International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Transient Stability Assessment of Hybrid Distributed Generation Using Facts D...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Due to increasing integration of new technologies into the grid such as hybrid electric vehicles, distributed generations, power electronic interface circuits, advanced controllers etc., the present power system network is now more complex than in the past. Consequently, the recent rate of blackouts recorded in some parts of the world indicates that the power system is stressed. The real time/online monitoring and prediction of stability limit is needed to prevent future blackouts. The aggravated increase in energy demand has posed a serious problem for the power system’s stability and reliability, and hence has become of major concern. The shortcomings of conventional source of energy have paved way for renewable energy sources. The latter can form a part of a standalone system or grid connected system. A single renewable source of energy When integrated with other sources of energy it is termed as hybrid system. This thesis deals with PV, Wind, Hydro system. In this thesis an active power control strategy has been developed such that when the wind alone is not able to meet the energy demand, without compromising the frequency a transition occurs to wind diesel mode so that the energy demand is met. The mathematical model considered uses a STATCOM to meet the reactive power need upon sudden step change in power. The performance and the analysis is done in a user friendly MATLAB/Simulink environment.
PV-solar / Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA Type Mobile Telephony Base ...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the design of optimized PV-Solar and Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA type mobile base station over conventional diesel generator for a particular site in south India (Chennai). For this hybrid system ,the meteorological data of Solar Insolation, hourly wind speed, are taken for Chennai (Longitude 80ο.16’and Latitude 13ο.5’ ) and the pattern of load consumption of mobile base station are studied and suitably modeled for optimization of the hybrid energy system using HOMER software. The simulation and optimization result gives the best optimized sizing of wind turbine and solar array with diesel generator for particular GSM/CDMA type mobile telephony base station. This system is more cost effective and environmental friendly over the conventional diesel generator. The presented system reduce approximate 70%-80% fuel cost over conventional diesel generator and also reduced the emission of CO2 and other harmful gasses in environments. It is expected that the proposed developed and installed system will provide very good opportunities for telecom sector in near future.
Stochastic control for optimal power flow in islanded microgridIJECEIAES
The problem of optimal power flow (OPF) in an islanded mircrogrid (MG) for hybrid power system is described. Clearly, it deals with a formulation of an analytical control model for OPF. The MG consists of wind turbine generator, photovoltaic generator, and diesel engine generator (DEG), and is in stochastic environment such as load change, wind power fluctuation, and sun irradiation power disturbance. In fact, the DEG fails and is repaired at random times so that the MG can significantly influence the power flow, and the power flow control faces the main difficulty that how to maintain the balance of power flow? The solution is that a DEG needs to be scheduled. The objective of the control problem is to find the DEG output power by minimizing the total cost of energy. Adopting the Rishel’s famework and using the Bellman principle, the optimality conditions obtained satisfy the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation. Finally, numerical examples and sensitivity analyses are included to illustrate the importance and effectiveness of the proposed model.
Impact of compressed air energy storage system into diesel power plant with w...IJECEIAES
The wind energy plays an important role in power system because of its renewable, clean and free energy. However, the penetration of wind power (WP) into the power grid system (PGS) requires an efficient energy storage systems (ESS). compressed air energy storage (CAES) system is one of the most ESS technologies which can alleviate the intermittent nature of the renewable energy sources (RES). Nyala city power plant in Sudan has been chosen as a case study because the power supply by the existing power plant is expensive due to high costs for fuel transport and the reliability of power supply is low due to uncertain fuel provision. This paper presents a formulation of security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) of diesel power plant (DPP) with the integration of CAES and PW. The optimization problem is modeled and coded in MATLAB which solved with solver GORUBI 8.0. The results show that the proposed model is suitable for integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into PGS with ESS and helpful in power system operation management.
Reliability Constrained Unit Commitment Considering the Effect of DG and DR P...IJECEIAES
Due to increase in energy prices at peak periods and increase in fuel cost, involving Distributed Generation (DG) and consumption management by Demand Response (DR) will be unavoidable options for optimal system operations. Also, with high penetration of DGs and DR programs into power system operation, the reliability criterion is taken into account as one of the most important concerns of system operators in management of power system. In this paper, a Reliability Constrained Unit Commitment (RCUC) at presence of time-based DR program and DGs integrated with conventional units is proposed and executed to reach a reliable and economic operation. Designated cost function has been minimized considering reliability constraint in prevailing UC formulation. The UC scheduling is accomplished in short-term so that the reliability is maintained in acceptable level. Because of complex nature of RCUC problem and full AC load flow constraints, the hybrid algorithm included Simulated Annealing (SA) and Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) has been proposed to optimize the problem. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and considerable efficacy of the time-based DR program in reducing operational costs by implementing it on IEEE-RTS79.
Transient Stability Assessment of Hybrid Distributed Generation Using Facts D...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Due to increasing integration of new technologies into the grid such as hybrid electric vehicles, distributed generations, power electronic interface circuits, advanced controllers etc., the present power system network is now more complex than in the past. Consequently, the recent rate of blackouts recorded in some parts of the world indicates that the power system is stressed. The real time/online monitoring and prediction of stability limit is needed to prevent future blackouts. The aggravated increase in energy demand has posed a serious problem for the power system’s stability and reliability, and hence has become of major concern. The shortcomings of conventional source of energy have paved way for renewable energy sources. The latter can form a part of a standalone system or grid connected system. A single renewable source of energy When integrated with other sources of energy it is termed as hybrid system. This thesis deals with PV, Wind, Hydro system. In this thesis an active power control strategy has been developed such that when the wind alone is not able to meet the energy demand, without compromising the frequency a transition occurs to wind diesel mode so that the energy demand is met. The mathematical model considered uses a STATCOM to meet the reactive power need upon sudden step change in power. The performance and the analysis is done in a user friendly MATLAB/Simulink environment.
PV-solar / Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA Type Mobile Telephony Base ...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the design of optimized PV-Solar and Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA type mobile base station over conventional diesel generator for a particular site in south India (Chennai). For this hybrid system ,the meteorological data of Solar Insolation, hourly wind speed, are taken for Chennai (Longitude 80ο.16’and Latitude 13ο.5’ ) and the pattern of load consumption of mobile base station are studied and suitably modeled for optimization of the hybrid energy system using HOMER software. The simulation and optimization result gives the best optimized sizing of wind turbine and solar array with diesel generator for particular GSM/CDMA type mobile telephony base station. This system is more cost effective and environmental friendly over the conventional diesel generator. The presented system reduce approximate 70%-80% fuel cost over conventional diesel generator and also reduced the emission of CO2 and other harmful gasses in environments. It is expected that the proposed developed and installed system will provide very good opportunities for telecom sector in near future.
Stochastic control for optimal power flow in islanded microgridIJECEIAES
The problem of optimal power flow (OPF) in an islanded mircrogrid (MG) for hybrid power system is described. Clearly, it deals with a formulation of an analytical control model for OPF. The MG consists of wind turbine generator, photovoltaic generator, and diesel engine generator (DEG), and is in stochastic environment such as load change, wind power fluctuation, and sun irradiation power disturbance. In fact, the DEG fails and is repaired at random times so that the MG can significantly influence the power flow, and the power flow control faces the main difficulty that how to maintain the balance of power flow? The solution is that a DEG needs to be scheduled. The objective of the control problem is to find the DEG output power by minimizing the total cost of energy. Adopting the Rishel’s famework and using the Bellman principle, the optimality conditions obtained satisfy the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation. Finally, numerical examples and sensitivity analyses are included to illustrate the importance and effectiveness of the proposed model.
Impact of compressed air energy storage system into diesel power plant with w...IJECEIAES
The wind energy plays an important role in power system because of its renewable, clean and free energy. However, the penetration of wind power (WP) into the power grid system (PGS) requires an efficient energy storage systems (ESS). compressed air energy storage (CAES) system is one of the most ESS technologies which can alleviate the intermittent nature of the renewable energy sources (RES). Nyala city power plant in Sudan has been chosen as a case study because the power supply by the existing power plant is expensive due to high costs for fuel transport and the reliability of power supply is low due to uncertain fuel provision. This paper presents a formulation of security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) of diesel power plant (DPP) with the integration of CAES and PW. The optimization problem is modeled and coded in MATLAB which solved with solver GORUBI 8.0. The results show that the proposed model is suitable for integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into PGS with ESS and helpful in power system operation management.
Reliability Constrained Unit Commitment Considering the Effect of DG and DR P...IJECEIAES
Due to increase in energy prices at peak periods and increase in fuel cost, involving Distributed Generation (DG) and consumption management by Demand Response (DR) will be unavoidable options for optimal system operations. Also, with high penetration of DGs and DR programs into power system operation, the reliability criterion is taken into account as one of the most important concerns of system operators in management of power system. In this paper, a Reliability Constrained Unit Commitment (RCUC) at presence of time-based DR program and DGs integrated with conventional units is proposed and executed to reach a reliable and economic operation. Designated cost function has been minimized considering reliability constraint in prevailing UC formulation. The UC scheduling is accomplished in short-term so that the reliability is maintained in acceptable level. Because of complex nature of RCUC problem and full AC load flow constraints, the hybrid algorithm included Simulated Annealing (SA) and Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) has been proposed to optimize the problem. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and considerable efficacy of the time-based DR program in reducing operational costs by implementing it on IEEE-RTS79.
FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF GRID/WIND/PV HYBRID SYSTEMS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONWayan Santika
The present study offers technical and economical analyses of grid-connected hybrid power systems for a large scale production industry located in Bali. The peak load of observed system can reach 970.630 kW consuming on average 16 MWh of electricity a day. Software HOMER was utilized as the optimization tool. The proposed hybrid renewable energy systems consist of wind turbines, a PV system, a converter, and batteries. The system is connected to the grid. Optimization results show that the best configuration is the Grid/Wind hybrid system with the predicted net present cost of
-884,896 USD. The negative sign indicates that revenues (mostly from selling power to the grid) exceed costs. The levelized cost of electricity of the system is predicted to be -0.013 USD/kWh. The present study also conducts sensitivity analysis of some scenarios i.e. 50% and 100% increases in grid electricity prices, 50% reduction of PV and WECS prices, and 10 USD and 50 USD carbon taxes per ton CO2 emission. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Integrated Energy System Modeling of China for 2020 by Incorporating Demand R...Kashif Mehmood
Electricity and heat energy carriers are mostly produced by the fossil fuel sources that are
conventionally operated independently, but these carriers have low efficiency due to heat losses. Moreover,
a high share of variable renewable energy sources disrupts the power system reliability and flexibility.
Therefore, the coupling of multiple energy carriers is underlined to address the above-mentioned issues that
are supported by the latest technologies, such as combined heat and power, heat pumps, demand response,
and energy storages. These coupling nodes in energy hubs stimulate the conversion of the electric power
system into the integrated energy system that proves to be cost-effective, flexible, and carbon-free. The
proposed work uses EnergyPLAN to model electricity, district, and individual heating integrated energy
system of China for the year 2020. Furthermore, the addition of heat pumps, thermal storage, and demand
response is analyzed in different scenarios to minimize the annual costs, fuel consumption, and CO2
emissions. Technical simulation strategy is conducted for optimal operation of production components that
result in the reduction of the above-mentioned prominent factors while calculating the critical and exportable
excess electricity production. The simulation results demonstrate that demand response and thermal storage
significantly enhance the share of variable renewable energy sources. In addition, it substantially reduces the
annual costs and fuel consumption, while heat pump increases the system efficiency
Optimal Configuration of Wind Farms in Radial Distribution System Using Parti...journalBEEI
Recently, a wide range of wind farm based distributed generations (DGs) are being integrated into distribution systems to fulfill energy demands and to reduce the burden on transmission corridors. The non-optimal configuration of DGs could severely affect the distribution system operations and control. Hence, the aim of this paper is to analyze the wind data in order to build a mathematical model for power output and pinpoint the optimal location. The overall objective is minimization of power loss reduction in distribution system. The five years of wind data was taken from 24o 44’ 29” North, 67o 35’ 9” East coordinates in Pakistan. The optimal location for these wind farms were pinpointed via particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm using standard IEEE 33 radial distribution system. The result reveals that the proposed method helps in improving renewable energy near to load centers, reduce power losses and improve voltage profile of the system. Moreover, the validity and performance of the proposed model were also compared with other optimization algorithms.
The Development of an Application Conceived for the Design, Feasibility Study...IJECEIAES
Because of the rise in diesel and butane prices widely used for pumping, added to their negative impact on both Morocco's environment and trade balance, the use of renewable energies should sound obvious, practical and cost effective. This study offers the transformation of a traditional butane pumping system (BPS) and diesel pumping system (DPS), located on a farm nearby the city of Agadir, into an optimized solar pumping system (SPS). The suggested method is based on a techno-economic study according to the “Business-As-usual” scenario. As a first step, we have dimensioned our pumping system and chosen the elements that constitute it. As a second step, we carried out an economic analysis, based on the calculation of all costs, which makes it possible to ensure the viability of the components of our SPS over its life cycle and brought it to a discounted value. The processing of the different data is made possible thanks to the computer application “PVDesign” which we have developed. This application has allowed us to carry out a comparative study of several techniques of pumping systems. The result of the study is that the SPS beats the other systems at various levels, namely economic, environmental and technical.
This paper presents a Stand-alone Hybrid Renewable Energy System (SHRES) as an alternative to fossil fuel based generators. The Photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines (WT) are designed for the Malaysian low wind speed conditions with battery Energy Storage (BES) to provide electric power to the load. The appropriate sizing of each component was accomplished using Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) and Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) techniques. The optimized hybrid system was examined in MATLAB using two case studies to find the optimum number of PV panels, wind turbines system and BES that minimizes the Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP) and Cost of Energy (COE). The hybrid power system was connected to the AC bus to investigate the system performance in supplying a rural settlement. Real weather data at the location of interest was utilized in this paper. The results obtained from the two scenarios were used to compare the suitability of the NSGA-II and MOPSO methods. The NSGA-II method is shown to be more accurate whereas the MOPSO method is faster in executing the optimization. Hence, both these methods can be used for techno-economic optimization of SHRES.
Feasibility Study of a Grid Connected Hybrid Wind/PV SystemIJAPEJOURNAL
This paper investigates the feasibility of a grid connected, large-scale hybrid wind/PV system. From data available an area called RasElnaqab in Jordan is chosen because it enjoys both high average wind speed of 6.13 m/s and high average solar radiation of 5.9KWhr/m2 /day. MATLAB and HOMER software’s are used for sizing and economical analysis respectively. Results show that76124 SUNTECH PV panels and 38 GW87-1.5MW wind turbines are the optimal choice. The net present cost (NPC) is 130,115,936$, the cost of energy (COE) is 0.049$/KWhr with a renewable fraction of 74.1%.A stepby-step process to determine the optimal sizing of Hybrid Wind/PV system is presented and it can be applied anywhere.
Modeling, Control and Power Management Strategy of a Grid connected Hybrid En...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the detailed modeling of various components of a grid connected hybrid energy system (HES) consisting of a photovoltaic (PV) system, a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), an electrolyzer and a hydrogen storage tank with a power flow controller. Also, a valve controlled by the proposed controller decides how much amount of fuel is consumed by fuel cell according to the load demand. In this paper fuel cell is used instead of battery bank because fuel cell is free from pollution. The control and power management strategies are also developed. When the PV power is sufficient then it can fulfill the load demand as well as feeds the extra power to the electrolyzer. By using the electrolyzer, the hydrogen is generated from the water and stored in storage tank and this hydrogen act as a fuel to SOFC. If the availability of the power from the PV system cannot fulfill the load demand, then the fuel cell fulfills the required load demand. The SOFC takes required amount of hydrogen as fuel, which is controlled by the PID controller through a valve. Effectiveness of this technology is verified by the help of computer simulations in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment under various loading conditions and promising results are obtained.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
This paper discusses about a LabVIEW based controller for the hybrid renewable energy system operated AC-DC microgrid with the major objectives of: i) predicting the power generation potential of the solar–PV and wind generators ii) effective power management iii) load scheduling based on the available power with the renewable sources and iv) grid/islanding mode of operation of the microgrid. In order topredict the output power of wind generator and Solar-PV system, an artificial neural network is developed.The laboratory-scale model of three phase, 400 V, 10 kVA microgrid structure is developed at National Institute of Technology Calicut, India. The developed LabVIEW based controller has been tested successfully for a real-time load and source in the laboratory environment. Test results show that the designed controller is effectively managing the output powerof the primary energy sources under different scenarios.
comparative analysis of solar photovoltaic thermal (pvt) water and solarIJCMESJOURNAL
The present commercial photovoltaic solar cell (PV) converts solar energy into electricity with a relatively low efficiency less than 15%. More than 80% of the absorbed solar energy is dumped into the surroundings as heat after photovoltaic conversion. The electrical efficiency of photovoltaic system drops as its operating temperature rises and for this reason PV cooling is necessary. Therefore, stabilizing the temperature of photovoltaic modules at low level is highly desirable to improve the efficiency. Hybrid solar technology has the advantage of increasing the energy output per unit installed collector area. India as a tropical country is deemed to have a good potential of applying this technology. In this paper, solar PVT (Photovoltaic-Thermal) air and water collector hybrid systems were designed by using a poly crystalline silicon PV module as solar absorber and the comparative study was carried out. Air and water cooling of a commercial PV module configured as PVT air solar collector and PVT water solar collector by forced flow is studied. The energy and exergy performance of the PVT systems has been experimentally determined for various mass flow rates of fluids. The experimental result shows that the combined PVT system has got better performance than the simple PV and solar PVT water hybrid system has better efficiency than both. These systems are simple and suitable for building integration providing space heating depending on the season and for low temperature heating application.
Stand-alone Hybrid systems become appreciating issues that ensure the required electricity to consumers. The development of a stand-alone Hybrid system becomes a necessity for multiple applications The enhance energy security. To achieve this objective, we have proposed an accurate dynamic model using Multi-Agent System (MAS) in which a solar energy System (SES) serves as the main load supply, an energy Backup System (ERS) is based on a fuel cell and Electrolyzer for long-term energy storage and an Ultra Capacitor (UCap) storage system deployed as a short-time storage. To cooperate with all systems, an Intelligent Power Management (IPM) based on a specific MAS is included. Thus, to prove the performance of the system, we tested and simulated it using the Matlab/Simulink environment.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF GRID/WIND/PV HYBRID SYSTEMS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONWayan Santika
The present study offers technical and economical analyses of grid-connected hybrid power systems for a large scale production industry located in Bali. The peak load of observed system can reach 970.630 kW consuming on average 16 MWh of electricity a day. Software HOMER was utilized as the optimization tool. The proposed hybrid renewable energy systems consist of wind turbines, a PV system, a converter, and batteries. The system is connected to the grid. Optimization results show that the best configuration is the Grid/Wind hybrid system with the predicted net present cost of
-884,896 USD. The negative sign indicates that revenues (mostly from selling power to the grid) exceed costs. The levelized cost of electricity of the system is predicted to be -0.013 USD/kWh. The present study also conducts sensitivity analysis of some scenarios i.e. 50% and 100% increases in grid electricity prices, 50% reduction of PV and WECS prices, and 10 USD and 50 USD carbon taxes per ton CO2 emission. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Integrated Energy System Modeling of China for 2020 by Incorporating Demand R...Kashif Mehmood
Electricity and heat energy carriers are mostly produced by the fossil fuel sources that are
conventionally operated independently, but these carriers have low efficiency due to heat losses. Moreover,
a high share of variable renewable energy sources disrupts the power system reliability and flexibility.
Therefore, the coupling of multiple energy carriers is underlined to address the above-mentioned issues that
are supported by the latest technologies, such as combined heat and power, heat pumps, demand response,
and energy storages. These coupling nodes in energy hubs stimulate the conversion of the electric power
system into the integrated energy system that proves to be cost-effective, flexible, and carbon-free. The
proposed work uses EnergyPLAN to model electricity, district, and individual heating integrated energy
system of China for the year 2020. Furthermore, the addition of heat pumps, thermal storage, and demand
response is analyzed in different scenarios to minimize the annual costs, fuel consumption, and CO2
emissions. Technical simulation strategy is conducted for optimal operation of production components that
result in the reduction of the above-mentioned prominent factors while calculating the critical and exportable
excess electricity production. The simulation results demonstrate that demand response and thermal storage
significantly enhance the share of variable renewable energy sources. In addition, it substantially reduces the
annual costs and fuel consumption, while heat pump increases the system efficiency
Optimal Configuration of Wind Farms in Radial Distribution System Using Parti...journalBEEI
Recently, a wide range of wind farm based distributed generations (DGs) are being integrated into distribution systems to fulfill energy demands and to reduce the burden on transmission corridors. The non-optimal configuration of DGs could severely affect the distribution system operations and control. Hence, the aim of this paper is to analyze the wind data in order to build a mathematical model for power output and pinpoint the optimal location. The overall objective is minimization of power loss reduction in distribution system. The five years of wind data was taken from 24o 44’ 29” North, 67o 35’ 9” East coordinates in Pakistan. The optimal location for these wind farms were pinpointed via particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm using standard IEEE 33 radial distribution system. The result reveals that the proposed method helps in improving renewable energy near to load centers, reduce power losses and improve voltage profile of the system. Moreover, the validity and performance of the proposed model were also compared with other optimization algorithms.
The Development of an Application Conceived for the Design, Feasibility Study...IJECEIAES
Because of the rise in diesel and butane prices widely used for pumping, added to their negative impact on both Morocco's environment and trade balance, the use of renewable energies should sound obvious, practical and cost effective. This study offers the transformation of a traditional butane pumping system (BPS) and diesel pumping system (DPS), located on a farm nearby the city of Agadir, into an optimized solar pumping system (SPS). The suggested method is based on a techno-economic study according to the “Business-As-usual” scenario. As a first step, we have dimensioned our pumping system and chosen the elements that constitute it. As a second step, we carried out an economic analysis, based on the calculation of all costs, which makes it possible to ensure the viability of the components of our SPS over its life cycle and brought it to a discounted value. The processing of the different data is made possible thanks to the computer application “PVDesign” which we have developed. This application has allowed us to carry out a comparative study of several techniques of pumping systems. The result of the study is that the SPS beats the other systems at various levels, namely economic, environmental and technical.
This paper presents a Stand-alone Hybrid Renewable Energy System (SHRES) as an alternative to fossil fuel based generators. The Photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines (WT) are designed for the Malaysian low wind speed conditions with battery Energy Storage (BES) to provide electric power to the load. The appropriate sizing of each component was accomplished using Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) and Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) techniques. The optimized hybrid system was examined in MATLAB using two case studies to find the optimum number of PV panels, wind turbines system and BES that minimizes the Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP) and Cost of Energy (COE). The hybrid power system was connected to the AC bus to investigate the system performance in supplying a rural settlement. Real weather data at the location of interest was utilized in this paper. The results obtained from the two scenarios were used to compare the suitability of the NSGA-II and MOPSO methods. The NSGA-II method is shown to be more accurate whereas the MOPSO method is faster in executing the optimization. Hence, both these methods can be used for techno-economic optimization of SHRES.
Feasibility Study of a Grid Connected Hybrid Wind/PV SystemIJAPEJOURNAL
This paper investigates the feasibility of a grid connected, large-scale hybrid wind/PV system. From data available an area called RasElnaqab in Jordan is chosen because it enjoys both high average wind speed of 6.13 m/s and high average solar radiation of 5.9KWhr/m2 /day. MATLAB and HOMER software’s are used for sizing and economical analysis respectively. Results show that76124 SUNTECH PV panels and 38 GW87-1.5MW wind turbines are the optimal choice. The net present cost (NPC) is 130,115,936$, the cost of energy (COE) is 0.049$/KWhr with a renewable fraction of 74.1%.A stepby-step process to determine the optimal sizing of Hybrid Wind/PV system is presented and it can be applied anywhere.
Modeling, Control and Power Management Strategy of a Grid connected Hybrid En...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the detailed modeling of various components of a grid connected hybrid energy system (HES) consisting of a photovoltaic (PV) system, a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), an electrolyzer and a hydrogen storage tank with a power flow controller. Also, a valve controlled by the proposed controller decides how much amount of fuel is consumed by fuel cell according to the load demand. In this paper fuel cell is used instead of battery bank because fuel cell is free from pollution. The control and power management strategies are also developed. When the PV power is sufficient then it can fulfill the load demand as well as feeds the extra power to the electrolyzer. By using the electrolyzer, the hydrogen is generated from the water and stored in storage tank and this hydrogen act as a fuel to SOFC. If the availability of the power from the PV system cannot fulfill the load demand, then the fuel cell fulfills the required load demand. The SOFC takes required amount of hydrogen as fuel, which is controlled by the PID controller through a valve. Effectiveness of this technology is verified by the help of computer simulations in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment under various loading conditions and promising results are obtained.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
This paper discusses about a LabVIEW based controller for the hybrid renewable energy system operated AC-DC microgrid with the major objectives of: i) predicting the power generation potential of the solar–PV and wind generators ii) effective power management iii) load scheduling based on the available power with the renewable sources and iv) grid/islanding mode of operation of the microgrid. In order topredict the output power of wind generator and Solar-PV system, an artificial neural network is developed.The laboratory-scale model of three phase, 400 V, 10 kVA microgrid structure is developed at National Institute of Technology Calicut, India. The developed LabVIEW based controller has been tested successfully for a real-time load and source in the laboratory environment. Test results show that the designed controller is effectively managing the output powerof the primary energy sources under different scenarios.
comparative analysis of solar photovoltaic thermal (pvt) water and solarIJCMESJOURNAL
The present commercial photovoltaic solar cell (PV) converts solar energy into electricity with a relatively low efficiency less than 15%. More than 80% of the absorbed solar energy is dumped into the surroundings as heat after photovoltaic conversion. The electrical efficiency of photovoltaic system drops as its operating temperature rises and for this reason PV cooling is necessary. Therefore, stabilizing the temperature of photovoltaic modules at low level is highly desirable to improve the efficiency. Hybrid solar technology has the advantage of increasing the energy output per unit installed collector area. India as a tropical country is deemed to have a good potential of applying this technology. In this paper, solar PVT (Photovoltaic-Thermal) air and water collector hybrid systems were designed by using a poly crystalline silicon PV module as solar absorber and the comparative study was carried out. Air and water cooling of a commercial PV module configured as PVT air solar collector and PVT water solar collector by forced flow is studied. The energy and exergy performance of the PVT systems has been experimentally determined for various mass flow rates of fluids. The experimental result shows that the combined PVT system has got better performance than the simple PV and solar PVT water hybrid system has better efficiency than both. These systems are simple and suitable for building integration providing space heating depending on the season and for low temperature heating application.
Stand-alone Hybrid systems become appreciating issues that ensure the required electricity to consumers. The development of a stand-alone Hybrid system becomes a necessity for multiple applications The enhance energy security. To achieve this objective, we have proposed an accurate dynamic model using Multi-Agent System (MAS) in which a solar energy System (SES) serves as the main load supply, an energy Backup System (ERS) is based on a fuel cell and Electrolyzer for long-term energy storage and an Ultra Capacitor (UCap) storage system deployed as a short-time storage. To cooperate with all systems, an Intelligent Power Management (IPM) based on a specific MAS is included. Thus, to prove the performance of the system, we tested and simulated it using the Matlab/Simulink environment.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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E41042937
1. Satish Kumar Ramoji et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 4), January 2014, pp.29-37
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Optimization of Hybrid PV/Wind Energy System Using Genetic
Algorithm (GA)
Satish Kumar Ramoji1, Bibhuti Bhusan Rath2, D.Vijay Kumar3
1
(P.G. Student, Department of E.E.E., AITAM, Tekkali, Andhra Pradesh, India)
(Associate Prof., Department of E.E.E., AITAM, Tekkali, Andhra Pradesh, India)
3
(Prof. & H.O.D., Department of E.E.E., AITAM, Tekkali, Andhra Pradesh, India)
2
ABSTRACT
In this paper, a new approach of optimum design for a Hybrid PV/Wind energy system is presented in order to
assist the designers to take into consideration both the economic and ecological aspects. When the stand alone
energy system having photovoltaic panels only or wind turbine only are compared with the hybrid PV/wind
energy systems, the hybrid systems are more economical and reliable according to climate changes. This paper
presents an optimization technique to design the hybrid PV/wind system. The hybrid system consists of
photovoltaic panels, wind turbines and storage batteries. Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization technique is
utilized to minimize the formulated objective function, i.e. total cost which includes initial costs, yearly
replacement cost, yearly operating costs and maintenance costs and salvage value of the proposed hybrid system.
A computer program is designed, using MATLAB code to formulate the optimization problem by computing the
coefficients of the objective function. The method mentioned in this article is proved to be effective using an
example of hybrid energy system. Finally, the optimal solution is achieved by Genetic Algorithm (GA)
optimization method.
Keywords - Battery, Genetic Algorithm, Hybrid PV/Wind energy system, Optimization, Solar and wind energy
I.
INTRODUCTION
Global environmental concerns and the
ever-increasing need for energy, coupled with a
steady progress in renewable/green energy
technologies, are opening up new opportunities for
utilization of renewable energy resources. In
particular, advances in wind and photovoltaic (PV)
generation technologies have increased their use in
wind-alone, PV-alone, and hybrid PV-wind
configurations. Moreover, the economic aspects of
these renewable energy technologies are sufficiently
promising at present to include the development of
their market [1]. A hybrid energy system consists of
two or more energy systems, energy storage system,
power conditioning equipment, and a controller.
Hybrid energy systems may or may not be connected
to the grid. They are generally independent of large
centralized electric grids and are used in rural remote
areas [2-4]. In many remote areas of the world, the
availability, reliability, and cost of electricity supplies
are major issues. The standard solution is typically to
use diesel or petrol generators to meet power
requirements in areas distant from established
electricity grids (Sustainable Energy Development
Office 2010). There can be a number of problems
with running stand-alone diesel or petrol generation,
including noise, pollution, and high running and
maintenance costs. Generators can also be
inconvenient to use. Due to the high running and
maintenance costs, continuous operation of a
generator may not be financially viable [5]. The use
of hybrid energy systems, incorporating PV and wind
www.ijera.com
resources, in remote locations can overcome or at
least limit some of the problems associated with
generator only systems. The use of these renewable
energy-based systems could help reduce the
operating cost through the reduction in fuel
consumption, increase system efficiency, and reduce
noise and emissions [6]. But such PV-wind hybrid
systems are usually equipped with diesel generators
to meet the peak load demand during the short
periods when there is a deficit of available energy to
cover the load demand [6, 7]. To eliminate the need
of a diesel generator, a battery bank can be used.
Battery life is enhanced when batteries are kept at
near 100% of their capacity or returned to that state
quickly after a partial or deep discharge [7]. The use
of PV modules only does not protect batteries against
deep discharges. During periods of little or no
sunshine, the load draws more energy than the PVs
can replace. A more dynamic source of energy is a
wind turbine. Adding a wind turbine to a system
would protect batteries against deep discharges and
thus extend their life [7-9]. Many studies have been
carried out in the area of sizing of PV-wind hybrid
energy systems. Generally, there are three main
approaches to achieve the optimal configurations of
such hybrid systems in terms of technical analysis
and economic analysis. These approaches are the
iteration approach [7-13], the probabilistic approach
[14], and the trade-off approach [15]. However, these
approaches are time-consuming and difficult to adjust
if insolation, wind speed, load demand, rating of each
29 | P a g e
2. Satish Kumar Ramoji et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 4), January 2014, pp.29-37
generator, and initial cost of each component are
changed.
In this paper, a genetic algorithm (GA)
optimization technique is used to optimally size a
proposed PV-wind hybrid energy system, by
minimizing the total cost of the proposed hybrid
system.
for the PV system, the AC/DC converter for the
wind generators, and DC/AC inverter which is
connected to the DC bus and supplies the 440 V
AC power to the load. The third stage is the grid
connected load, where the 60% of the demand is
supplied by the hybrid system.
III.
II.
HYBRID SYSTEM STRUCTURE
Figure -1 shows the proposed optimization
procedure of the PV-Wind hybrid system based on
high resolution solar irradiance including the cost
analysis.
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METEOROLOGICAL AND LOAD
DATA
The proposed method is to optimally size a
PV-wind hybrid energy system to electrify a
residential remote area household near to latitude is
39.74˚ N, Longitude 105.18˚ W, Time Zone: - GMT7, Elevation: -1829 m. MIDC/NREL Solar Radiation
Research Laboratory (BMS) is a good source for the
long-term monthly average daily solar radiation data
(incident on both horizontal and south-facing PV
array tilted by the latitude angle ϕ of the site) and
wind speed data (measured at 42 feet/12.8 m height
in the site). The proposed method requires a recorded
long-term wind speed data and global insolation data
(incident on a south-facing PV array tilted by the site
latitude angle ϕ) for every day of each month in a
period of 1 year. Figures 3 and 4 show these data
(i.e., the global solar insolation and wind Speed,
respectively) for every month in a typical year.
Figure 5 illustrates the considered residential remote
area load profile, during the 12 months of the year.
Figure -1: Flowchart of the proposed optimization
procedure
Figure -3: Global Solar Insolation
Figure -2: Structure of PV/Wind Hybrid System
The suggested approach employs a
technical assessment in conjunction with cost-perwatt to select and size the PV panel, wind
turbine, and battery storage in order to determine
the system that would guarantee a reliable energy
supply with the lowest investment. Figure -2 shows
the general schematic of the hybrid system. The
system can be divided into three main stages; the
first stage is the generation which includes the PV
and wind systems. The second stage is the
conversion and storage energy system.
The
conversion system includes the DC/DC converter
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Figure -4: Wind Speed
30 | P a g e
3. Satish Kumar Ramoji et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 4), January 2014, pp.29-37
www.ijera.com
PW of S(1+j)N taking the interest rate into
consideration, is
Figure -5: Load profile for all months of a typical
year
IV.
PROBLEM FORMULATION
The major concern in the design of the proposed PVwind hybrid energy system is to determine the size of
each component participating in the system so that
the load can be economically and reliably satisfied.
Hence, the system components are found subject to:
1. minimizing the total cost (CT) of the system,
2.ensuring that the load is served according to certain
reliability criteria. The objective function (CT) is to
be minimized, and this cost function is generated by
the summation of the present worth (PWs) of all the
salvage values of the equipment, the yearly operation
and maintenance costs, the initial or capital
investments, and the replacement costs of the system
components. Thus, the objective function can be
formulated as:
(1)
Where the index k is to account for PV,
wind, and batteries; Ik is the capital or initial
investment of each component k; RPWk is the PW of
the replacement cost of each component k; OMPWk is
the PW of the operation and maintenance costs of
each component k; SPWk is the PW of the salvage
value of each component k. The constraints that
ought to be met, while minimizing the objective
function CT, should ensure that the load is served
according to some reliability criteria.
4.1. BASIC ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
As (1) suggests, the PWs of some annual
payments as well as of salvage values are needed.
Thus, assuming a life horizon of N years for the
project, an interest rate r, and an inflation rate j
(caused by increases in prices), the different PWs can
be calculated as follows [16]: 4.1.1: SALVAGE VALUE
If a component has a salvage value of S ( ) at present
(because it is reaching the end of its life cycle), then
the salvage value of the component is expected to be
S(1+j)N (i.e., N years from now provided that the
component is put in service at the present time). The
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(2)
Let fac1=
, then SPWk=Sk facl,
for all components k in the hybrid system.
4.1.2: OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
If the operating and maintenance cost of a component
is OM ( /year), then this tends to escalate each year
at a rate not necessarily equal to the general inflation
rate. Thus, for an escalation rate es the operation and
maintenance costs incurred at year y will be
OM(1+es)y,
and
having
a
PW
of:
OM(1+es)y/(1+r)y
(3)
The summation of the PWs of all the annual
payments is, thus, given by:
OMPW=OM.
=OM.fac2
(4)
Where fac2 represents a geometric progression, and
is given by:
fac2 = (
). [1-(
], r
N,
r = es
(5)
Hence, OMPWk=OMk. fac2, for all components k in
the system. Note that other PW calculations will be
treated in a similar manner throughout the analysis of
each component.
4.2. TOTAL COST COEFFICIENTS
4.2.1: THE PV ARRAY
Assuming the design variable, in case of the
PV array, to be the total array area APV in square
meters. This area is constrained by both the
maximum available area for the PV Array (e.g., the
roof surface of buildings) and the budget preset for
the PV modules. With an initial cost of αPV ( /m2),
the total initial investment would be:
I1 = αPV . APV
(6)
Note, here, that if the project life span is
assumed to be the same as the PV array lifetime, then
the replacement cost of the PV modules will be
negligible (i.e.,RPW1=0). With a yearly operation and
maintenance cost of αOMPV ( /m2/year), the total
yearly operation and maintenance cost would be
OM1=αOMPV.APV. Thus, the global PW of the yearly
operation and maintenance cost would be
OMPW1= αOMPV . APV . fac2
(7)
The salvage value can be found by
multiplying the selling price per square meter SPV by
the area APV, and the PW of the selling price would
be
SPW1= SPV . APV . fac1
(8)
In summary, the PWs of the PV array costs are:
I1+RPW1 = αPV . APV = c1 . APV
OMPW1 = αOMPV . APV . fac2 = c2 . APV
SPW1= SPV . APV . fac1 = c3 . APV
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4. Satish Kumar Ramoji et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 4), January 2014, pp.29-37
4.2.2 THE WIND TURBINE
The design variable due to the use of the
wind turbine is the total rotor swept area Aw in square
meters. This value is constrained by both the space
available and the budget of the project. Note that if
Aw is known, then it is the task of the designer to
distribute Aw among several machines such that the
summation of the individual areas gives Aw. Since the
lifetime of a wind turbine Lw is usually shorter than
that of the PV array N, then it might be necessary to
purchase additional wind turbines before the life span
of the project comes to an end. The number of times,
within N years, a wind turbine is needed is Xw=N/Lw
(rounded to the greater integer). If αw is the price in
/m2 at present, the price at year y would be αw.(1
+es)y having the PW of αw.(1 +es)y/(1+r)y. Thus, the
PW of all the initial and replacement investments in
wind turbines is
I2+RPW2 = αw . Aw
(9)
Where es is the escalation rate, r is the
interest rate, Lw is the lifetime of wind turbines, and
Xw is the number of times wind turbines are
purchased. Note that if Xw equals 1 (i.e., the life span
of the wind turbines is greater than or equal to that of
the whole project), then RPW2=0 and I2=αw . Aw (since
the wind turbines are bought once at the beginning of
the project). With a yearly operation and maintenance
cost of αOMw ( /m2/year), the total yearly operation
and maintenance cost would be OM2=αOMw.Aw, and
the PW of all the yearly costs would be:
OMPW2= αOMw . Aw . fac2
(10)
The salvage value of the wind turbine is assumed to
decrease linearly from αw ( /m2) to Sw ( /m2), when
the wind turbine operates along its lifetime Lw (i.e.,
from its installation to the end of its lifetime,
respectively). If the project life comes to an end
before the wind turbines have reached the end of their
life span, then the wind turbines could be sold at Spw
( /m2), which is a value greater than Sw.
Spw =
. Years + αw
(11)
Where “years” indicates the number of years of
operation between the installation of the last wind
turbine and the end of the project life span.
Therefore, the PW of all the salvage values is found
by:
SPW2= Sw.Aw
+Spw. Aw
(12)
If N (i.e., the life span of the project) is a multiple of
that of the wind turbines Lw, then Equation (12) can
be reduced to
SPW2 = Sw . Aw
(13)
In summary, the PWs of the wind turbine are:
I2+RPW2 = αw . Aw
SPW2=Sw.Aw
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+Spw.Aw
=c6.
Aw
4.2.3 THE STORAGE BATTERIES
The design variable in the case of storage
batteries is their capacity Cb in kilo watt hours. As in
the case of wind turbine, the lifetime of a battery Lb is
expected to be less than that of the whole project.
Hence, batteries of capacity Cb are to be purchased at
regular intervals of Lb. The total PW of the capital
and replacement investments in batteries is given by:
I3+RPW3 = αb . Cb
(14)
Where Lb is the battery lifetime, Xb is the number of
times batteries should be purchased during the project
lifetime: Xb=N/Lb (rounded to the greater integer), and
αb is the capital cost in ( /kWh). The salvage value of
the batteries is assumed to be negligible. With a
yearly operation and maintenance cost of αOMb (
/kWh/year), the total yearly operation and
maintenance cost would be OM3=αOMb.Cb, and the
PW of all the yearly costs would be:
OMPW3=αOMb. Cb . fac2
(15)
In summary, the PWs of the battery costs are:
I3+RPW3 = αb . Cb
= c7 . Cb
OMPW3 = αOMb . Cb . fac2 = c8 . Cb
SPW3 = 0
4.3. SYSTEM MODELING
Modeling is an essential step before any
phase of optimal sizing. For the proposed PV-wind
hybrid system with a storage battery, as shown in
Figure 2, three principal subsystems are included, the
PV array, the wind turbine generator (WTG), and the
battery storage.
4.3.1: MODELING OF THE PV ARRAY
For a PV array having an efficiency ηPV and
area APV (m2), the output power PPV (kW), when
subjected to the available solar insolation R (kW/m2)
on the tilted surface, is given by [11]
PPV = R . APV . ηPV
(16)
Here, the insolation R incident on the PV array is
defined in Figure 3.
4.3.2: MODELING OF THE WTG
A WTG produces power Pw when the wind
speed V is higher than the cut-in speed Vci and is
shut-down when V is higher than the cut-out speed
Vco. When Vr <V<Vco (Vr is the rated wind speed), the
WTG produces rated power Pr. If Vci<V<Vr, the
WTG output power varies according to the cube law.
The following equations are to be used in order to
model the WTG [7, 13]
= c4 . Aw
OMPW2= αOMw . Aw . fac2 = c5 . Aw
(17)
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5. Satish Kumar Ramoji et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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Where
Pr = CP ρair Aw
(18)
In the above equation, Cp, ρair, and Aw are the power
coefficient, air density, and rotor swept area,
respectively. As the available wind speed data Vi (see
Figure 4) were estimated at a height Hi =42 feet/12.8
m, then to upgrade these data to a particular hub
height H, the following equation is commonly used
[1, 7]
(19)
Where V is the upgraded wind speed at the hub
height H and a is the power-law exponent (≈1/7 for
open land).
4.3.3: MODELING OF THE STORAGE BATTERY
At any hour t, the state of charge of the battery [SOC
(t)] is related to the previous state of charge [SOC (t –
1)] and to the energy production and consumption
situation of the system during the time from t –1 to t.
During the charging process, when the battery power
PB flows toward the battery (i.e., PB>0), the available
battery state of charge at hour t can be described by:
SOC (t) = SOC (t-1) +
(20)
Where Δt is the simulation step time (which is set
equal to 1 hour), and Cb is the total nominal capacity
of the battery in kilowatt-hours. On the other hand,
when the battery power flows outside the battery (i.e.,
PB<0), the battery is in discharging state. Therefore,
the available battery state of charge at hour t can be
expressed as:
SOC (t) = SOC (t-1) (21)
To prolong the battery life, the battery should not be
over discharged or overcharged. This means that the
battery SOC at any hour t must be subject to the
following constraint:
(1 ) ≤ SOC (t) ≤
(22)
Where DODmax and SOCmax are the battery maximum
permissible depth of discharge and SOC,
respectively.
V.
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hour. The proposed energy management of the PVwind hybrid system can be summarized as follows:
If [Pg(t)>PL∗(t)/ηinv] and [SOC(t –1)<SOCmax]
then satisfy the load and charge the battery [using
Equation (20)] with the surplus power
[PB(t)=(Pg(t)− PL∗(t)/ηinv)ηb]. Afterwards, check if
[SOC(t)≥SOCmax] then stop battery charging, set
SOC(t)=SOCmax, and dump the surplus power
(PDump(t)=Pg(t)−[PL∗(t)/ηinv+1000×Cb/Δt×ηb×(SO
Cmax−SOC(t−1))]).
If [Pg(t)>PL∗(t)/ηinv] and [SOC(t–1)≥SOCmax]
then stop charging the battery, satisfy the load,
and dump the surplus power [PDump(t)= Pg(t)−
PL∗(t)/ηinv].
If [Pg(t) =PL∗(t)/ηinv] then satisfy the load only.
If [Pg(t)<PL∗(t)/ηinv] and [DOD(t–1)<DODmax]
then satisfy the load by discharging the battery
[using Equation (21)] to cover the deficit in load
power [PB(t)= PL∗(t)/ηinv - Pg(t)]. Afterwards,
check if [DOD(t)≥DODmax] then stop battery
discharging, set DOD(t)=DODmax, and calculate
the deficit in load power (Pdeficit(t)=PL∗(t)-[Pg(t)+
1000×Cb/Δt×( SOC(t−1) −(1−DODmax))] ηinv.
If [Pg(t)<PL∗(t)/ηinv] and [DOD(t–1) ≥DODmax]
then stop battery discharging and [Pdeficit(t)= PL∗(t)
− Pg(t). ηinv.
As it is assumed, in this work, the simulation step
time Δt is equal to 1 h and the generated PV and wind
powers are constants during Δt then, the power is
numerically equal to the energy within Δt. A
flowchart diagram for this program is shown in
Figure 6. The input data for this program consist of
mean hourly global insolation on a tilted array R,
mean hourly wind speed Vi, and desired load power
during the year PL∗. Note, here, that for every
configuration of the proposed PV-wind hybrid
system, this program simulates the system. There are
three additional bounds that should be imposed on
the sizes of the system components, which are:
SYSTEM RELIABILITY
First of all, it is assumed, in this work, that
the
peak
power
trackers,
the
battery
charger/discharger, and the distribution lines are ideal
(i.e., they are lossless). Also, it is assumed that the
inverter efficiency ηinv is constant; the battery charge
efficiency ηb is set to equal to the manufacturers’
round-trip efficiency, and the battery discharging
efficiency is set to be 1. The total generated power by
the PV array and WTG for hour t, Pg(t), can be
expressed as
Pg (t) = PPV (t) + Pw (t)
(23)
It is to be noted that the desired load demand at any
hour t, PL∗(t), may or may not be satisfied according
to the corresponding values of the total generated
power Pg(t) and the available battery SOC(t) at that
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Figure -6: Flow-chart of the simulation Program
33 | P a g e
6. Satish Kumar Ramoji et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 4), January 2014, pp.29-37
0 ≤ APV ≤ APVmax
0 ≤ Aw ≤ Aw max
0 ≤ Cb ≤ Cb max
VI.
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(24)
(25)
(26)
FINAL FORM AND GA
OPTIMIZATION
At this stage, the optimization problem can be written
in its final form as follows:
1. Minimize the cost function CT
(c1+c2-c3).APV+ (c4+c5-c6). AW + (c7+c8).Cb
(27)
2. Subject to:
0 ≤ APV ≤ APVmax
0 ≤ Aw ≤ Aw max
0 ≤ Cb ≤ Cb max
(28)
To solve the above optimization problem,
GA is proposed, where, in this work, the Genetic
Algorithm Code under MATLAB software is utilized
for solving the previous optimization problem. GA
contains the elitist approach. This means that a
solution cannot degrade from one generation to the
next, but that best individual of a generation is copied
to the next generation without any changes being
made to it. To use the GA, for solving the formulated
optimization problem, a M-file (MATLAB Code) has
written, to compute the values of the objective
function (or called fitness function).
The M-file has to be written to accept a
vector (i.e., individual) whose length is the number of
independent variables for the objective function and
return the corresponding scalar values of the
objective function (i.e., cost). In this work, the
individual of the considered optimization problem
contains three variables (or genes), which are: APV,
Aw, and Cb. The used GA is based upon using the
flowchart of Figure 7, to yield the optimal solution.
Initially, the GA selects individuals at random from
the current population to be parents and uses them to
produce the children for the next generation by using
the three main operations, which are the selection,
crossover, and mutation operations. Then, it can
repeatedly modify a population of individual
solutions, where, over successive generations, the
population evolves toward an optimal solution.
Note, here, that the used different settings in the GA
are 100 individuals for the population size, the
stochastic uniform function for the selection
operation, the scattered crossover function (with a
crossover probability of 80%) for the crossover
operation, the adaptive feasible mutation function
(with a probability rate of 1%) for the mutation
operation, and an elite individual. At the same time, it
is to be noted that the additional three bounds of (28)
can be entered directly in the dedicated positions of
the GA.
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Figure -7: Flow-chart of the Genetic Algorithm (GA)
VII.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The formulated optimization problem of the
PV-wind hybrid energy system is solved, in this
work, by using the GA under MATLAB software,
which may provide a number of potential solutions to
the given problem. The choice of the final optimum
solution is left to the system’s designer. The
specifications and the related maintenance and
installation costs of different wind turbines, PV
panels and batteries, which are input to the optimal
sizing procedure, are listed in Tables I-III. The
maintenance cost of each unit per year and the
installation cost of each component have been set at
0-1% and 5-10% respectively of the corresponding
cost. The life time of Wind Turbine, PV panel and
Battery is considered to be 5 years. Since the tower
heights of wind turbines affect the results
significantly, 12.8m meter high tower at an elevation
of 1829m is chosen. The minimization of the system
total cost is achieved by selecting an appropriate
system configuration. In table IV, it indicates the
resulted optimum sizes of the different components
included in the hybrid system. The corresponding
fitness function optimization (i.e., minimization of the
system cost in rupees) along the successive
generations of the GA is shown in Figure 8, which
indicates that the system is optimized after forty
iterations only.
Table- I: Wind Turbine Data
Power Rating (W)
2500
Vr (m/s)
30
Vci (m/s)
15
Vco (m/s)
40
Life Time of the WTG (years)
5
Installation Cost (Rs./m2)
17
Operation and Maintenance Cost (Rs. /yr.)
3.4
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7. Satish Kumar Ramoji et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 4), January 2014, pp.29-37
Table- II: PV Array Data
Voc (V)
Isc (A)
Life Time of the PV Panel (years)
Installation Cost (Rs./m2)
Operation and Maintenance Cost (Rs. /yr.)
2500
30
5
5.5
0.65
Table- III: Battery Specifications
Nominal Capacity (Ah)
Voltage (V)
DOD (%)
Efficiency (%)
Life Time of the PV Panel (years)
Installation Cost (Rs./m2)
Operation and Maintenance Cost (Rs. /yr.)
50
12
80
80
5
13
2.6
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(i.e. learners) is considered as population and the
different subjects offered to the learners is analogous
with the different design variables of the optimization
problem. The grades of a learner in each subject
represent a possible solution to the optimization
problem (value of design variables) and the mean
result of a learner considering all subjects
corresponds to the quality of the associated solution
(fitness value).The best solution in the entire
population is considered as the teacher. In another Mfile a MATLAB code has written for proposed hybrid
PV/Wind energy system using Teaching Learning
Based Optimization (TLBO) algorithm. The
corresponding fitness function optimization (i.e.,
minimization of the system cost in rupees) along the
successive iterations of the TLBO is shown in Figure
9, which indicates that the system is not optimized
even after hundred iterations.
Table- IV: Optimum sizes of the hybrid System.
APV (m2)
Aw (m2)
Cb (kWh)
40.0004
50.0000
30.0000
Figure -9: Optimization of the fitness function using
TLBO
Figure -8: Optimization of the Objective function
using GA
The combination of PV and wind in a hybrid energy
system reduces the battery bank and diesel
requirements; therefore the system total cost is
reduced. Table-V shows a comparison between the
costs that resulted from solving the formulated
optimization problem by using the proposed GAbased technique and the TLBO algorithm using
MATLAB software, Thus, Table-V indicates that the
proposed GA-based technique is better than the
TLBO algorithm, in solving such optimization
problems, and this is due to the fact that the GA is
capable to converge to the global optimum solution
instead of convergent at a local optimum one.
Teaching-learning is an important process where
every individual tries to learn something from other
individuals to improve himself / herself. It is an
algorithm known as teaching-learning based
optimization (TLBO) [18] which simulates the
traditional teaching-learning phenomenon of the
classroom. The algorithm simulates two fundamental
modes of learning: (i) through teacher (known as
teacher phase) and (ii) interacting with the other
learners (known as the learner phase). TLBO is a
population based algorithm where a group of students
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Table- V: Cost comparison using GA and TLBO
Technique
Cost ( )
Genetic Algorithm (GA)
5,893
(TLBO)
6,968
Figure 10, 11, and 12 illustrates the generated PV
power, wind power, and the total generated power of
the suggested PV-wind hybrid system, for every
month during the year.
Figure -10: PV Power
Figure -11: Wind Power
35 | P a g e
8. Satish Kumar Ramoji et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 4), January 2014, pp.29-37
[6].
[7].
Figure -12: Total generated Power
VIII.
CONCLUSION
This
paper
presents
a
GA-based
optimization technique to optimally size a proposed
PV-wind hybrid energy system, incorporating a
storage battery. The optimization problem is
formulated, in this work, to achieve a minimum total
cost for the system components and to ensure that the
load is served reliably. The results yield that the GA
converges very well and the proposed technique is
feasible for sizing either of the PV-wind hybrid
energy system, stand-alone PV system, or standalone wind system. In addition, the proposed
technique is able to be adjusted if insolation, wind
speed, load demand, and initial cost of each
component participating in the system are changed.
The results yield, also, that the PV-wind hybrid
energy systems are the most economical and reliable
solution for electrifying remote area loads.
[8].
[9].
[10].
[11].
[12].
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BIOGRAPHIES
Satish Kumar Ramoji received the
B.Tech Degree in Electrical &
Electronics Engineering from National
Institute of Science and Technology
(NIST), Berhampur, under Biju
Patnaik University of Technology
(BPUT), Odisha, India in 2008; currently he is
pursuing M.Tech in Power Electronics and Electrical
Drives from Aditya Institute of Technology &
Management (AITAM), Tekkali under Jawaharlal
Nehru Technological University (JNTU, Kakinada),
Andhra Pradesh, India. His field of interest includes
Power electronics, Drives, Electrical Machines and
hybrid energy systems.
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Bibhuti Bhusan Rath received the
B.Tech Degree in Electrical &
Electronics Engineering from Orissa
Engineering
College
(O.E.C),
Bhubaneswar, India, in 1998; he holds
M.Tech in Power Systems from Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University (JNTU, Hyderabad),
Andhra Pradesh, India in 2011. He has been active in
the industry and academics for more than 16 years.
His field of interest includes Power electronics,
Electrical Machines and hybrid energy systems.
D.Vijay Kumar received the B.Tech
degree in electrical and electronics
engineering from Andhra University
(A.U), Vishakhapatnam in 1997; he
holds M.E. in Power system from
(A.U), in 2000 and received Ph.D in 2010 from
Andhra University. Dr. D.Vijay Kumar served as
an Assistant professor and Associate professor in
various engineering colleges during 2000 to 2011.
He was presently working as a professor and HOD
in the department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, AITAM, Tekkali, Andhra Pradesh.,
India. His field of interest includes power systems
and control systems.
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