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Real Time Polymerase Chain
Reaction (RT- PCR) confirmed the bactericidal property of the sports drink. The presence of antioxidants, led to
the enhancement of the formulation, making it a better sports drink. Also, the study examined the extent to which
the sports drink caused dental erosion as compared to that of the branded sports drink. The effect of the sports
drink in comparison to that of water, on the performance of young sprinters was also analyzed and the sports
drink provided positive results. Sensory evaluation gave an idea regarding the overall acceptability of the
developed sports drink. Keywords: Biochemical, microbiological, organoleptic, sports drink, minimum inhibitory concentration, dental
erosion.
The Effect Of Planning And Control To Bureaucracy Behavior In The Improving S...IOSR Journals
The main problem in this study is the service quality in the Department of Population and Civil Registration Jakarta is considered optimal. Bureaucratic behavior, presumably as a result of poor planning and oversight that cannot be implemented properly. The purpose of this research is to gain any influence planning on the bureaucratic behavior, monitoring on bureaucratic behavior, and the influence of bureaucratic behavior on the service quality and to obtain a new concept for the development of science and useful and can be applied in the community, especially in the Department of Population and Civil Jakarta. The method used in this study is non-experimental survey method with sampling Stratified Random Sampling. Technical analysis is the data used path analysis. Test the validity of the instrument using the Pearson correlation test product moment and reliability of the instrument using Cronbach alpha The results showed that the positive effect the planning on the bureaucracy behavior, oversight positive effect controlling on the behavior of bureaucracy and positive effect bureaucratic behavior on service quality. The findings in this study are not routinely conducted surveillance dimension thus potentially deviant bureaucracy behavior is not optimal to improve the service quality. The implications of this research are bureaucratic behavior is important in improving Service quality.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Wind energy forecasting using radial basis function neural networkseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used radial basis function neural networks to forecast wind energy. The study collected wind resource data from 76 monitoring stations in India, including parameters like wind speed, direction, air density, and more. It divided the data into a 80% training set and 20% testing set. A radial basis function neural network with an input layer of 14 neurons, hidden layer of 142 neurons, and output layer of 1 neuron was developed. This network was trained for 10,000 cycles to model the nonlinear relationship between input wind parameters and output wind power density. The predicted wind power densities for new locations based on the trained network agreed well with actual measured values, with a mean absolute percentage error of less than 10%. The
In network aggregation using efficient routing techniques for event driven se...IJCNCJournal
Sensors used in applications such as agriculture, weather , etc., monitoring physical parameters like soil moisture, temperature, humidity, will have to sustain their battery power for long intervals of time. In order to accomplish this, parameter which assists in reducing the consumption of power from battery need to be attended to. One of the factors affecting the consumption of energy is transmit and receive power. This energy consumption can be reduced by avoiding unnecessary transmission and reception. Efficient routing techniques and incorporating aggregation whenever possible can save considerable amount of energy. Aggregation reduces repeated transmission of relative values and also reduces lot of computation at the base station. In this paper, the benefits of aggregation over direct transmission in saving the amount of energy consumed is discussed. Routing techniques which assist aggregation are incorporated. Aspects like transmission of average value of sensed data around an area of the network, minimum value in the whole of the network, triggering of event when there is low battery are assimilated.
The document discusses wind speed prediction using the Weibull distribution and a hybrid Weibull-ANN technique. It presents the motivation for improved wind speed prediction due to the increasing use of wind energy. The Weibull distribution is described as a common statistical model used to analyze wind speed data. An artificial neural network model with backpropagation is also introduced for prediction. The document then analyzes wind speed data from Bhubaneswar using Weibull distributions and histograms to model the data distributions. Finally, it evaluates the hybrid Weibull-ANN technique for wind speed prediction performance.
The two main challenges of predicting the wind speed depend on various atmospheric factors and random variables. This paper explores the possibility of developing a wind speed prediction model using different Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Categorical Regression empirical model which could be used to estimate the wind speed in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India using SPSS software. The proposed Neural Network models are tested on real time wind data and enhanced with statistical capabilities. The objective is to predict accurate wind speed and to perform better in terms of minimization of errors using Multi Layer Perception Neural Network (MLPNN), Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) and Categorical Regression (CATREG). Results from the paper have shown good agreement between the estimated and measured values of wind speed.
Analysis and Comparisons of Different Type of WCES- A Literature Reviewpaperpublications3
Abstract: With very rapid development of wind power technologies and significant growth of wind power capacity installed worldwide, various wind turbine concepts have been developed. The wind energy conversion system is required to be more cost-competitive, so that comparisons of different wind generator systems are necessary. A literature review of different types wind energy conversion systems is presented. First, the modern wind turbines are described with respect to both their control features and drive train types, and their advantages and disadvantages are described. Then, the quantitative comparison and market penetration of different wind generator systems are presented. The promising permanent magnet generator types are also investigated. After that the ongoing trends of wind generator systems and related comparison criteria are discussed.
Evaluation of the Energy Performance of the Amougdoul Wind Farm, Morocco IJECEIAES
This paper is concerned with the assessment of the the performance of the Amougdoul wind farm. We have determined the Weibull parameters; namely the scale parameter, c (m/s) and shape parameter, k. After that, we have estimated energy output by a wind turbine using two techniques: the useful power calculation method and the method based on the modeling of the power curve, which is respectively 134.5 kW and 194.19 KW corresponding to 27% and 39% of the available wind energy, which confirm that the conversion efficiency does not exceed 40%.
Optimal Configuration of Wind Farms in Radial Distribution System Using Parti...journalBEEI
Recently, a wide range of wind farm based distributed generations (DGs) are being integrated into distribution systems to fulfill energy demands and to reduce the burden on transmission corridors. The non-optimal configuration of DGs could severely affect the distribution system operations and control. Hence, the aim of this paper is to analyze the wind data in order to build a mathematical model for power output and pinpoint the optimal location. The overall objective is minimization of power loss reduction in distribution system. The five years of wind data was taken from 24o 44’ 29” North, 67o 35’ 9” East coordinates in Pakistan. The optimal location for these wind farms were pinpointed via particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm using standard IEEE 33 radial distribution system. The result reveals that the proposed method helps in improving renewable energy near to load centers, reduce power losses and improve voltage profile of the system. Moreover, the validity and performance of the proposed model were also compared with other optimization algorithms.
Techno-Economic Analysis of Stand-Alone Hybrid Energy System for the Electrif...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper explores the potential of use of stand-alone hybrid wind/solar energy system in electrification of calibrating equipment of drilling oil rig in Iran. To achieve this, different hybrid energy system configurations based on calibration equipment demand are proposed. This study puts emphasis on the energy production and cost of energy from both wind turbine and photovoltaic (PV) in the hybrid system. In addition, to make conditions more realistic, the real meteorological data is used for HOMER software to perform the technical and economic analysis of the hybrid system. Results indicate that the PV array shares more electricity production than the wind turbine generator if both wind turbine and PV array are utilized in the wind/solar hybrid system. Moreover, results show that the operational cost will be reduced by the suggested hybrid system.
Performance of a Wind System: Case Study of Sidi Daoud SiteIJERA Editor
This document presents a study of the performance of a wind energy conversion system at the Sidi Daoud site in Tunisia. Experimental data from the site was collected and used to develop performance models relating the output power of the wind turbine to factors like wind speed, mast height, blade diameter, and other dimensional characteristics. The models showed that output power increases with mast height and blade diameter up to an optimal speed range, above which turbulence reduces power. An optimization approach is suggested to minimize the investment cost per kWh by determining the optimal mast height and blade diameter values.
Electricity Generation Scheduling an Improved for Firefly Optimization AlgorithmIRJET Journal
This document describes using an improved firefly optimization algorithm to schedule electricity generation from thermal and wind power plants. The algorithm aims to minimize total generation costs while meeting load demand and reserve requirements, taking into account wind power availability constraints and both generation unit and system constraints. It formulates the objective function and constraints for the generation scheduling problem and applies the firefly algorithm to a test system with 30 conventional units and 4 wind farms, comparing results to a particle swarm optimization method. The firefly algorithm performance is found to provide better schedules with lower total costs compared to particle swarm optimization.
Implementing Workload Postponing In Cloudsim to Maximize Renewable Energy Uti...IJERA Editor
Green datacenters has become a major research area among researchers in academy and industry. One of the
recent approaches getting higher attention is supplying datacenters with renewable sources of energy, leading to
cleaner and more sustainable datacenters. However, this path poses new challenges. The main problem with
existing renewable energy technologies is high variability, which means high fluctuation of available energy
during different time periods on a day, month or year. In our paper, we address the issue of better managing
datacenter workload in order to achieve higher utilization of available renewable energy. We implement an
algorithm in CloudSim simulator which decides to postpone or urgently run a specific job asking for datacenter
resources, based on job’s deadline and available solar energy. The aim of this algorithm is to make workload
energy consumption through 24 hours match as much as possible the solar energy availability in 24 hours. Two
typical, clear and cloudy days, are taken in consideration for simulation. The results from our experiments show
that, for the chosen workload model, jobs are better managed by postponing or urgently running them, in terms
of leveraging available solar energy. This yields up to 17% higher utilization of daily solar energy
Energy harvesting earliest deadline first scheduling algorithm for increasing...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a new approach for energy minimization in energy harvesting real time systems has been investigated. Lifetime of a real time systems is depend upon its battery life. Energy is a parameter by which the lifetime of system can be enhanced. To work continuously and successively, energy harvesting is used as a regular source of energy. EDF (Earliest Deadline First) is a traditional real time tasks scheduling algorithm and DVS (Dynamic Voltage Scaling) is used for reducing energy consumption. In this paper, we propose an Energy Harvesting Earliest Deadline First (EH-EDF) scheduling algorithm for increasing lifetime of real time systems using DVS for reducing energy consumption and EDF for tasks scheduling with energy harvesting as regular energy supply. Our experimental results show that the proposed approach perform better to reduce energy consumption and increases the system lifetime as compared with existing approaches.
Design and Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Based Approach for Control of ...ijtsrd
Renewable Energy Sources are those energy sources which are not destroyed when their energy is harnessed. The model of wind turbine is based on the steady state power characteristics of the turbine. The stiffness of the drive train is infinite and the friction factor and the inertia of the turbine must be combined with those of the generator coupled to the turbine. In this paper, variable speed wind turbine driving permanent magnet synchronous generator with current controlled voltage source inverter has been proposed. Detailed modeling and control strategies of the overall system has been developed. It is found that under the proposed control strategy the system runs smoothly under randomly and quickly varying wind condition. During both symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault conditions, the system is found stable. Results shows that by using Current Source Inverter CSI stability of wind power can be achieved. By using CSI based Controller voltage source inverter or any separate storage energy system is not required. A model is used to determine the behavior of the wind turbine, induction generator and load. Arshid Mehraj | Harjit Singh | Onkar Singh "Design and Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Based Approach for Control of Wind Turbine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38107.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/38107/design-and-analysis-of-artificial-intelligence-based-approach-for-control-of-wind-turbine/arshid-mehraj
This research proposes the control system structure for a small-scale wind turbine. Significantly, the maximum power point tracking algorithm (MPPT) and the pitch angle controller are deeply analyzed; this is the base for proposing the strategy of the MPPT algorithm combined with pitch-angle control in a wide speed range of wind. This article also researches the converters, then analyses the advantages of each converter to choose the suitable converter for the small-scale wind turbine. In the MPPT algorithm design, the expert experience takes advantage through the fuzzy controller. The pitch angle controller is built based on the PID controller with its parameters adjusted by Fuzzy logic. The results showed that the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is much better than that of the traditional control strategy. Moreover, in high and low wind speeds, the proposed control system operates reliably and stably.
Optimal design of adaptive power scheduling using modified ant colony optimi...IJECEIAES
For generating and distributing an economic load scheduling approach, artificial neural network (ANN) has been introduced, because power generation and power consumption are economically non-identical. An efficient load scheduling method is suggested in this paper. Normally the power generation system fails due to its instability at peak load time. Traditionally, load shedding process is used in which low priority loads are disconnected from sources. The proposed method handles this problem by scheduling the load based on the power requirements. In many countries the power systems are facing limitations of energy. An efficient optimization algorithm is used to periodically schedule the load demand and the generation. Ant colony optimization (ACO) based ANN is used for this optimal load scheduling process. The present work analyse the technical economical and time-dependent limitations. Also the works meets the demanded load with minimum cost of energy. Inorder to train ANN back propagation (BP) technics is used. A hybrid training process is described in this work. Global optimization algorithms are used to provide back propagation with good initial connection weights.
Optimal Unit Commitment Based on Economic Dispatch Using Improved Particle Sw...paperpublications3
The document presents an improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) algorithm for solving the optimal unit commitment problem in power systems. The IPSO algorithm extends the standard PSO algorithm by using additional particle information to control mutation and mimic social behaviors. The algorithm was implemented on the IEEE 14 bus test system in MATLAB. Results showed the IPSO approach committed units to meet load demand over 24 hours while satisfying constraints, with bus voltages maintained between 1.0017 and 1.0751 per unit. Total costs including fuel, startup, and shutdown costs were minimized at each hour.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Educational Setup by a Global Repute Company of Greater Noida (Uttar Pradesh)...IOSR Journals
This report was carried out to divulge the main aspect of a company’s social responsibility towards the society, specifically the vicinity in which they are operating. The company has an industrial unit in a village of Greater Noida (Uttar Pradesh) and has adopted the villages within 5kms of radius. The report provides an analysis and evaluation of current and prospective performance of students enrolled by the trust in a school started by them for the village students. The sample taken was of 55 students of two nearby villages. The method of analysis included questionnaires, interaction with the teachers, students, parents and the employees of the trust, along with that inspection was personally conducted to ensure no loopholes were there and its fixture if any. The findings suggest that the company has to follow some standard procedures to ensure regular attendance of these students enrolled by them. A regular check on the teachers needs to be maintained to match the educational standards expected, so as to fully ensure their responsibility towards the society. The results showed that the engagement of the students in their household chores left them with little time to attend school in case of girl students and various other factors affected the performance of the students overall.
Product Development, Biochemical and Organoleptic Analysis of a Sports Drink.IOSR Journals
Abstract: There is a large amount of evidence showing that an individual undergoing dehydration (during a
tournament or the exercise regimen) has a negative impact on performance. Thus restoration of this fluid
balance must be achieved. Sports drinks are ideally placed to fill both these roles. A sports drink is a beverage
designed to help athletes rehydrate, as well as replenish electrolytes, sugars and other nutrients that are lost or
depleted after strenuous exercise, training or competition. However, in a sports drink, a variety of substances
and nutrients are dissolved in water to make the final product. Not only that, a variety of fruit juices can also be
added which provide natural flavor and color rather than adding the artificial ones. In this project, a sports
drink was developed mainly using Anandi variety of pomegranate (Punica granatum) and kokum (Garcinia
indica). These fruits not only provide natural flavor and color, but also minerals which are essential for the
enhancement of athletes’ performance. These fruits are available throughout the year and hence, were selected.
Proximate, biochemical, microbiological and sensory properties of the developed product were analyzed. The
sports drink product was isotonic. It contained 6.33 % of carbohydrate, and 105.6 mg/100 ml of vitamin C
which allows the sports drink for easy gastric emptying and intestinal absorption. The electrolytes present in the
sports drink were similar to those lost through sweating and were obtained as; potassium (33.99 mg %), sodium
(65.75 mg %), phosphate (4.085mg %), chloride (394.4 mg %), calcium (8 mg %), magnesium (4.86 mg %) and
iron (0.72 mg %). Results from the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Real Time Polymerase Chain
Reaction (RT- PCR) confirmed the bactericidal property of the sports drink. The presence of antioxidants, led to
the enhancement of the formulation, making it a better sports drink. Also, the study examined the extent to which
the sports drink caused dental erosion as compared to that of the branded sports drink. The effect of the sports
drink in comparison to that of water, on the performance of young sprinters was also analyzed and the sports
drink provided positive results. Sensory evaluation gave an idea regarding the overall acceptability of the
developed sports drink. Keywords: Biochemical, microbiological, organoleptic, sports drink, minimum inhibitory concentration, dental
erosion.
The Effect Of Planning And Control To Bureaucracy Behavior In The Improving S...IOSR Journals
The main problem in this study is the service quality in the Department of Population and Civil Registration Jakarta is considered optimal. Bureaucratic behavior, presumably as a result of poor planning and oversight that cannot be implemented properly. The purpose of this research is to gain any influence planning on the bureaucratic behavior, monitoring on bureaucratic behavior, and the influence of bureaucratic behavior on the service quality and to obtain a new concept for the development of science and useful and can be applied in the community, especially in the Department of Population and Civil Jakarta. The method used in this study is non-experimental survey method with sampling Stratified Random Sampling. Technical analysis is the data used path analysis. Test the validity of the instrument using the Pearson correlation test product moment and reliability of the instrument using Cronbach alpha The results showed that the positive effect the planning on the bureaucracy behavior, oversight positive effect controlling on the behavior of bureaucracy and positive effect bureaucratic behavior on service quality. The findings in this study are not routinely conducted surveillance dimension thus potentially deviant bureaucracy behavior is not optimal to improve the service quality. The implications of this research are bureaucratic behavior is important in improving Service quality.
This document reports on a study of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi associated with Pandanus fascicularis, a plant species found along coastal regions in Maharashtra, India. The key findings are:
1) All P. fascicularis root samples were colonized by AM fungi, with colonization rates ranging from 39-74%.
2) A total of 13 AM fungal morphospecies were identified among the study sites. Kuklospora colombiana was the most widely distributed.
3) Based on spore density and relative abundance, the dominant AM fungal species associated with P. fascicularis were Acaulospora biretic
1) The study investigated the antioxidant effects of Emblica officinalis (amla) aqueous extract in delaying cataract formation in hyperglycemic goat lenses.
2) Lenses incubated with glucose developed mature cataracts with decreased soluble proteins and increased lipid peroxidation, while lenses incubated with glucose and amla extract showed maintained transparency, higher soluble proteins, and lower lipid peroxidation.
3) Lenses incubated with glucose and amla extract also demonstrated significantly higher activities of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase compared to lenses incubated with glucose alone.
With the emergence of supermarkets, kirana stores have been depleting day by day. Government is in the grave situation to decide whether to allow 50% FDI or not in the retail sector. There are certain retail outlets such as Walmart, Metro which are better in quality, cheaper in rates, and offering a range and variety of products under one roof. These malls have entered in India but they are into cash and carry business only and not in the multi brand retail sector. Many of them have entered through joint ventures. If government allow them to enter in India, it can be said that all the small shops and kirana stores will not be able to stand in the market. They cannot compete with them. Now the question arise how the kirana stores can be saved from these big giants in the market. It is the need of the hour today to save these kirana stores because in a developing country like India where the income of an average man is low, such types of small business can make them able to earn their living. The present research is an attempt to find out the weaknesses of kirana stores as compared to the malls and to find out the solutions for the betterment of the stores. The research is conducted on various kirana stores in Punjab. The study identifies the problems being faced by kirana merchants such as recovery of credit, inventory management, goodwill in terms of quality, low space, and lack of variety etc. But during the research it has been found out that there are certain areas where these kirana stores have an edge over the market such as emotional attachment with the customer, to fulfil the timely need of credit of the customer, easy availability etc. It is concluded that both kirana stores and malls are important to the Indian economy. FDI is important for the growth of the economy but it should come for the rescue of the existing business and not as a threat. Secondly government intervention is seeked to make improvements in the functioning of the kirana stores. If kirana stores starts using their strategic advantages to the optimum level, they can make can make their existence strong in the market.
A facile method to prepare CdO-Mn3O4 nanocompositeIOSR Journals
CdO-Mn3O4 nanocomposite has been prepared by a simple solvothermal method using a domestic microwave oven. Cadmium acetate, manganese acetate and urea were used as the precursors and ethylene glycol as the solvent. The as-prepared sample was annealed for 1 hour in each case at different temperatures, viz. 100, 200 and 300°C. The as-prepared and annealed samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic analyses. Results indicate that annealing at 300°C is required to get the sample with high phase purity and homogeneity. The present study indicates that the method adopted can be considered as an economical and scalable one to prepare the proposed nanocomposite with reduced size, phase purity and homogeneity.
On Fuzzy - Semi Open Sets and Fuzzy - Semi Closed Sets in Fuzzy Topologic...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to introduce the concept of fuzzy - semi open and fuzzy - semi closed sets of a fuzzy topological space. Some characterizations are discussed, examples are given and properties are established. Also, we define fuzzy - semi interior and fuzzy - semi closure operators. And we introduce fuzzy
- t-set, -SO extremely disconnected space analyse the relations between them.
MSC 2010: 54A40, 03E72.
An EOQ Model for Weibull Deteriorating Items With Price Dependent DemandIOSR Journals
In the present paper we developed an economic order quantity model for Weibull deteriorating items with price dependent demand rate together with a replenishment policy for profit maximization. The demand rate is a continuous and differentiable function of price. The variable items deteriorate with time shortages are allowed and completely back-ordered. Further it is illustrated with the help of numerical examples.
An Empirical Study on Patient Delight and the Impact of Human and Non-Human F...IOSR Journals
Health, one of the Fundamental Human Rights has been accepted in the Indian Constitution. Today the healthcare industry has emerged as one of the most challenging sectors as well as one of the largest service sector industries in India. Patient perceived service quality become the prominent aspect to choose between hospitals. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate patient perceived service quality in Indian hospitals. Further the impact of the dimensions on patient satisfaction and patient delight is examined. A questionnaire was administered to the in-patients and multiple regression analysis has been used to examine the impact of the dimensions on patient satisfaction and patient delight. Findings emphasize eight distinct dimensions of patient perceived service quality and the impact on patient satisfaction and patient delight. A positive and significant relationship with patient satisfaction and patient delight has been found, except two dimensions. The results of this study are limited, as they are based on Indian hospitals. The contribution of this research paper, incorporate patient delight in health care sector. In addition, this paper highlights the importance of emotional attachment for patient satisfaction and patient delight in health care.
Innovation and Sustainable Development: The Question of Energy EfficiencyIOSR Journals
This document discusses the relationship between innovation and energy efficiency as it relates to sustainable development. It begins by defining key concepts like sustainable development, renewable energy, and energy efficiency. It then examines how technological innovation and the use of renewable energy can help foster sustainable development by reducing environmental impacts and promoting socioeconomic development. Specifically, it explores how renewable energy and energy efficiency in agriculture can contribute to the environmental, social and economic dimensions of sustainability in Tunisia.
Idiosyncratic Effect of Corporate Solvency Management Strategies on Corporate...IOSR Journals
The study identifies and evaluates the association among corporate solvency management strategies and the corporate performance valuation in Chemical industry of Pakistan. The study uses purposive sampling or judgmental sampling for selecting 30 sample companies from the sector; covering 10 years financial statements data ranging from year 2002 to 2011. Balanced panel data is taken for the purpose of study. Levin, Lin & Chu test is used to check the stationarity of data whereas White Test is used to check the heteroskedasticity of data. Panel Least square technique with fixed effects is used to generalize the relationship between studied variables. The study observed that the performance of the chemical sector in terms of market to book value is affected by internal firm and industry specific factors related to solvency management strategic decisions. Findings of the study provide with the overview of historic performance and the potential performance of the selected sector to help policy makers including finance, economics and industry experts for creating value through the idiosyncratic resources.
Reduce Evaporation Losses from Water ReservoirsIOSR Journals
Evaporation suppression is the reduction of evaporation bycontrolling the rate at which water vapor escapes from water surfaces. The need for water saving is greatest in areas of little rainfall and low runoff. Water losses by evaporation from storage reservoirs must be minimized for greatest utility of limitedsupplies. Using trash of polyethylene with different densities (800, 875 and 900 kg/m3) as floating cover to the water filling cylindrical container with 8 cm diameter led to reduce the evaporation rate. A suitable trash density of 800 kg/m3 gave reduction in evaporation rate of 57% from the theoretical results calculated using equation (4) which is a good result if compared with previous researches
This document provides a summary of Nobel Laureates in Physics from 1901 to 2013. It lists each laureate's name, birthplace, years of life, and a brief description of their award-winning work. Some key highlights include Wilhelm Rontgen being awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901 for his discovery of X-rays, Albert Einstein winning in 1921 for his work on the photoelectric effect and theory of relativity, and Indian physicist C.V. Raman winning in 1930 for his discovery of the Raman effect. The document continues in chronological order through the 20th century, covering major discoveries such as the neutron, quantum mechanics, and the transistor effect.
Analysis of the Demand for Eggs in City Of MalangIOSR Journals
This research was aimed at determining the factors that influence the demand for eggs in the City of Malang and knowing the elasticity of demand in relation to the changes in price of the eggs in the City of Malang. Data collection was conducted from November 2012 to December 2012 from the consumers who purchase eggs at the traditional markets in the City of Malang (Dinoyo market and Pasar Besar market). The research method being employed in this study was a survey method. Sampling was conducted through purposive sampling method. The data collected included the primary data from 200 respondents through direct observations and interviews and the secondary data that were obtained from certain relevant agencies. Data were then analyzed by using multiple linear regressions in logarithms. Regression analysis result showed that the independent variables together significantly affected (P < 0.01) the dependent variable with a value of R ² was 0.731. Partially that each of the prices of the eggs, household income, the family members, and education, affected the demand for eggs in the City of Malang. The price elasticity of demand for eggs is elastic with a value of -2.824. The value of the income elasticity of demand for eggs was 0.022 which was inelastic, which means that eggs are normal goods or commodity. The value of cross-price elasticity of demand for eggs to broiler meat was -4.451, which means that the broiler meat are not as substitutes (commodity) for eggs of egg-laying chickens.
Organizational Learning in Nigerian Institutions: Constraints and ChallengesIOSR Journals
Organisations are recognised as legal and corporate entities. They have an image, and they can sue and be sued. To that extent therefore, this paper posits that organizations can also learn, and asserts that the absence or dearth of adequate organisational learning culture denies organizations the much needed competitive edge necessary to survive and remain viable in the contemporary and highly globalised world. The paper x-rays the technical and social perspectives of organisational learning and argues that the learning process is context and culture-driven. Conceding that effective organisational learning practice enhances performance, it highlights some hindrances to the learning process, suggests remedies and concludes with a case study of the organisational learning problems of a Nigerian public sector organization.
Energy Conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A ReviewIOSR Journals
Abstract: A wireless sensor network consists of a large number of sensor nodes which are deployed over an
area to perform local computations based on information gathered from the surroundings. Each node in the
network consists of a battery, but it is very difficult to change or recharge batteries. So the question is how to
enhance the lifetime of the network to such a long time. Therefore, in order to maximize the lifetime of the
network, the consumption of energy must be minimized. This is an important challenge in sensor networks as
sensors can not be easily replaced or recharged due to their ad-hoc deployment in hazardous environment. In
this paper, the main techniques used for energy conservation in sensor networks are discussed which include
duty cycling scheme, data driven approaches, mobility-based schemes, energy efficient MAC protocols and node
self scheduling scheme. These schemes can be used to improve the energy efficiency of the wireless sensor
network so that the network can work with greater efficiency and high battery lifetime.
Keywords : Energy conservation, energy consumption, sensor nodes, wireless sensor networks
Before January 2009, inpatient discharges were done through central discharges system at the ground floor of finance department. Effective January 2010 a new decentralise inpatient discharges system at wad level was implemented . Before the implementation of the new system, data were collected from July 2009 to December 2009 on the total number of feedback form received, number of complaint on hassle of discharge and complaint of long waiting time. After the implementation of the new system, the same data were collected from January to June 2010. The two set of data were compared to see the impact of the new discharge system. Further monitoring was done by collecting data for the first six month of 2011 and the first six month of 2012.Based on the data collected it was found that for a period of July to December 2009, 295 complaints on hassle of discharges and 46 complaints on long waiting time. For the period from January to June 2010, there was no complaint on the hassle of discharges but 38 complaints on the long waiting time. Further monitoring was done from January to June 2011 and it was found that there was no complaint on the hassle of discharges but complaints on the long waiting time had reduced to 8 cases. For the period from January to June 2012, there was no complaint about the hassle but only 6 cases on the long waiting time. Revenue of the hospital grows by 35% from year 2009 to 2012 and PBT grows by 250% from year 2009 to 2012.
1) The document analyzes the oscillatory flow of elastico-viscous blood through a porous medium in a stenosed artery under the influence of a magnetic field. Mathematical models and governing equations are presented to describe the flow.
2) Expressions are obtained for the velocity, instantaneous flow rate, wall shear stress, and resistive impedance. Results are discussed graphically showing decreases in velocity and flow rate with increasing stenosis height and viscoelastic coefficient.
3) When the viscoelastic coefficient is set to zero, results agree with previous work on oscillatory blood flow in a stenosed artery.
Organizational citizenship Behavior as Attitude Integrity in Measurement of I...IOSR Journals
Quality of Human Resource represent one of the factor which to increase performance productivity an institution or organization. Therefore, needed Human Resource having high interest because interest or membership will be able to support the make-up of employees performance achievement. During the time at generally in governance institution not yet had officer with adequate interest, proved with still lower officer productivity and is difficult measure officer performance [in] governance institution scope. Performance Management System in a modern concept of human resource management is an objective and transparent performance measurement model of Organizational Citizenship Behavior in giving reward to individual’s sacrifice for organization. Three main elements of individual’s sacrifice performed in Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) are compliance, loyality, and participation.The organization shoud appreciate these attitudes by giving clear job description and brief rewardsystemcriteriato encourage the individual’s job motivation. Combined with theindividual assessment of job description, job grading is used to compile a correct Key Performance Indexand a precise salary component. The aim of this action research is to give a comprehensive solution for Hospital X, in order to determine a Key Performance Indexsmodel, in response to some problems such as jobmotivation, work stress and performance. An interviews with hospital’s director and Human Resources section was conducted to compile the KPI. The results of this research can be recommended to the hospital to make a comprehensive performance assessment consist of the review of employee's job descriptions, Key Performance Indicator (KPI), job grading, specifying fundamental salary based on work,Bonus Scame and score summary
The document discusses issues with grid-tied micro wind turbines related to synchronization and wind variability, which reduces grid stability. To address this, the authors propose a method of attaching an external motor to provide torque to the turbine rotor, allowing it to produce stable power even at low wind speeds. They implement this concept on a 700W turbine in India. Theoretical and experimental results show their method can increase power output and help make wind energy more viable for domestic use.
IRJET- Modelling of a PMSG Wind Turbine with Voltage ControlIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that models a wind energy conversion system using a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) with variable-speed control. It describes the system components, including the wind turbine, PMSG, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm, and inverters. Mathematical models are presented for the wind turbine, PMSG in a d-q reference frame, and MPPT control. Simulations were performed in MATLAB to verify the system design models for the generator-side inverter, grid-side inverter, MPPT controller, and pitch angle control of the wind turbine. The simulation results validate the autonomous control system design for the PMSG-based wind energy conversion system.
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates improving the dynamic responses of grid-connected permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbines using a fuzzy logic controller (FLC). The paper proposes using an FLC to control the pitch angle of the turbine blades based on wind speed and active power inputs. This allows for faster response compared to prior methods, leading to smoother power output and preventing mechanical damage. The system is modeled and simulated in Matlab/Simulink. Results show the FLC approach effectively regulates turbine output power under varying wind speeds and load conditions.
Dynamic responses improvement of grid connected wpgs using flc in high wind s...ijscmcj
Environmental and sustainability concerns are developing the significance of distributed generation (DG) based on renewable energy sources. In this paper, dynamic responses investigation of grid connected wind turbine using permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) under variable wind speeds and load circumstances is carried out. In order to control of turbine output power using Fuzzy Logic controller (FLC) in comparison with PI controller is proposed. Furthermore, the pitch angle based on FLC using wind speed and active power as inputs, can have faster responses, thereby leading to smoother power curves, enhancement of dynamic performance of wind turbine and prevention of mechanical damages to PMSG. Inverter adjusted the DC link voltage and active power is fed by d-axis and reactive power is fed by q-axis (using P-Q control mode). Simulation of wind power generation system (WPGS) is carried out in Matlab/Simulink, and the results verify the correctness and feasibility of control strategy.
DYNAMIC RESPONSES IMPROVEMENT OF GRID CONNECTED WPGS USING FLC IN HIGH WIND S...ijscmcjournal
Environmental and sustainability concerns are developing the significance of distributed generation (DG) based on renewable energy sources. In this paper, dynamic responses investigation of grid connected wind turbine using permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) under variable wind speeds and load circumstances is carried out. In order to control of turbine output power using Fuzzy Logic controller (FLC) in comparison with PI controller is proposed. Furthermore, the pitch angle based on FLC using wind speed and active power as inputs, can have faster responses, thereby leading to smoother power curves, enhancement of dynamic performance of wind turbine and prevention of mechanical damages to PMSG. Inverter adjusted the DC link voltage and active power is fed by d-axis and reactive power is fed by q-axis (using P-Q control mode). Simulation of wind power generation system (WPGS) is carried out in Matlab/Simulink, and the results verify the correctness and feasibility of control strategy.
Cuckoo search algorithm based for tunning both PI and FOPID controllers for ...IJECEIAES
Wind Energy has received great attention in this century. It influences the new power systems, adding new challenges to the power system expansion problem. Nowadays, double feed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines are used majorly in wind farms, due to their advantages over other types. Therefore, the analysis of the system using this type has become very important. In this paper, a wind turbine modelling was introduced with suggested controllers, in order to enhance the system response, with respect to both pitch control and maximum output power. Cuckoo search algorithm (CSA), a meta-heuristic optimization technique, was implemented to determine the gains of a proportional-integral (PI) controller and fractional order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controller to optimize the system, which considered three control loops: pitch, rotor-side converter, and grid-side converter control loop. Simulation results were determined using MATLAB/Simulink. The comparative analysis of the results showed that the PI Controller gave the simplest and the best response in case of the pitch and rotor-side control loops while the FOPID was the best when applied to the grid-side control loop. Based on the results and discussion, a suggestion of using a compination of each controller was introduced.
This paper proposes a feedback linearization control of doubly fed induction generator based wind energy systems for improving decoupled control of the active and reactive powers stator. In order to enhance dynamic performance of the controller studied, the adopted control is reinforced by a fuzzy logic controller. This approach is designed without any model of rotor flux estimation. The difficulty of measuring of rotor flux is overcome by using high gain observer. The stability of the nonlinear observer is proved by the Lyapunov theory. Numerical simulations using MATLAB-SIMULINK shown clearly the robustness of the proposed control, particularly to the disturbance rejection and parametric variations compared with the conventional method.
Performance analysis of wind turbine as a distributed generation unit in dist...ijcsit
The document describes a simulation of wind turbines connected to a power distribution system. It analyzes the performance of wind turbines as distributed generation under normal and fault conditions. The simulation models wind turbines using induction generators connected to a 25kV distribution network exporting power to a 120kV grid. It finds that the wind turbines provide excellent performance under both normal and fault conditions in the power distribution system. Key aspects of the modeling and simulation are described such as the wind turbine characteristics, induction machine model, and simulation results for active power, reactive power, and generator speed under normal operating conditions.
Design and Simulation Analysis of Outer Stator Inner Rotor DFIG by 2d and 3d ...Mellah Hacene
In this paper, a time stepping 2D and 3D FEM is performed for modeling and analysis interior rotor DFIG .The finite element method currently represents the state-of-the-art in the numerical magnetic field computation relating to electrical machines. FEM is a numerical method to solve the partial differential equations (PDE) that expresses the physical quantities of interest, in this case Maxwell’s equations. This will result in a more accurate result compared to analytical modeling, which can be regarded as a simplification of the PDE. FEM analysis is used for transient mode, magnetic field calculation, the magnetic flux density and vector potential of machine is obtained. In this model we including, non linear material characteristics, eddy current effect, torque-speed characteristics, ambient temperature effect and magnetic analysis are investigated.
Design and simulation analysis of outer stator inner rotor DFIG by 2d and 3d ...Mellah Hacene
This document discusses the design and simulation analysis of an outer stator inner rotor doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) using 2D and 3D finite element methods. It provides background on the increasing use of wind power and variable speed wind turbines. It then describes the finite element method modeling approach used to analyze the DFIG, including nonlinear material characteristics, eddy currents, torque-speed characteristics, temperature effects, and magnetic field analysis.
A strategic wind form integration method to polluted distibuted system with s...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a method for integrating wind farms into polluted distributed power systems using shunt capacitors. The key points are:
1) Wind power is an important renewable energy source that is increasingly being integrated into distributed power systems. However, integrating wind farms can be challenging due to issues like reactive power demand and current harmonics from non-linear loads.
2) The paper proposes using shunt capacitors to compensate for reactive power and current harmonics when integrating wind farms. This allows for reliable, efficient and unity power factor operation at the point of connection.
3) A mathematical model is described and simulation results are presented to validate the approach of using shunt compensation to
Coordination of blade pitch controller and battery energy storage using firef...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Utilization of renewable energy sources (RESs) to generate electricity is increasing significantly in recent years due to global warming situation all over the world. Among RESs type, wind energy is becoming more favorable due to its sustainability and environmentally friendly characteristics. Although wind power system provides a promising solution to prevent global warming, they also contribute to the instability of the power system, especially in frequency stability due to uncertainty characteristic of the sources (wind speed). Hence, coordinated controller between blade pitch controller and battery energy storage (BES) system to enhance the frequency performance of wind power system is proposed in this work. Firefly algorithm (FA) is used as optimization method for achieving better coordination. From the investigated test systems, the frequency performance of wind power system can be increased by applying the proposed method. It is noticeable that by applying coordinated controller between blade pitch angle controller and battery energy storage using firefly algorithm the overshoot of the frequency can be reduced up to -0.2141 pu and accelerate the settling time up to 40.14 second.
Design and investigations of MPPT strategies for a wind energy conversion sys...IJECEIAES
The purpose of this work is to design and to discuss various strategies to optimize the production of a wind energy conversion chain based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), by capturing the maximum power at the wind turbine, using maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and pitch control. The proposed controls allow the generator to monitor the optimal operating points of the turbines regardless of wind speed variations, system parameters disturbance, and parameters variation. Simulation of WECS based on a 1.5 MW wound rotor induction generator under MATLAB/SIMULINK is carried out using the PI controller (PIC), RST controller and fuzzy logic controller (FLC). Analysis and comparisons are made for different operating scenarios: Reference tracking, robustness under variable wind speed conditions and parameters variation. The application of FLC provides a very interesting outcome for the robustness and the dynamic challenges.
Effcacious pitch angle control of variable-speed wind turbine using fuzzy bas...Kashif Mehmood
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a fuzzy-based model predictive controller for pitch angle control of variable-speed wind turbines. The controller uses rotor speed and power output as inputs instead of wind speed to minimize loading effects and maximize power extraction. Simulation results on a 3MW wind turbine model show the proposed controller more effectively regulates power output, rotor speed, and pitch angle compared to a PI controller. It increases power capture and reduces mechanical loads on the turbine.
Tracking of Maximum Power from Wind Using Fuzzy Logic Controller Based On PMSGIJMER
Wind energy has gained a growing worldwide interest due to the nonstop rise in fuel cost.
The main aim of the wind-energy system is to extract the maximum power present in the wind stream. In
order to extract the highest power, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is used. This
paper proposes the fuzzy logic MPPT controller to track the maximum power from the wind generation
system. The maximum power is achieved based on the rotor speed of the wind system which consists of
wind turbine and PMSG. The error and change in error is given as input to the fuzzy logic and its output
is connected to the boost converter. The voltage from the dc link is controlled by the Voltage Source
Inverter (VSI), and it is placed in grid side converter control. The proposed system is designed and
evaluated in MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results show the good dynamic performance of the
proposed system
Tracking of Maximum Power from Wind Using Fuzzy Logic Controller Based On PMSGIJMER
Wind energy has gained a growing worldwide interest due to the nonstop rise in fuel cost. The main aim of the wind-energy system is to extract the maximum power present in the wind stream. In order to extract the highest power, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is used. This paper proposes the fuzzy logic MPPT controller to track the maximum power from the wind generation
system. The maximum power is achieved based on the rotor speed of the wind system which consists of
wind turbine and PMSG. The error and change in error is given as input to the fuzzy logic and its output
is connected to the boost converter. The voltage from the dc link is controlled by the Voltage Source
Inverter (VSI), and it is placed in grid side converter control. The proposed system is designed and evaluated in MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results show the good dynamic performance of the proposed system.
This document presents an expert system based on fuzzy logic for fault detection and diagnosis of Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIGs). The system uses fuzzy inference rules based on root mean square values of stator currents to determine the operating state of the DFIG. Simulations in Matlab/Simulink demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in accurately detecting and diagnosing faults like short circuits and open circuits. The results show the fuzzy logic approach can distinguish between fault severities like dangerous versus normal short circuits.
IRJET- Fuzzy predictive control of Variable Speed Wind Turbines using Fuzzy T...IRJET Journal
This document presents a fuzzy logic controller for maximum power extraction from variable speed wind turbines. It proposes estimating the effective wind speed using three algorithms that solve power balance equations, since wind speed cannot be directly measured. The estimated wind speed is used to determine the optimal rotor speed reference for generator control. A fuzzy logic controller is designed using two inputs (error and change in error) and one output (control output change). Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed wind speed estimation and fuzzy control approaches in tracking the optimal rotor speed compared to PI control.
Energy is a fundamental need for industries in every part of the world. The cost of
electricity has increased significantly in the recent years and this trend is expected to continue in the
coming years as well. Ventilation is a key component in the design and execution of all underground
mine operations. Energy-efficient ventilation design is crucial for maintaining safe working
conditions in underground coal or metal mines. Ventilation demand in metal mines may vary
throughout the year, and a careful redesign of the ventilation system can optimize energy costs to a
good extent. This paper investigates the potential for energy savings in underground metal mines by
installing variable frequency drives (VFDs) on the main ventilation fans to provide variable control of
airflow. VFDs are cost-effective, easy to control and require little maintenance. It has been found that
significant amounts of electrical energy can be saved by installing VFDs on the main ventilation fans.
To Study, Analysis and Implementation of Maximum Power Point Tracking using C...ijtsrd
As we know, energy generated from the solar and wind systems is not necessarily continuous and consistent. In India, the weather also varies such that in gloomy conditions there will be limited power from the PV battery, while in summer it will be at its highest. So, the weather decreases the systems effectiveness. As a result, an energy efficient approach is required to find an optimum point of action to obtain the full amount of energy under various atmospheric conditions. This paper suggested an updated turbulence and maximal power point monitoring controller for wind and solar hybrid energy systems. The controller uses the modified fixed disruption and observation system to achieve the MPP by changing the service cycle of each input module. Results are presented on a 200W wind system as well as a 400W solar wind energy system with differing irradiation strength and wind speed to illustrate the merits of the experiment. Gaurav Chilhate | Manish Kethoriya "To Study, Analysis and Implementation of Maximum Power Point Tracking using Conventional P & O Algorithm for Hybrid System in Different Atmospheric Conditions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50460.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/50460/to-study-analysis-and-implementation-of-maximum-power-point-tracking-using-conventional-p-and-o-algorithm-for-hybrid-system-in-different-atmospheric-conditions/gaurav-chilhate
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This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
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5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...
Wind Turbine Power Generation: Response Prediction
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 7, Issue 1 (May. - Jun. 2013), PP 31-39
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 31 | Page
Wind Turbine Power Generation: Response Prediction
Akash Deep Tyagi1
, Ankush Yadav1
, Nitin Joshi1
1
(Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Jagatpura Jaipur Rajasthan)
Abtract: The worldwide interest has been increasing about wind energy for power generation purpose due to
continue increase in fuel cost and the need to have clean source of energy. Wind energy may enhance the power
generation capabilities and maximize its capacity factor, inurn participate in generating power at lower cost. It
has also been notice that renewable power generation through wind energy is also the fast growing energy
technology. The optimization of the efficiency of wind turbine is prudent to complete the conventional power
sources. Wind Turbine Power Generation (WTPG) is a complex phenomenon to understand since the real
process has depends upon the Wind Velocity and the relative turbine dimensions and the outside climatological
parameter like Wind Velocity (WV) nature of wind, etc. In this paper an effort has been made to develop a fuzzy
logic approach to predict an appropriate WTPG considering the WV, AD and Chord Length of Turbine Blades
(CLTB) as input parameters. The complexities of the parameters and the imprecision of linguistic expressions
are taken into consideration; the application combining linguistic variable to optimize WTPG under multiple
conditions is presented in this study.
Keywords: Wind Energy, Wind Power, Wind Velocity, Fuzzy Logic
I. Introduction
Wind energy generation has brought many challenges to the electrical power system engineers [1]. The
problems encountered in the electrical network comprising wind energy systems are due to the continuous
variations in the wind regime [2]. On-line estimation of wind turbine power coefficients using unknown input
observer was reported by Odgaard P et al. [3]. In addition to conventional energy resources renewable energy
can also play a vital role for energy demand of which wind energy is one of them. This is a kinetic energy
associated with the atmospheric wind velocity. Wind energy for irrigation and milling has been used since the
beginning of 20th
century. It is being used to generate electrical power also. The power carried by a flowing
mass of air that is called wind is the product of the Cross-sectional area of the mass and the wind, the density of
the wind, ρ, and the wind speed, v.
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑃 =
1
2
× 𝜌 × 𝐴 × 𝑣3
Where;
ρ = Air density (kg/m3
)
v = wind velocity (m/s)
The air density is proportional to the air temperature and the air pressure; both vary with height above
sea level. The power in the wind cannot be completely converted into mechanical energy of a wind turbine.
Otherwise the air mass would be stopped completely in the intercepting rotor area and would cause a
“congestion” of the cross-sectional area for the air masses. Theoretically maximum energy extraction from wind
was discovered by Betz in 1926, and is written as
𝑃𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑧 =
1
2
× 𝜌 × 𝐴 × 𝑣3
× 𝐶𝑝𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑧 =
1
2
× 𝜌 × 𝐴 × 𝑣3
× 0.59
Though this is not a hard and fast limit such as the Carnot efficiency it happens to be a useful rule-of-
thumb estimate. According to Betz, even if no losses occurred, a wind turbine could utilize only 59% of the
wind power. In addition when unavoidable swirl losses are included, this figure reduces to about 0.42. This
happens to be observed as the current limit of well-designed turbines today [4].
The competitive efficiency of the wind turbine is necessary to be an alternate the conventional power
sources. Prediction of WTPG is a complex phenomenon to understand and is very difficult to present
mathematically since the real process has the involvement of wind velocity and the relative turbine dimensions.
Turbine Blades Hub above ground has the following phenomena, the higher the wind velocity (to the 1/7th
power) and since power is proportional to the cube of the velocity, an increase in hub elevation from 30m to
50m leads to an Average wind speed 7.6% higher. This becomes a significant cost-benefit trade-off since taller
hubs become more expensive. Spacing of wind turbine on wind frames will prevent the maximum amount of
wind to be intercepted. However, too close a spacing will lead to interference, and downwind units will be less
productive [4]. Recent Progress about wind energy conversion has been reported by Musgrove, P.J. [5].
2. Wind Turbine Power Generation: Response Prediction
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II. Soft Computing Approaches
Soft computing technology is an interdisciplinary research field in computational science. Presently
various techniques of soft computing are being used for data analysis such as neural network, and fuzzy logic.
For analytical purposes, it is considered that the fuzzy logic controller is a “black box” which receives inputs
parameters and imprecision of linguistic expressions, whereas output is the prediction of desired resultant.
Figure 1 shows the Black Box process of fuzzy controller.
Figure 1: Black Box Process of Controller
In recent year the artificial intelligence have largely used in the different area including the
transportation, agriculture, industrial application etc. In the power generation many expert system have been
designed. Hossain et al have been reported an intelligent system using Fuzzy logic for the prediction of power
generation [6]. A classical set theory can be extended to handle the partial membership enabling to express
indistinct human concept using fuzzy set also describe by Kalogirou in 2003 [7]. A computational Model of a
Novel, Two-Cup Horizontal Wind-Turbine System has been developed by Greg, M et al [8]. Recently a fuzzy
logic controller for predicting wind turbine power generation has been reported by the Badrana et al [9] in which
authors utilizes the fuzzy logic methodology to assess wind sites to decide which sites should be given the
highest priority with respect to their benefits and costs, and to predict the annual generation for different
turbines in the best sites. The criterion of evaluation using fuzzy logic is based on different parameters, i.e.,
wind resources, prevailing wind direction, above ground level (AGL), site capacity, soil conditions, site
elevation, land cost, land roughness, temperature, cultural and environmental concerns,
Aviation/telecommunications conflicts, nearby resident's concerns, site environmental issues (corrosion,
humidity), and distance to transmission etc. Simulink model is developed to study the parameters that affect the
power generation by wind turbines using MATLAB.
There are a number of different techniques that would work here and therefore a design choice must be
made. Some of the techniques require a relatively accurate model of the system in order to develop a satisfactory
system. Fuzzy Logic system, on the other hand, does not require a model of the system, instead, of that they
depend the knowledge of an expert for the particular system. Therefore, with all of these kept in mind, a Fuzzy
Logic expert system is introduced for the prediction of wind power generation from the wind turbine. The main
advantage of Fuzzy Logic is that it can be tuned and adapted and if necessary, the degree of freedom of the
system may be enhanced [10].
III. Fuzzy Logic Modeling
There are number of different methods are available some of the method require a comparatively truthful
model in order to develop a satisfactory system. The concept of fuzzy set theory is a membership function,
which represents numerically to what degree an element belongs to a set. In fuzzy set theory, an element can be
a member of a particular set to a certain degree and at the same time be a member of a different set to a certain
degree. To what degree an element belongs to a certain set is called the membership degree. In fuzzy rule-based
systems, knowledge is represented by if–then rules. Fuzzy rules consist of two parts: an antecedent part stating
conditions on the input variable(s) and a consequent part describing the corresponding values of the output
variable(s) [11]. The aim of this study was to construct fuzzy knowledge-based models for the prediction of the
power generation by controlling wind velocity of wind turbine (based on the Mamdani) approach. Fuzzy
modeling involves the following three steps
i. Fuzzification
ii. Fuzzy Rule Inference
iii. Defuzzification
3.1 Fuzzification
The fuzzification comprises the process of transforming crisp values into grades of membership for
linguistic terms of fuzzy sets. The Membership Function (MF) is used to associate a grade to each linguistic
term. The terminology of linguistic variable was introduced by Zadeh [12] as an approach to capture natural
experience commonly used by controller black box.
Fuzzy Logic Controller
BLACK BOX
OutputInput
Parameters
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3.2 Fuzzy Rule Inference
Fuzzy rule inference method is used to define some sets of fuzzy logic operators along with production
rules. The most common rule is called IF-THEN Rule, which can be used to formulate the conditional
statements that comprise fuzzy logic.
3.3 Defuzzification
In Defuzzification, Fuzzy sets act as the input in the process and output is the single number. The
aggregate of fuzzy set encompasses a range of output values and so must be defuzzified in order to get the single
output value from the set. A Conceptual Fuzzy Logic Modeling Approach has been depicted in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Conceptual Fuzzy Logic Modeling
IV. FUZZY INFERENCE ENGINE (FIE)
Fuzzy inference is the process of formulating the mapping from a given input set to an output using
fuzzy logic. Fuzzy logic [11]-[13] is a superset of conventional Boolean logic and extends it to deal with new
aspects such as partial truth and uncertainty. The basic elements of fuzzy logic are linguistic variables, fuzzy
sets, and fuzzy rules [14]. The linguistic variables’ values are words, specifically adjectives like “very low”,
“low”, “medium”, “high”, and ”very high” A fuzzy set is a collection of couples of elements. It generalizes the
concept of a classical set, allowing its elements to have a partial membership. The degree to which the generic
element “x” belongs to the fuzzy set A (expressed by the linguistic statement x is A) is characterized by a
membership function (MF), fA(x). The membership function of a fuzzy set corresponds to the indicator function
of the classical sets. It can be expressed in the form of a curve that defines how each point in the input space is
mapped to a membership value or a degree of truth between 0 and 1. The most common shape of a membership
function is triangular, although trapezoidal and bell curves are also used. This operation normalizes all inputs to
the same range and has a direct effect on system performance and accuracy.
A fuzzy set “A” defined within a finite interval called universe of discourse U as follows:
A = {(x, fA (x)), fA (x): U → [0,1]}
U is the whole input range allowed for a given fuzzy linguistic variable. All fuzzy sets related to a
given variable make up the term set, the set of labels within the linguistic variable described or, more properly,
granulated. Fuzzy rules form the basis of fuzzy reasoning. They describe relationships among imprecise,
qualitative, linguistic expressions of the system’s input and output. Generally, these rules are natural language
representations of human or expert knowledge and provide an easily understood knowledge representation
scheme.
A typical conditional fuzzy rule assumes a form such as
IF Load is “High” AND Backup is “Poor” THEN Performance is “Not satisfactory”.
Load is “High” and Backup is “Poor” is the rule’s premise; while Performance is “Not Satisfactory” is the
consequent. The premise predicate might not be completely true or false, and its degree of truth ranges from 0 to
1. We compute this value by applying the membership functions of the fuzzy sets labeled “High” and “Poor” to
the actual value of the input variables Load and Backup. After that, fuzzification is applied to the conclusion;
the way in which this happens depends on the inference model.
There are two types of fuzzy inference models:
1. Mamdani [15],
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2. TSK or Sugeno [16].
Interpreting an if-then rule involves two distinct parts: first evaluating the antecedent and then applying
results to the consequent (known as implication) [17]-[18]. In the case of two-valued or binary logic, if-then
rules do not present much difficulty. If the premise is true, then the conclusion is true, whereas with fuzzy
approach, if the antecedent is true to some degree of membership, then the consequent is also true to that same
degree.
Mamdani-type [16] inference expects the output membership functions to be fuzzy sets. After the
aggregation process, there is a fuzzy set for each output variable that needs defuzzification. It is possible, and in
many cases much more efficient, to use a single spike as the output’s membership function rather than a
distributed fuzzy set. This is sometimes known as a singleton output membership function, and it can be thought
of as a pre-defuzzified fuzzy set. It enhances the efficiency of the defuzzification process because it greatly
simplifies the computation required by the more general Mamdani method, which finds the centroid of a two-
dimensional function. Rather than integrating across the two-dimensional function to find the centroid,
Sugenotype systems use weighted sum of a few data points. In general, Sugeno-type systems can be used to
model any inference system in which the output membership functions are either linear or constant.
V. Proposed Model
As shown in Fig. 3, the three input parameter WV, AD and CLTB are considered for the prediction of
output WTPG; the fuzzy logic toolbox of MATLAB was used. For fuzzification of these factors the linguistic
variables Very Low (VL), Low (L), Medium (M), High (H) and Very High (VH) were used for the input and
output. For the study, the bisector method for defuzzification was used because these operators assure that the
vertical line divides the region into two sub-regions of equal area of the output between the rules. The units of
the used factors were WV (m/s), AD (kg/cubic meter) and CLTB (m), and WTPG (W). With the fuzzy sets
defined, it is possible to associate the fuzzy sets in the form of fuzzy rules. For the three inputs and one output, a
fuzzy rule is developed. The main advantage of Fuzzy Logic is that it can be tuned and adapted if necessary,
thus enhancing the degree of freedom of the system Rajagopalan et al., 2003 [10].
Figure 3: Inference system Block Diagram
5.1 Membership Functions
For the fA(x) as the Membership Function (MF), a large class of functions can be taken viz. triangular,
trapezoidal, Gaussian and bell functions. However we have selected Gaussian function. MFs considered for AD,
WV, CLTB and WTPG are represented by 5 Gaussian curves for this model illustrated in Fig. 4, 5, 6 and 7.
Figure 4. Membership Functions for the corresponding to WV
5. Wind Turbine Power Generation: Response Prediction
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Figure 5. Membership Functions for the corresponding to CLTB
Figure 6. Membership Functions for the corresponding to AD
Figure 7. Membership Functions for the corresponding to WTPG
When multiple input combinations are to get executed, the basic concept of switching and time slices
comes into picture. In our proposed algorithm as shown under, a newly WV (), AD () and CLTB() value, will be
added to the input queue. This queue consists of the remaining input values from last cycle that has not yet been
executed
Loop
For each state of the WTPG, do the following:
1. For each value of power generation, feed its AD, WV and CLTB into the inference engine. Consider the
output of inference module as WTPG.
2. Store the values of WTPG in an array WTPG ().
3. Execute the corresponding WTPG () value of highest magnitude until a scheduling event occurs.
4. Update the system states.
End Loop
VI. Results and Discussion
Fuzzification of the used parameter is made by aid follows functions. These formulas were determined by
using assumed values.
𝐴𝐷 𝑖1 =
𝑖1; 1.14 ≤ 𝑖1 ≤ 1.45
0; 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝑊𝑉 𝑖2 =
𝑖2; 4 ≤ 𝑖2 ≤ 8
0; 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐵 𝑖3 =
𝑖3; 0.01 ≤ 𝑖3 ≤ 0.16
0; 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝑊𝑇𝑃𝐺 𝑜1 =
𝑜1;20 ≤ 𝑜1 ≤ 350
0; 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
AD, WV, CLTB and WTPG are set up as shown in 4 to 7. The membership values used for the FIE
were obtained from the above formulas. These membership functions helped in converting numeric variables
into linguistic terms. For example, the linguistic expressions and membership functions for wind velocity (WV)
obtained from the developed rules and above the formula are given as following.
The Gaussian fuzzy set is defined as:
2
2
1
),;(
cx
ecxgaussian
6. Wind Turbine Power Generation: Response Prediction
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Where c represents the MFs centre and σ determines the MFs width.
2
)(
2
1
)(
cx
VL ex
, where c = 4,σ = 0.427
5
064.0
9.4
108.0
8.4
173.0
7.4
261.0
6.4
373.0
5.4
504.0
4.4
645.0
3.4
781.0
2.4
896.0
1.4
973.0
4
1
)(xVL
2
)(
2
1
)(
cx
L ex
, where c = 5,σ = 0.427
6
064.0
8.5
173.0
6.5
373.0
4.5
645.0
2.5
896.0
0.5
1
8.4
896.0
6.4
645.0
4.4
373.0
2.4
173.0
4
064.0
)(xL
2
)(
2
1
)(
cx
M ex
, where c = 6, σ = 0.427
7
064.0
8.6
173.0
6.6
373.0
4.6
645.0
2.6
896.0
6
1
8.5
896.0
6.5
645.0.0
4.5
373.0
2.5
173.0
5
064.0
)(xM
2
)(
2
1
)(
cx
H ex
, where c = 7, σ = 0.427
8
064.0
8.7
173.0
6.7
373.0
4.7
645.0
2.7
896.0
7
1
8.6
896.0
6.6
645.0
4.6
373.0
2.6
173.0
6
064.0
)(xH
2
)(
2
1
)(
cx
VH ex
, where c = 8, σ = 0.427
8
1
8.7
896.0
6.7
645.0
4.7
373.0
2.7
173.0
7
064.0)( xVH
The determination of conclusion is taken when the rules that are applied to deciding what the wind
power generation to the plant (wind turbine) should be. For this the recommendations from all the rules are
combined to determine the wind power generation input to the wind turbine.
The composition of two fuzzy relations is defined as follows:
Let P be a fuzzy relation from X to Y and Q be a fuzzy relation from Y to Z such that the membership
degree is defined by P(x, y) and Q(y, z). Then, a third fuzzy relation R from X to Z can be produced by the
composition of P and Q, which is denoted as PοQ. Fuzzy relation R is computed by the formula
R(x, z) = (P ο Q)
(x, z) = max {min [P(x, y), Q( y, z)]}
For example, for AD= 1.295 kg/cubic meter, WV = 6.5 m/s and CLTB = 0.1 m, the rules 28, 29, 33 and
34 will be applied which notices that μM(AD) = 1 but that the other membership functions for the AD inputs are
all “off” (i.e., their values are zero). For the WV input it is seen that μM(WV) =0.5 and μH(WV) = 0.5 and that the
other membership functions are off. Again for the CLTB input it is seen that μM(CLTB) =0.5 and μH(CLTB) =
0.5 and that the other membership functions are off.
5.1 For rule 28
The premise (M), we have μM(28) = min{ μM(AD), μM (WV), μM(CLTB)} = min{1,0.5,0.5} = 0.5, by
using the minimum of the three membership values. The notation μ28 represents for rule (28) so that we are 0.5
certain that this rule applies to the current situation. This rule indicates that if its premise is true then the action
indicated by its consequent should be taken. For rule (28) the main consequent is “wind power is medium”. The
membership function for the conclusion reached by rule (28), which is denoted as μ28, is given by μ28(WTPG) =
min {0.5, μM(WTPG)}. This membership function defines the implied fuzzy set for rule (28).
5.2 For Rule 29
The premise (M), we have μM(29) = min{ μM(AD), μM (WV), μH(CLTB)} = min{1,0.5,0.5} = 0.5, by
using the minimum of the three membership values. The notation μ29 represents for rule (29) so that we are 0.5
certain that this rule applies to the current situation. This rule indicates that if its premise is true then the action
7. Wind Turbine Power Generation: Response Prediction
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indicated by its consequent should be taken. For rule (29) the main consequent is “wind power is medium”. The
membership function for the conclusion reached by rule (29), which is denoted as μ29, is given by μ29(WTPG) =
min {0.5, μM(WTPG)}. This membership function defines the implied fuzzy set for rule (29).
5.3 For rule 33
The premise (H), we have μH(33) = min{ μM(AD), μH (WV), μM(CLTB)} = min{1,0.5,0.5} = 0.5, by
using the minimum of the three membership values. The notation μ33 represents for rule (33) so that we are 0.5
certain that this rule applies to the current situation. This rule indicates that if its premise is true then the action
indicated by its consequent should be taken. For rule (33) the main consequent is “wind power is High”. The
membership function for the conclusion reached by rule (33), which is denoted as μ33, is given by μ33(WTPG) =
min {0.5, μH(WTPG)}. This membership function defines the implied fuzzy set for rule (33).
5.4 For rule 34
The premise (H), we have μH(34) = min{ μM(AD), μH (WV), μH(CLTB)} = min{1,0.5,0.5} = 0.5, by
using the minimum of the three membership values. The notation μ34 represents for rule (34) so that we are 0.5
certain that this rule applies to the current situation. This rule indicates that if its premise is true then the action
indicated by its consequent should be taken. For rule (34) the main consequent is “wind power is High”. The
membership function for the conclusion reached by rule (34), which is denoted as μ34, is given by μ34(WTPG) =
min {0.5, μH(WTPG)}. This membership function defines the implied fuzzy set for rule (34).
It is noticed that we are certain that all rules (28), (29), (33) and (34) apply to the current situation.
From Mamdani max–min inference, the membership function of system will be found as max (μ28, μ29, μ33, μ34)
= 0.5 and then defuzzification operation is applied to the final component of the fuzzy controller produced by
the inference mechanism and combines their effects to provide the “most certain” controller output (plant input).
Then the output denoted by “WTPGcrisp
” can be calculated that best represents the conclusions of the fuzzy
controller that are represented with the implied fuzzy sets.
The Bisection for defuzzification is being used to know the output membership values whereas, the
value of membership functions are multiplied by their corresponding singleton values and then the result is
divided by the sum of the membership value. The bisection of “WTPGcrisp
” can be computed by the flowing
formula:
)(
)(
ii
iiicrisp
a
WTPG
Where, ia is the position of the singleton in i the universe, and )(i is the corresponding membership function.
For the rules 28, 29, 33 and 34 we have 17528 a , 17529 a ,
262.533 a ,
262.534 a
75.218
0.50.55.05.0
5.0*5.2625.0*5.2625.0*1755.0*175
crisp
WTPG
The diagram of the whole computational fuzzy modeling is presented in Figure 8.
Figure 8: Fuzzy rule viewer
8. Wind Turbine Power Generation: Response Prediction
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Once all the variables of WV, and CLTB get executed by the FIE, a decision surface can generate showing the
value of the output variable WTPG as shown in figure 9. The decisions surface is the dynamic combination of
WV, and CLTB affecting WTPG. Figure 9 present a three-dimensional curve representing the mapping from
WV and CLTB as inputs (axis X and Y) and WTPG as an output (axis Z). In varying conditions of WV, and
CLTB parameters, the maximum value of WTPG likely to be changes accordingly that depends on the inference
engine mechanism. That is wind power generation increased as increase in wind velocity depicted in figure 10.
Figure 9: Decision Surface
Figure 10: Wind power generation v/s wind velocity
VII. Conclusion
In this paper an effort has been made to develop a fuzzy logic approach for the prediction of appropriate
WTPG considering the WV, AD and Chord Length of Turbine Blades (CLTB) as input parameters which is
necessary for the current renewable energy utilization in many countries particularly in the rural areas. In
comparison to other predictive modeling techniques, fuzzy models have the advantage of being simple due to
the Fuzzy Inference System(FIS) capability to deal with problems that are based on user knowledge and
experience. This system can be developed further by increasing the knowledge rules and by addition of Genetic-
Fuzzy and Neuro-Fuzzy to the system
Acknowledgement
It is our pleasure and privilege to acknowledge and express our deep sense of gratitude to our teacher and guide,
Mr. Amit Mandal and co-guide Dr. Pradeep Yadav. They inspired and guided us every step towards achieving
this goal, despite their busy academic schedule.
.
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