For generating and distributing an economic load scheduling approach, artificial neural network (ANN) has been introduced, because power generation and power consumption are economically non-identical. An efficient load scheduling method is suggested in this paper. Normally the power generation system fails due to its instability at peak load time. Traditionally, load shedding process is used in which low priority loads are disconnected from sources. The proposed method handles this problem by scheduling the load based on the power requirements. In many countries the power systems are facing limitations of energy. An efficient optimization algorithm is used to periodically schedule the load demand and the generation. Ant colony optimization (ACO) based ANN is used for this optimal load scheduling process. The present work analyse the technical economical and time-dependent limitations. Also the works meets the demanded load with minimum cost of energy. Inorder to train ANN back propagation (BP) technics is used. A hybrid training process is described in this work. Global optimization algorithms are used to provide back propagation with good initial connection weights.
Energy harvesting earliest deadline first scheduling algorithm for increasing...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a new approach for energy minimization in energy harvesting real time systems has been investigated. Lifetime of a real time systems is depend upon its battery life. Energy is a parameter by which the lifetime of system can be enhanced. To work continuously and successively, energy harvesting is used as a regular source of energy. EDF (Earliest Deadline First) is a traditional real time tasks scheduling algorithm and DVS (Dynamic Voltage Scaling) is used for reducing energy consumption. In this paper, we propose an Energy Harvesting Earliest Deadline First (EH-EDF) scheduling algorithm for increasing lifetime of real time systems using DVS for reducing energy consumption and EDF for tasks scheduling with energy harvesting as regular energy supply. Our experimental results show that the proposed approach perform better to reduce energy consumption and increases the system lifetime as compared with existing approaches.
A Comparative study on Different ANN Techniques in Wind Speed Forecasting for...IOSRJEEE
There are several available renewable sources of energy, among which Wind Power is the one which is most uncertain in nature. This is because wind speed changes continuously with time leading to uncertainty in availability of amount of wind power generated. Hence, a short-term forecasting of wind speed will help in prior estimation of wind power generation availability for the grid and economic load dispatch.This paper present a comparative study of a Wind speed forecasting model using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) with three different learning algorithms. ANN is used because it is a non-linear data driven, adaptive and very powerful tool for forecasting purposes. Here an attempt is made to forecast Wind Speed using ANN with Levenberg-Marquard (LM) algorithm, Scaled Conjugate Gradient (SCG) algorithm and Bayesian Regularization (BR) algorithm and their results are compared based on their convergence speed in training period and their performance in testing period on the basis of Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Mean Square Error (MSE).A 48 hour ahead wind speed is forecasted in this work and it is compared with the measured values using all three algorithms and the best out of the three is selected based on minimum error.
17 9740 development paper id 0014 (edit a)IAESIJEECS
This paper presents a Hybrid Artificial Neural Network (HANN) for chiller system Measurement and Verification (M&V) model development. In this work, hybridization of Evolutionary Programming (EP) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) are considered in modeling the baseline electrical energy consumption for a chiller system hence quantifying saving. EP with coefficient of correlation (R) objective function is used in optimizing the neural network training process and selecting the optimal values of ANN initial weights and biases. Three inputs that are affecting energy use of the chiller system are selected; 1) operating time, 2) refrigerant tonnage and 3) differential temperature. The output is hourly energy use of building air-conditioning system. The HANN model is simulated with 16 different structures and the results reveal that all HANN structures produce higher prediction performance with R is above 0.977. The best structure with the highest value of R is selected as the baseline model hence is used to determine the saving. The avoided energy calculated from this model is 132944.59 kWh that contributes to 1.38% of saving percentage.
Optimal Economic Load Dispatch of the Nigerian Thermal Power Stations Using P...theijes
This document summarizes the application of particle swarm optimization (PSO) to solve the economic load dispatch (ELD) problem for Nigeria's thermal power stations. PSO is used to determine the optimal allocation of total power demand among generating units to minimize total fuel costs while satisfying constraints. The PSO algorithm is applied to a 1999 model of Nigeria's power network and results are compared to other heuristic methods. PSO efficiently distributes load to minimize costs and overcomes limitations of traditional optimization techniques for non-linear power system problems.
Sampling-Based Model Predictive Control of PV-Integrated Energy Storage Syste...Power System Operation
This paper proposes a novel control solution designed to solve the local and grid-connected
distributed energy resources (DERs) management problem by developing a generalizable framework capable
of controlling DERs based on forecasted values and real-time energy prices. The proposed model uses
sampling-based model predictive control (SBMPC), together with the real-time price of energy and forecasts
of PV and load power, to allocate the dispatch of the available distributed energy resources (DERs) while
minimizing the overall cost. The strategy developed aims to nd the ideal combination of solar, grid, and
energy storage (ES) power with the objective of minimizing the total cost of energy of the entire system.
Both ofine and controller hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) results are presented for a 7-day test case scenario
and compared with two manual base test cases and four baseline optimization algorithms (Genetic Algo-
rithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Quadratic Programming interior-point method (QP-IP),
and Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP)) designed to solve the optimization problem considering the
current status of the system and also its future states. The proposed model uses a 24-hour prediction horizon
with a 15-minute control horizon. The results demonstrate substantial cost and execution time savings when
compared to the other baseline control algorithms.
Optimal unit commitment of a power plant using particle swarm optimization ap...IJECEIAES
Economic load dispatch among generating units is very important for any power plant. In this work, the economic load dispatch was made at Egbin Thermal Power plant supplying a total load of 600MW using six generating units. In carrying out this study, transmission losses were assumed to be included into the load supplied. Also, three different combinations in the form of 6, 5- and 4-units commitment were considered. In each case, the total load was optimally dispatched between committed generating units using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Similarly, the generation cost for each generating unit was determined. For case 1, the six generators were committed and the generation cost is 2,100,685.069$/h. For case 2, five generators were committed and the generation cost is 2,520,861.947$/h. For case 3, four generators were committed and the generation cost is 3,150,621.685$/h. From all considered cases, it was found that, the minimum generation cost was achieved when all six generating units were committed and a total of 420,178.878$/h was saved.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
Nowadays, the location and sizing of distributed generation (DG) units in power system network are crucial to be at optimal as it will affect the power system operation in terms of stability and security. In this paper, a new technique termed as Immune Log-Normal Evolutionary Programming (ILNEP) is applied to find the optimal location and size of distributed generation units in power system network. Voltage stability is considered in solving this problem. The proposed technique has been tested on the IEEE 26 bus Reliability Test System to find the optimal location and size of distributed generation in transmission network. In order to study the performance of ILNEP technique in solving DG Installation problem, the results produced by ILNEP were compared with other meta-heuristic techniques like evolutionary programming (EP) and artificial immune system (AIS). It is found that the proposed technique gives better solution in term of lower total system loss compared to the other two techniques.
Energy harvesting earliest deadline first scheduling algorithm for increasing...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a new approach for energy minimization in energy harvesting real time systems has been investigated. Lifetime of a real time systems is depend upon its battery life. Energy is a parameter by which the lifetime of system can be enhanced. To work continuously and successively, energy harvesting is used as a regular source of energy. EDF (Earliest Deadline First) is a traditional real time tasks scheduling algorithm and DVS (Dynamic Voltage Scaling) is used for reducing energy consumption. In this paper, we propose an Energy Harvesting Earliest Deadline First (EH-EDF) scheduling algorithm for increasing lifetime of real time systems using DVS for reducing energy consumption and EDF for tasks scheduling with energy harvesting as regular energy supply. Our experimental results show that the proposed approach perform better to reduce energy consumption and increases the system lifetime as compared with existing approaches.
A Comparative study on Different ANN Techniques in Wind Speed Forecasting for...IOSRJEEE
There are several available renewable sources of energy, among which Wind Power is the one which is most uncertain in nature. This is because wind speed changes continuously with time leading to uncertainty in availability of amount of wind power generated. Hence, a short-term forecasting of wind speed will help in prior estimation of wind power generation availability for the grid and economic load dispatch.This paper present a comparative study of a Wind speed forecasting model using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) with three different learning algorithms. ANN is used because it is a non-linear data driven, adaptive and very powerful tool for forecasting purposes. Here an attempt is made to forecast Wind Speed using ANN with Levenberg-Marquard (LM) algorithm, Scaled Conjugate Gradient (SCG) algorithm and Bayesian Regularization (BR) algorithm and their results are compared based on their convergence speed in training period and their performance in testing period on the basis of Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Mean Square Error (MSE).A 48 hour ahead wind speed is forecasted in this work and it is compared with the measured values using all three algorithms and the best out of the three is selected based on minimum error.
17 9740 development paper id 0014 (edit a)IAESIJEECS
This paper presents a Hybrid Artificial Neural Network (HANN) for chiller system Measurement and Verification (M&V) model development. In this work, hybridization of Evolutionary Programming (EP) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) are considered in modeling the baseline electrical energy consumption for a chiller system hence quantifying saving. EP with coefficient of correlation (R) objective function is used in optimizing the neural network training process and selecting the optimal values of ANN initial weights and biases. Three inputs that are affecting energy use of the chiller system are selected; 1) operating time, 2) refrigerant tonnage and 3) differential temperature. The output is hourly energy use of building air-conditioning system. The HANN model is simulated with 16 different structures and the results reveal that all HANN structures produce higher prediction performance with R is above 0.977. The best structure with the highest value of R is selected as the baseline model hence is used to determine the saving. The avoided energy calculated from this model is 132944.59 kWh that contributes to 1.38% of saving percentage.
Optimal Economic Load Dispatch of the Nigerian Thermal Power Stations Using P...theijes
This document summarizes the application of particle swarm optimization (PSO) to solve the economic load dispatch (ELD) problem for Nigeria's thermal power stations. PSO is used to determine the optimal allocation of total power demand among generating units to minimize total fuel costs while satisfying constraints. The PSO algorithm is applied to a 1999 model of Nigeria's power network and results are compared to other heuristic methods. PSO efficiently distributes load to minimize costs and overcomes limitations of traditional optimization techniques for non-linear power system problems.
Sampling-Based Model Predictive Control of PV-Integrated Energy Storage Syste...Power System Operation
This paper proposes a novel control solution designed to solve the local and grid-connected
distributed energy resources (DERs) management problem by developing a generalizable framework capable
of controlling DERs based on forecasted values and real-time energy prices. The proposed model uses
sampling-based model predictive control (SBMPC), together with the real-time price of energy and forecasts
of PV and load power, to allocate the dispatch of the available distributed energy resources (DERs) while
minimizing the overall cost. The strategy developed aims to nd the ideal combination of solar, grid, and
energy storage (ES) power with the objective of minimizing the total cost of energy of the entire system.
Both ofine and controller hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) results are presented for a 7-day test case scenario
and compared with two manual base test cases and four baseline optimization algorithms (Genetic Algo-
rithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Quadratic Programming interior-point method (QP-IP),
and Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP)) designed to solve the optimization problem considering the
current status of the system and also its future states. The proposed model uses a 24-hour prediction horizon
with a 15-minute control horizon. The results demonstrate substantial cost and execution time savings when
compared to the other baseline control algorithms.
Optimal unit commitment of a power plant using particle swarm optimization ap...IJECEIAES
Economic load dispatch among generating units is very important for any power plant. In this work, the economic load dispatch was made at Egbin Thermal Power plant supplying a total load of 600MW using six generating units. In carrying out this study, transmission losses were assumed to be included into the load supplied. Also, three different combinations in the form of 6, 5- and 4-units commitment were considered. In each case, the total load was optimally dispatched between committed generating units using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Similarly, the generation cost for each generating unit was determined. For case 1, the six generators were committed and the generation cost is 2,100,685.069$/h. For case 2, five generators were committed and the generation cost is 2,520,861.947$/h. For case 3, four generators were committed and the generation cost is 3,150,621.685$/h. From all considered cases, it was found that, the minimum generation cost was achieved when all six generating units were committed and a total of 420,178.878$/h was saved.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
Nowadays, the location and sizing of distributed generation (DG) units in power system network are crucial to be at optimal as it will affect the power system operation in terms of stability and security. In this paper, a new technique termed as Immune Log-Normal Evolutionary Programming (ILNEP) is applied to find the optimal location and size of distributed generation units in power system network. Voltage stability is considered in solving this problem. The proposed technique has been tested on the IEEE 26 bus Reliability Test System to find the optimal location and size of distributed generation in transmission network. In order to study the performance of ILNEP technique in solving DG Installation problem, the results produced by ILNEP were compared with other meta-heuristic techniques like evolutionary programming (EP) and artificial immune system (AIS). It is found that the proposed technique gives better solution in term of lower total system loss compared to the other two techniques.
The document summarizes a study comparing time series and artificial neural network (ANN) methods for short-term load forecasting of Covenant University, Nigeria. Load data from October 15-16, 2012 was used to develop forecasting models using moving average, exponential smoothing (time series methods) and ANN. The ANN model with inputs of previous load, time of day, day of week and weekday/weekend proved most accurate with a mean absolute deviation of 0.225, mean squared error of 0.095 and mean absolute percent error of 8.25, making it the best forecasting method according to the error measurements.
Economic Dispatch using Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm in Electrical Power S...IJECEIAES
Unpredictable increase in power demands will overload the supply subsystems and insufficiently powered systems will suffer from instabilities, in which voltages drop below acceptable levels. Additional power sources are needed to satisfy the demand. Small capacity distributed generators (DGs) serve for this purpose well. One advantage of DGs is that they can be installed close to loads, so as to minimise loses. Optimum placements and sizing of DGs are critical to increase system voltages and to reduce loses. This will finally increase the overall system efficiency. This work exploits Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm (QEA) for the placements and sizing. This optimisation targets the cheapest generation cost. Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm is an Evolutionary Algorithm running on quantum computing, which works based on qubits and states superposition of quantum mechanics. Evolutionary algorithm with qubit representation has a better characteristic of diversity than classical approaches, since it can represent superposition of states.
This document proposes methods to improve the dynamic response of a grid-connected hybrid power system comprising wind and photovoltaic generation. It implements an artificial neural network trained by genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) to maximize solar array output under varying irradiation and temperature conditions. It also uses a fuzzy logic controller for wind turbine pitch angle control in high wind speeds, compared to a conventional PI controller. Simulation results show the ANN-GA method achieves maximum power point tracking for the solar arrays more reliably than conventional perturb and observe or incremental conductance methods. The fuzzy logic controller also provides faster response and smoother power curves for the wind turbine, improving overall dynamic system performance.
Solar PV parameter estimation using multi-objective optimisationjournalBEEI
The estimation of the electrical model parameters of solar PV, such as light-induced current, diode dark saturation current, thermal voltage, series resistance, and shunt resistance, is indispensable to predict the actual electrical performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) under changing environmental conditions. Therefore, this paper first considers the various methods of parameter estimation of solar PV to highlight their shortfalls. Thereafter, a new parameter estimation method, based on multi-objective optimisation, namely, Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II), is proposed. Furthermore, to check the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method, conventional methods, such as, ‘Newton-Raphson’, ‘Particle Swarm Optimisation, Search Algorithm, was tested on four solar PV modules of polycrystalline and monocrystalline materials. Finally, a solar PV module photowatt PWP201 has been considered and compared with six different state of art methods. The estimated performance indices such as current absolute error matrics, absolute relative power error, mean absolute error, and P-V characteristics curve were compared. The results depict the close proximity of the characteristic curve obtained with the proposed NSGA-II method to the curve obtained by the manufacturer’s datasheet.
Power loss reduction, improvement of voltage profile, system reliability and system security are the important objectives that motivated researchers to use custom power devices/FACTS devices in power systems. The existing power quality problems such as power losses, voltage instability, voltage profile problem, load ability issues, energy losses, reliability problems etc. are caused due to continuous load growth and outage of components. The significant qualities of custom power devices /FACTS devices such as power loss reduction, improvement of voltage profile, system reliability and system security have motivated researchers in this area and to implement these devices in power system. The optimal placement and sizing of these devices are determined based on economical viability, required quality, reliability and availability. In published literatures, different algorithms are implemented for optimal placement of these devices based on different conditions. In this paper, the published literatures on this field are comprehensively reviewed and elaborate comparison of various algorithms is compared. The inference of this extensive comparative analysis is presented. In this research, Meta heuristic methods and sensitive index methods are used for determining the optimal location and sizing of custom power devices/FACTS devices. The combination of these two methods are also implemented and presented.
Small Signal Stability Improvement and Congestion Management Using PSO Based ...IDES Editor
In this paper an attempt has been made to study the
application of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
to mitigate small signal stability problem in addition to
congestion management of a heavily loaded line in a
multimachine power system. The Flexible AC Transmission
System (FACTS) devices such as TCSC can be used to control
the power flows in the network and can help in improvement
of small signal stability aspect. It can also provide relief to
congestion in the heavily loaded line. However, the
performance of any FACTS device highly depends upon its
parameters and placement at suitable locations in the power
network. In this paper, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
method has been used for determining the optimal locations
and parameters of the TCSC controller in order to damp small
signal oscillations. Transmission Line Flow (TLF) Sensitivity
method has been used for curtailment of non-firm load to
limit power flow congestion. The results of simulation reveals
that TCSC controllers, placed optimally, not only mitigate
small signal oscillations but they can also alleviate line flow
congestion effectively.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
A SURVEY: TO HARNESS AN EFFICIENT ENERGY IN CLOUD COMPUTINGijujournal
Cloud computing affords huge potential for dynamism, flexibility and cost-effective IT operations. Cloud computing requires many tasks to be executed by the provided resources to achieve good performance, shortest response time and high utilization of resources. To achieve these challenges there is a need to develop a new energy aware scheduling algorithm that outperform appropriate allocation map of task to optimize energy consumption. This study accomplished with all the existing techniques mainly focus on reducing energy consumption.
A survey to harness an efficient energy in cloud computingijujournal
Cloud computing affords huge potential for dynamism, flexibility and cost-effective IT operations. Cloud computing requires many tasks to be executed by the provided resources to achieve good performance, shortest response time and high utilization of resources. To achieve these challenges there is a need to develop a new energy aware scheduling algorithm that outperform appropriate allocation map of task to
optimize energy consumption. This study accomplished with all the existing techniques mainly focus on reducing energy consumption.
Resource aware wind farm and D-STATCOM optimal sizing and placement in a dist...IJECEIAES
Doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) based wind farms are capable of providing reactive power compensation. Compensation capability enhancement using reactors such as distributed static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM) while connecting distribution generation (DG) systems to grid is imperative. This paper presents an optimal placement and sizing of offshore wind farms in a coastal distribution system that is emulated on an IEEE 33 bus system. A multi-objective formulation for optimal placement and sizing of the offshore wind farms with both the location and size constraints is developed. Teaching learning algorithm is used to optimize the multi-objective function constraining on the capacity and location of the offshore wind farms. The proposed formulation is a multi-objective problem for placement of the wind generator in the power system with dynamic wind supply to the power system. The random wind speed is generated as the input and the wind farm output generated to perform the optimal sizing and placement in the distributed system. MATLAB based simulation developed is found to be efficient and robust.
Normally, the character of the wind energy as a renewable energy sources has uncertainty in generation. To resolve the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) drawback, this paper proposed a replacement Hybrid Multi Objective Artificial Physical Optimization (HMOAPO) algorithmic rule, which does not require any management parameters compared to different meta-heuristic algorithms within the literature. Artificial Physical Optimization (APO), a moderately new population-based intelligence algorithm, shows fine performance on improvement issues. Moreover, this paper presents hybrid variety of Animal Migration Optimization (AMO) algorithmic rule to express the convergence characteristic of APO. The OPF drawback is taken into account with six totally different check cases, the effectiveness of the proposed HMOAPO technique is tested on IEEE 30-bus, IEEE 118-bus and IEEE 300-bus check system. The obtained results from the HMOAPO algorithm is compared with the other improvement techniques within the literature. The obtained comparison results indicate that proposed technique is effective to succeed in best resolution for the OPF drawback.
Short Term Electrical Load Forecasting by Artificial Neural NetworkIJERA Editor
This paper presents an application of artificial neural networks for short-term times series electrical load
forecasting. An adaptive learning algorithm is derived from system stability to ensure the convergence of
training process. Historical data of hourly power load as well as hourly wind power generation are sourced from
European Open Power System Platform. The simulation demonstrates that errors steadily decrease in training
with the adaptive learning factor starting at different initial value and errors behave volatile with constant
learning factors with different values
This paper reviews load forecasting using a neuro-fuzzy system. It discusses how neural networks and fuzzy logic can be combined in a neuro-fuzzy system to improve load forecasting accuracy. The paper first provides background on load forecasting and different techniques used. It then proposes using a neuro-fuzzy approach where load data is classified with fuzzy sets and a neural network is trained on each classification to forecast loads. Combining the learning ability of neural networks with the symbolic reasoning of fuzzy logic in a neuro-fuzzy system can potentially provide more accurate short-term load forecasts. The paper concludes that neuro-fuzzy systems show advantages over other statistical and AI methods for load forecasting.
Optimal Siting of Distributed Generators in a Distribution Network using Arti...IJECEIAES
Distributed generation (DG) sources are being installed in distribution networks worldwide due to their numerous advantages over the conventional sources which include operational and economical benefits. Random placement of DG sources in a distribution network will result in adverse effects such as increased power loss, loss of voltage stability and reliability, increase in operational costs, power quality issues etc. This paper presents a methodology to obtain the optimal location for the placement of multiple DG sources in a distribution network from a technical perspective. Optimal location is obtained by evaluating a global multi-objective technical index (MOTI) using a weighted sum method. Clonal selection based artificial immune system (AIS) is used along with optimal power flow (OPF) technique to obtain the solution. The proposed method is executed on a standard IEEE-33 bus radial distribution system. The results justify the choice of AIS and the use of MOTI in optimal siting of DG sources which improves the distribution system efficiency to a great extent in terms of reduced real and reactive power losses, improved voltage profile and voltage stability. Solutions obtained using AIS are compared with Genetic algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm optimization (PSO) solutions for the same objective function.
Optimal Power Generation in Energy-Deficient Scenarios Using Bagging EnsemblesKashif Mehmood
This paper presents an improved technique for optimal power generation using ensemble
artificial neural networks (EANN). The motive for using EANN is to benefit from multiple parallel processor
computing rather than traditional serial computation to reduce bias and variance in machine learning. The
load data is obtained from the load regulation authority of Pakistan for 24 hours. The data is analyzed on an
IEEE 30-bus test system by implementing two approaches; the conventional artificial neural network (ANN)
with feed-forward back-propagation model and a Bagging algorithm. To improve the training of ANN and
authenticate its result, first the Load Flow Analysis (LFA) on IEEE 30 bus is performed using Newton
Raphson Method and then the program is developed in MATLAB using Lagrange relaxation (LR) framework
to solve a power-generator scheduling problem. The bootstraps for the EANN are obtained through a disjoint
partition Bagging algorithm to handle the fluctuating power demand and is used to forecast the power
generation. The results of MATLAB simulations are analyzed and compared along with computational
complexity, therein showing the dominance of the EANN over the traditional ANN strategy that closed
to LR
The document describes a two-stage method for optimal allocation of capacitors in a radial distribution system. In the first stage, loss sensitivity factors are used to calculate candidate locations for capacitors. In the second stage, a harmony search algorithm is used to minimize total costs, including capacitor costs and power loss costs, by determining the optimal capacitor sizes and numbers placed at the candidate locations. The method is tested on 33-bus and 69-bus test systems and results in reduced power losses and costs compared to the base case without capacitors.
Multi-objective based economic environmental dispatch with stochastic solar-w...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an evolutionary based technique for solving the multi-objective based economic environmental dispatch by considering the stochastic behavior of renewable energy resources (RERs). The power system considered in this paper consists of wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) generators along with conventional thermal energy generators. The RERs are environmentally friendlier, but their intermittent nature affects the system operation. Therefore, the system operator should be aware of these operating conditions and schedule the power output from these resources accordingly. In this paper, the proposed EED problem is solved by considering the nonlinear characteristics of thermal generators, such as ramp rate, valve point loading (VPL), and prohibited operating zones (POZs) effects. The stochastic nature of RERs is handled by the probability distribution analysis. The aim of proposed optimization problem is to minimize operating cost and emission levels by satisfying various operational constraints. In this paper, the single objective optimization problems are solved by using particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, and the multi-objective optimization problem is solved by using the multi-objective PSO algorithm. The feasibility of proposed approach is demonstrated on six generator power system.
Optimal Generation Scheduling of Power System for Maximum Renewable Energy...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes an optimal generation scheduling method for a power system integrated with renewable energy sources (RES) based distributed generations (DG) and energy storage systems (ESS) considering maximum harvesting of RES outputs and minimum power system operating losses. The main contribution aims at economically employing RES in a power system. In particular, maximum harvesting of renewable energy is achieved by the mean of ESS management. In addition, minimum power system operating losses can be obtained by properly scheduling operating of ESS and controllable generations. Particle Swam Optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied to search for a near global optimal solutions. The optimization problem is formulated and evaluated taking into account power system operating constraints. The different operation scenarios have been used to investigate the effective of the proposed method via DIgSILENT PowerFactory software. The proposed method is examined with IEEE standard 14-bus and 30-bus test systems.
IRJET- Optimization of Distributed Generation using Genetics Algorithm an...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research applying a genetic algorithm to optimize the location and sizing of distributed generation in distribution systems. The objectives are to minimize active power losses, improve voltage profiles, and maximize a voltage stability index. The genetic algorithm is tested on standard 33-bus and 69-bus test systems. For both systems, the genetic algorithm finds placements of three distributed generators that achieve greater optimization of the objectives than other optimization techniques, and provide improved voltage profiles compared to a base case without distributed generation.
VOLTAGE PROFILE IMPROVEMENT AND LINE LOSSES REDUCTION USING DG USING GSA AND ...Journal For Research
In recent years, the power industry has experienced significant changes on the power distribution systems primarily due to the implementation of smart-grid technology and the incremental implementation of distributed generation. Distributed Generation (DG) is simply defined as the decentralization of power plants by placing smaller generating units closer to the point of consumption, traditionally ten mega-watts or smaller. The distribution power system is generally designed for radial power flow, but with the introduction of DG, power flow becomes bidirectional. Therefore this thesis focuses on testing various indices and using effective techniques for the optimal placement and sizing of the DG unit by minimizing power losses and voltage deviation. A 14-bus radial distribution system has been taken as the test system. The feasibility of the work lies on the fast execution of the programs as it would be equipped with the real time operation of the distribution system and it is seen that execution of the DG placement is quite fast and feasible with the optimization techniques used in this work.
Two-way Load Flow Analysis using Newton-Raphson and Neural Network MethodsIRJET Journal
The document presents a study comparing two-way load flow analysis using the Newton-Raphson method and a neural network method for networked microgrids. The optimal power flow problem is solved using both a conventional Newton-Raphson method and an artificial intelligence neural network method. Results show that the neural network method achieves minimum losses and higher efficiency compared to the Newton-Raphson method, with efficiencies of 99.3% and 97% respectively for the test networked microgrid system.
An Improved Particle Swarm Optimization for Proficient Solving of Unit Commit...IDES Editor
This paper presents a new approach to solving the
short-term unit commitment problem using an improved
Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO). The objective of this
paper is to find the generation scheduling such that the total
operating cost can be minimized, when subjected to a variety
of constraints. This also means that it is desirable to find the
optimal generating unit commitment in the power system for
the next H hours. PSO, which happens to be a Global
Optimization technique for solving Unit Commitment
Problem, operates on a system, which is designed to encode
each unit’s operating schedule with regard to its minimum
up/down time. In this, the unit commitment schedule is coded
as a string of symbols. An initial population of parent
solutions is generated at random. Here, each schedule is
formed by committing all the units according to their initial
status (“flat start”). Here the parents are obtained from a predefined
set of solution’s i.e. each and every solution is adjusted
to meet the requirements. Then, a random decommitment is
carried out with respect to the unit’s minimum down times. A
thermal Power System in India demonstrates the effectiveness
of the proposed approach; extensive studies have also been
performed for different power systems consist of 10, 26, 34
generating units. Numerical results are shown comparing the
cost solutions and computation time obtained by using the
IPSO and other conventional methods like Dynamic
Programming (DP), Legrangian Relaxation (LR) in reaching
proper unit commitment.
The document summarizes a study comparing time series and artificial neural network (ANN) methods for short-term load forecasting of Covenant University, Nigeria. Load data from October 15-16, 2012 was used to develop forecasting models using moving average, exponential smoothing (time series methods) and ANN. The ANN model with inputs of previous load, time of day, day of week and weekday/weekend proved most accurate with a mean absolute deviation of 0.225, mean squared error of 0.095 and mean absolute percent error of 8.25, making it the best forecasting method according to the error measurements.
Economic Dispatch using Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm in Electrical Power S...IJECEIAES
Unpredictable increase in power demands will overload the supply subsystems and insufficiently powered systems will suffer from instabilities, in which voltages drop below acceptable levels. Additional power sources are needed to satisfy the demand. Small capacity distributed generators (DGs) serve for this purpose well. One advantage of DGs is that they can be installed close to loads, so as to minimise loses. Optimum placements and sizing of DGs are critical to increase system voltages and to reduce loses. This will finally increase the overall system efficiency. This work exploits Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm (QEA) for the placements and sizing. This optimisation targets the cheapest generation cost. Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm is an Evolutionary Algorithm running on quantum computing, which works based on qubits and states superposition of quantum mechanics. Evolutionary algorithm with qubit representation has a better characteristic of diversity than classical approaches, since it can represent superposition of states.
This document proposes methods to improve the dynamic response of a grid-connected hybrid power system comprising wind and photovoltaic generation. It implements an artificial neural network trained by genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) to maximize solar array output under varying irradiation and temperature conditions. It also uses a fuzzy logic controller for wind turbine pitch angle control in high wind speeds, compared to a conventional PI controller. Simulation results show the ANN-GA method achieves maximum power point tracking for the solar arrays more reliably than conventional perturb and observe or incremental conductance methods. The fuzzy logic controller also provides faster response and smoother power curves for the wind turbine, improving overall dynamic system performance.
Solar PV parameter estimation using multi-objective optimisationjournalBEEI
The estimation of the electrical model parameters of solar PV, such as light-induced current, diode dark saturation current, thermal voltage, series resistance, and shunt resistance, is indispensable to predict the actual electrical performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) under changing environmental conditions. Therefore, this paper first considers the various methods of parameter estimation of solar PV to highlight their shortfalls. Thereafter, a new parameter estimation method, based on multi-objective optimisation, namely, Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II), is proposed. Furthermore, to check the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method, conventional methods, such as, ‘Newton-Raphson’, ‘Particle Swarm Optimisation, Search Algorithm, was tested on four solar PV modules of polycrystalline and monocrystalline materials. Finally, a solar PV module photowatt PWP201 has been considered and compared with six different state of art methods. The estimated performance indices such as current absolute error matrics, absolute relative power error, mean absolute error, and P-V characteristics curve were compared. The results depict the close proximity of the characteristic curve obtained with the proposed NSGA-II method to the curve obtained by the manufacturer’s datasheet.
Power loss reduction, improvement of voltage profile, system reliability and system security are the important objectives that motivated researchers to use custom power devices/FACTS devices in power systems. The existing power quality problems such as power losses, voltage instability, voltage profile problem, load ability issues, energy losses, reliability problems etc. are caused due to continuous load growth and outage of components. The significant qualities of custom power devices /FACTS devices such as power loss reduction, improvement of voltage profile, system reliability and system security have motivated researchers in this area and to implement these devices in power system. The optimal placement and sizing of these devices are determined based on economical viability, required quality, reliability and availability. In published literatures, different algorithms are implemented for optimal placement of these devices based on different conditions. In this paper, the published literatures on this field are comprehensively reviewed and elaborate comparison of various algorithms is compared. The inference of this extensive comparative analysis is presented. In this research, Meta heuristic methods and sensitive index methods are used for determining the optimal location and sizing of custom power devices/FACTS devices. The combination of these two methods are also implemented and presented.
Small Signal Stability Improvement and Congestion Management Using PSO Based ...IDES Editor
In this paper an attempt has been made to study the
application of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
to mitigate small signal stability problem in addition to
congestion management of a heavily loaded line in a
multimachine power system. The Flexible AC Transmission
System (FACTS) devices such as TCSC can be used to control
the power flows in the network and can help in improvement
of small signal stability aspect. It can also provide relief to
congestion in the heavily loaded line. However, the
performance of any FACTS device highly depends upon its
parameters and placement at suitable locations in the power
network. In this paper, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
method has been used for determining the optimal locations
and parameters of the TCSC controller in order to damp small
signal oscillations. Transmission Line Flow (TLF) Sensitivity
method has been used for curtailment of non-firm load to
limit power flow congestion. The results of simulation reveals
that TCSC controllers, placed optimally, not only mitigate
small signal oscillations but they can also alleviate line flow
congestion effectively.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
A SURVEY: TO HARNESS AN EFFICIENT ENERGY IN CLOUD COMPUTINGijujournal
Cloud computing affords huge potential for dynamism, flexibility and cost-effective IT operations. Cloud computing requires many tasks to be executed by the provided resources to achieve good performance, shortest response time and high utilization of resources. To achieve these challenges there is a need to develop a new energy aware scheduling algorithm that outperform appropriate allocation map of task to optimize energy consumption. This study accomplished with all the existing techniques mainly focus on reducing energy consumption.
A survey to harness an efficient energy in cloud computingijujournal
Cloud computing affords huge potential for dynamism, flexibility and cost-effective IT operations. Cloud computing requires many tasks to be executed by the provided resources to achieve good performance, shortest response time and high utilization of resources. To achieve these challenges there is a need to develop a new energy aware scheduling algorithm that outperform appropriate allocation map of task to
optimize energy consumption. This study accomplished with all the existing techniques mainly focus on reducing energy consumption.
Resource aware wind farm and D-STATCOM optimal sizing and placement in a dist...IJECEIAES
Doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) based wind farms are capable of providing reactive power compensation. Compensation capability enhancement using reactors such as distributed static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM) while connecting distribution generation (DG) systems to grid is imperative. This paper presents an optimal placement and sizing of offshore wind farms in a coastal distribution system that is emulated on an IEEE 33 bus system. A multi-objective formulation for optimal placement and sizing of the offshore wind farms with both the location and size constraints is developed. Teaching learning algorithm is used to optimize the multi-objective function constraining on the capacity and location of the offshore wind farms. The proposed formulation is a multi-objective problem for placement of the wind generator in the power system with dynamic wind supply to the power system. The random wind speed is generated as the input and the wind farm output generated to perform the optimal sizing and placement in the distributed system. MATLAB based simulation developed is found to be efficient and robust.
Normally, the character of the wind energy as a renewable energy sources has uncertainty in generation. To resolve the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) drawback, this paper proposed a replacement Hybrid Multi Objective Artificial Physical Optimization (HMOAPO) algorithmic rule, which does not require any management parameters compared to different meta-heuristic algorithms within the literature. Artificial Physical Optimization (APO), a moderately new population-based intelligence algorithm, shows fine performance on improvement issues. Moreover, this paper presents hybrid variety of Animal Migration Optimization (AMO) algorithmic rule to express the convergence characteristic of APO. The OPF drawback is taken into account with six totally different check cases, the effectiveness of the proposed HMOAPO technique is tested on IEEE 30-bus, IEEE 118-bus and IEEE 300-bus check system. The obtained results from the HMOAPO algorithm is compared with the other improvement techniques within the literature. The obtained comparison results indicate that proposed technique is effective to succeed in best resolution for the OPF drawback.
Short Term Electrical Load Forecasting by Artificial Neural NetworkIJERA Editor
This paper presents an application of artificial neural networks for short-term times series electrical load
forecasting. An adaptive learning algorithm is derived from system stability to ensure the convergence of
training process. Historical data of hourly power load as well as hourly wind power generation are sourced from
European Open Power System Platform. The simulation demonstrates that errors steadily decrease in training
with the adaptive learning factor starting at different initial value and errors behave volatile with constant
learning factors with different values
This paper reviews load forecasting using a neuro-fuzzy system. It discusses how neural networks and fuzzy logic can be combined in a neuro-fuzzy system to improve load forecasting accuracy. The paper first provides background on load forecasting and different techniques used. It then proposes using a neuro-fuzzy approach where load data is classified with fuzzy sets and a neural network is trained on each classification to forecast loads. Combining the learning ability of neural networks with the symbolic reasoning of fuzzy logic in a neuro-fuzzy system can potentially provide more accurate short-term load forecasts. The paper concludes that neuro-fuzzy systems show advantages over other statistical and AI methods for load forecasting.
Optimal Siting of Distributed Generators in a Distribution Network using Arti...IJECEIAES
Distributed generation (DG) sources are being installed in distribution networks worldwide due to their numerous advantages over the conventional sources which include operational and economical benefits. Random placement of DG sources in a distribution network will result in adverse effects such as increased power loss, loss of voltage stability and reliability, increase in operational costs, power quality issues etc. This paper presents a methodology to obtain the optimal location for the placement of multiple DG sources in a distribution network from a technical perspective. Optimal location is obtained by evaluating a global multi-objective technical index (MOTI) using a weighted sum method. Clonal selection based artificial immune system (AIS) is used along with optimal power flow (OPF) technique to obtain the solution. The proposed method is executed on a standard IEEE-33 bus radial distribution system. The results justify the choice of AIS and the use of MOTI in optimal siting of DG sources which improves the distribution system efficiency to a great extent in terms of reduced real and reactive power losses, improved voltage profile and voltage stability. Solutions obtained using AIS are compared with Genetic algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm optimization (PSO) solutions for the same objective function.
Optimal Power Generation in Energy-Deficient Scenarios Using Bagging EnsemblesKashif Mehmood
This paper presents an improved technique for optimal power generation using ensemble
artificial neural networks (EANN). The motive for using EANN is to benefit from multiple parallel processor
computing rather than traditional serial computation to reduce bias and variance in machine learning. The
load data is obtained from the load regulation authority of Pakistan for 24 hours. The data is analyzed on an
IEEE 30-bus test system by implementing two approaches; the conventional artificial neural network (ANN)
with feed-forward back-propagation model and a Bagging algorithm. To improve the training of ANN and
authenticate its result, first the Load Flow Analysis (LFA) on IEEE 30 bus is performed using Newton
Raphson Method and then the program is developed in MATLAB using Lagrange relaxation (LR) framework
to solve a power-generator scheduling problem. The bootstraps for the EANN are obtained through a disjoint
partition Bagging algorithm to handle the fluctuating power demand and is used to forecast the power
generation. The results of MATLAB simulations are analyzed and compared along with computational
complexity, therein showing the dominance of the EANN over the traditional ANN strategy that closed
to LR
The document describes a two-stage method for optimal allocation of capacitors in a radial distribution system. In the first stage, loss sensitivity factors are used to calculate candidate locations for capacitors. In the second stage, a harmony search algorithm is used to minimize total costs, including capacitor costs and power loss costs, by determining the optimal capacitor sizes and numbers placed at the candidate locations. The method is tested on 33-bus and 69-bus test systems and results in reduced power losses and costs compared to the base case without capacitors.
Multi-objective based economic environmental dispatch with stochastic solar-w...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an evolutionary based technique for solving the multi-objective based economic environmental dispatch by considering the stochastic behavior of renewable energy resources (RERs). The power system considered in this paper consists of wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) generators along with conventional thermal energy generators. The RERs are environmentally friendlier, but their intermittent nature affects the system operation. Therefore, the system operator should be aware of these operating conditions and schedule the power output from these resources accordingly. In this paper, the proposed EED problem is solved by considering the nonlinear characteristics of thermal generators, such as ramp rate, valve point loading (VPL), and prohibited operating zones (POZs) effects. The stochastic nature of RERs is handled by the probability distribution analysis. The aim of proposed optimization problem is to minimize operating cost and emission levels by satisfying various operational constraints. In this paper, the single objective optimization problems are solved by using particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, and the multi-objective optimization problem is solved by using the multi-objective PSO algorithm. The feasibility of proposed approach is demonstrated on six generator power system.
Optimal Generation Scheduling of Power System for Maximum Renewable Energy...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes an optimal generation scheduling method for a power system integrated with renewable energy sources (RES) based distributed generations (DG) and energy storage systems (ESS) considering maximum harvesting of RES outputs and minimum power system operating losses. The main contribution aims at economically employing RES in a power system. In particular, maximum harvesting of renewable energy is achieved by the mean of ESS management. In addition, minimum power system operating losses can be obtained by properly scheduling operating of ESS and controllable generations. Particle Swam Optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied to search for a near global optimal solutions. The optimization problem is formulated and evaluated taking into account power system operating constraints. The different operation scenarios have been used to investigate the effective of the proposed method via DIgSILENT PowerFactory software. The proposed method is examined with IEEE standard 14-bus and 30-bus test systems.
IRJET- Optimization of Distributed Generation using Genetics Algorithm an...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research applying a genetic algorithm to optimize the location and sizing of distributed generation in distribution systems. The objectives are to minimize active power losses, improve voltage profiles, and maximize a voltage stability index. The genetic algorithm is tested on standard 33-bus and 69-bus test systems. For both systems, the genetic algorithm finds placements of three distributed generators that achieve greater optimization of the objectives than other optimization techniques, and provide improved voltage profiles compared to a base case without distributed generation.
VOLTAGE PROFILE IMPROVEMENT AND LINE LOSSES REDUCTION USING DG USING GSA AND ...Journal For Research
In recent years, the power industry has experienced significant changes on the power distribution systems primarily due to the implementation of smart-grid technology and the incremental implementation of distributed generation. Distributed Generation (DG) is simply defined as the decentralization of power plants by placing smaller generating units closer to the point of consumption, traditionally ten mega-watts or smaller. The distribution power system is generally designed for radial power flow, but with the introduction of DG, power flow becomes bidirectional. Therefore this thesis focuses on testing various indices and using effective techniques for the optimal placement and sizing of the DG unit by minimizing power losses and voltage deviation. A 14-bus radial distribution system has been taken as the test system. The feasibility of the work lies on the fast execution of the programs as it would be equipped with the real time operation of the distribution system and it is seen that execution of the DG placement is quite fast and feasible with the optimization techniques used in this work.
Two-way Load Flow Analysis using Newton-Raphson and Neural Network MethodsIRJET Journal
The document presents a study comparing two-way load flow analysis using the Newton-Raphson method and a neural network method for networked microgrids. The optimal power flow problem is solved using both a conventional Newton-Raphson method and an artificial intelligence neural network method. Results show that the neural network method achieves minimum losses and higher efficiency compared to the Newton-Raphson method, with efficiencies of 99.3% and 97% respectively for the test networked microgrid system.
An Improved Particle Swarm Optimization for Proficient Solving of Unit Commit...IDES Editor
This paper presents a new approach to solving the
short-term unit commitment problem using an improved
Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO). The objective of this
paper is to find the generation scheduling such that the total
operating cost can be minimized, when subjected to a variety
of constraints. This also means that it is desirable to find the
optimal generating unit commitment in the power system for
the next H hours. PSO, which happens to be a Global
Optimization technique for solving Unit Commitment
Problem, operates on a system, which is designed to encode
each unit’s operating schedule with regard to its minimum
up/down time. In this, the unit commitment schedule is coded
as a string of symbols. An initial population of parent
solutions is generated at random. Here, each schedule is
formed by committing all the units according to their initial
status (“flat start”). Here the parents are obtained from a predefined
set of solution’s i.e. each and every solution is adjusted
to meet the requirements. Then, a random decommitment is
carried out with respect to the unit’s minimum down times. A
thermal Power System in India demonstrates the effectiveness
of the proposed approach; extensive studies have also been
performed for different power systems consist of 10, 26, 34
generating units. Numerical results are shown comparing the
cost solutions and computation time obtained by using the
IPSO and other conventional methods like Dynamic
Programming (DP), Legrangian Relaxation (LR) in reaching
proper unit commitment.
This document presents an immunized-evolutionary algorithm technique for loss control in transmission systems with multiple load increments. The technique uses an immune evolutionary programming (IEP) approach to optimize the size and location of photovoltaic (PV) systems injected into the transmission network. IEP combines classical evolutionary programming with an immune algorithm to reduce computational burden and improve optimization performance. The algorithm is tested on IEEE 12-bus and 14-bus systems. Results show that IEP is able to determine the optimal PV configuration to control losses in the transmission system as load increases, demonstrating its effectiveness and potential for practical implementation.
Load Shifting Technique on 24Hour Basis for a Smart-Grid to Reduce Cost and P...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a load shifting technique using particle swarm optimization to reduce costs and peak demand in a smart grid. The technique shifts loads from peak hours to off-peak hours on a daily basis. Simulation results show that applying the load shifting technique to residential, commercial, and industrial loads in a smart grid reduces both the overall operational cost and peak load demand. The particle swarm optimization algorithm performs better than genetic algorithms at minimizing costs and shifting loads to reduce peaks.
Optimal Unit Commitment Based on Economic Dispatch Using Improved Particle Sw...paperpublications3
The document presents an improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) algorithm for solving the optimal unit commitment problem in power systems. The IPSO algorithm extends the standard PSO algorithm by using additional particle information to control mutation and mimic social behaviors. The algorithm was implemented on the IEEE 14 bus test system in MATLAB. Results showed the IPSO approach committed units to meet load demand over 24 hours while satisfying constraints, with bus voltages maintained between 1.0017 and 1.0751 per unit. Total costs including fuel, startup, and shutdown costs were minimized at each hour.
Advance Data Mining - Analysis and forecasting of power factor for optimum el...Shrikant Samarth
Task: Execute a research project using data mining techniques
Approach: The topic chosen was ‘Analysis and Forecasting of Power Factor for Optimum Electric Consumption in a Household.’ Research question – What can be the best short term range of forecast for power factor patterns so that optimum energy consumption can be achieved for a household?
To answer the question, CRISM- DM method was used. The ARIMA machine learning model was developed using R.
Findings: The best short term range of forecasts for the power factor was achieved for 6 months and 12 months duration using the ARIMA model. The MAPE value for the ARIMA model was around 1.83.
Tools: Rstudio
Reliability Constrained Unit Commitment Considering the Effect of DG and DR P...IJECEIAES
Due to increase in energy prices at peak periods and increase in fuel cost, involving Distributed Generation (DG) and consumption management by Demand Response (DR) will be unavoidable options for optimal system operations. Also, with high penetration of DGs and DR programs into power system operation, the reliability criterion is taken into account as one of the most important concerns of system operators in management of power system. In this paper, a Reliability Constrained Unit Commitment (RCUC) at presence of time-based DR program and DGs integrated with conventional units is proposed and executed to reach a reliable and economic operation. Designated cost function has been minimized considering reliability constraint in prevailing UC formulation. The UC scheduling is accomplished in short-term so that the reliability is maintained in acceptable level. Because of complex nature of RCUC problem and full AC load flow constraints, the hybrid algorithm included Simulated Annealing (SA) and Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) has been proposed to optimize the problem. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and considerable efficacy of the time-based DR program in reducing operational costs by implementing it on IEEE-RTS79.
The document summarizes electricity load forecasting techniques for power system planning. It discusses using curve fitting algorithms to forecast electricity load based on analyzing past load data from 2012. Specifically, it proposes using a Fourier series curve fitting model to predict future load based on factors like temperature, humidity, and time of day or year. The document also briefly describes other common load forecasting techniques including multiple regression, exponential smoothing, and neural networks.
A hybrid approach of artificial neural network-particle swarm optimization a...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes an under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) method by using the optimization technique of artificial neural network (ANN) combined with particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to determine the minimum load shedding capacity. The suggested technique using a hybrid algorithm ANN-PSO focuses on 2 main goals: determine whether process shedding plan or not and the distribution of the minimum of shedding power on each demand load bus in order to restore system’s frequency back to acceptable values. In the hybrid algorithm ANN-PSO, the PSO algorithm takes responsible for searching the optimal weights in the neural network structure, which can help to optimize the network training in terms of training speed and accuracy. The distribution of shedding power at each node considering the primary control and secondary control of the generators’ unit and the phase electrical distance between the outage generators and load nodes. The effectiveness of the proposed method is experimented with multiple generators outage cases at various load levels in the IEEE-37 Bus scheme where load shedding cases are considered compared with other traditional technique.
A hybrid artificial neural network-genetic algorithm for load shedding IJECEIAES
This paper proposes the method of applying Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with Back Propagation (BP) algorithm in combination or hybrid with Genetic Algorithm (GA) to propose load shedding strategies in the power system. The Genetic Algorithm is used to support the training of Back Propagation Neural Networks (BPNN) to improve regression ability, minimize errors and reduce the training time. Besides, the Relief algorithm is used to reduce the number of input variables of the neural network. The minimum load shedding with consideration of the primary and secondary control is calculated to restore the frequency of the electrical system. The distribution of power load shedding at each load bus of the system based on the phase electrical distance between the outage generator and the load buses. The simulation results have been verified through using MATLAB and PowerWorld software systems. The results show that the Hybrid Gen-Bayesian algorithm (GA-Trainbr) has a remarkable superiority in accuracy as well as training time. The effectiveness of the proposed method is tested on the IEEE 37 bus 9 generators standard system diagram showing the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Optimal Power Flow with Reactive Power Compensation for Cost And Loss Minimiz...ijeei-iaes
One of the concerns of power system planners is the problem of optimum cost of generation as well as loss minimization on the grid system. This issue can be addressed in a number of ways; one of such ways is the use of reactive power support (shunt capacitor compensation). This paper used the method of shunt capacitor placement for cost and transmission loss minimization on Nigerian power grid system which is a 24-bus, 330kV network interconnecting four thermal generating stations (Sapele, Delta, Afam and Egbin) and three hydro stations to various load points. Simulation in MATLAB was performed on the Nigerian 330kV transmission grid system. The technique employed was based on the optimal power flow formulations using Newton-Raphson iterative method for the load flow analysis of the grid system. The results show that when shunt capacitor was employed as the inequality constraints on the power system, there is a reduction in the total cost of generation accompanied with reduction in the total system losses with a significant improvement in the system voltage profile
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Improvement of voltage profile for large scale power system using soft comput...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In modern power system operation, control, and planning, reactive power as part of power system component is very important in order to supply electrical load such as an electric motor. However, the reactive current that flows from the generator to load demand can cause voltage drop and active power loss. Hence, it is essential to install a compensating device such as a shunt capacitor close to the load bus to improve the voltage profile and decrease the total power loss of transmission line system. This paper presents the application of a genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and artificial bee colony (ABC)) to obtain the optimal size of the shunt capacitor where those capacitors are located on the critical bus. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is examined by utilizing Java-Madura-Bali (JAMALI) 500 kV power system grid as the test system. From the simulation results, the PSO and ABC algorithms are providing satisfactory results in obtaining the capacitor size and can reduce the total power loss of around 15.873 MW. Moreover, a different result is showed by the GA approach where the power loss in the JAMALI 500kV power grid can be compressed only up to 15.54 MW or 11.38% from the power system operation without a shunt capacitor. The three soft computing techniques could also maintain the voltage profile within 1.05 p.u and 0.95 p.u.
Optimal scheduling and demand response implementation for home energy managementIJECEIAES
The optimal scheduling of the loads based on dynamic tariffs and implementation of a direct load control (DLC) based demand response program for the domestic consumer is proposed in this work. The load scheduling is carried out using binary particle swarm optimization and a newly prefaced nature-inspired discrete elephant herd optimization technique, and their effectiveness in minimization of cost and the peak-toaverage ratio is analyzed. The discrete elephant herd optimization algorithm has acceptable characteristics compared to the conventional algorithms and has determined better exploring properties for multi-objective problems. A prototype hardware model for a home energy management system is developed to demonstrate and analyze the optimal load scheduling and DLCbased demand response program. The controller effectively schedules and implements DLC on consumer devices. The load scheduling optimization helps to improve PAR by a value of 2.504 and results in energy cost savings of ₹ 12.05 on the scheduled day. Implementation of DLC by 15% results in monthly savings of ₹ 204.18. The novelty of the work is the implementation of discrete elephant herd optimization for load scheduling and the development of the prototype hardware model to show effects of both optimal load scheduling and the DLC-based demand response program implementation.
Energy Management System in Microgrid with ANFIS Control Scheme using Heurist...IRJET Journal
1. Premise: The document discusses an energy management system for a microgrid that uses an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) control scheme.
2. Consequence: It is proposed that ANFIS control can efficiently manage power balancing in a microgrid system with renewable energy sources and an energy storage system. The ANFIS control scheme is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to validate its effectiveness in mitigating power fluctuations during varying loads.
3. Resolution: The results of the simulation demonstrate that the proposed ANFIS control scheme can function as both an energy management system and battery management system for a microgrid system with renewable energy sources.
The document discusses using machine learning techniques to predict power factor variations in an electrical power system of a cement plant factory. It aims to replace existing real-time monitoring techniques, which are costly, with machine learning models to predict power factor. This can help reduce errors, maintenance costs, and improve system reliability in a more cost-effective way. The document also reviews various literature on load forecasting and power demand prediction using techniques like neural networks and deep learning.
This document provides a review of evolutionary algorithms that have been used to optimize wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It begins with background on WSNs and discusses common issues like energy efficiency. It then reviews heuristic and metaheuristic approaches that have been used for clustering and routing in WSNs. The main part of the document focuses on four commonly used evolutionary algorithms - genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization, harmony search algorithm, and flower pollination algorithm. For each algorithm, it provides an overview and details on how the algorithm works and pseudo-code. It concludes that these nature-inspired metaheuristic techniques can help optimize challenges in WSNs like cluster formation and energy consumption better than classical algorithms.
Optimal power flow based congestion management using enhanced genetic algorithmsIJECEIAES
Congestion management (CM) in the deregulated power systems is germane and of central importance to the power industry. In this paper, an optimal power flow (OPF) based CM approach is proposed whose objective is to minimize the absolute MW of rescheduling. The proposed optimization problem is solved with the objectives of total generation cost minimization and the total congestion cost minimization. In the centralized market clearing model, the sellers (i.e., the competitive generators) submit their incremental and decremental bid prices in a real-time balancing market. These can then be incorporated in the OPF problem to yield the incremental/ decremental change in the generator outputs. In the bilateral market model, every transaction contract will include a compensation price that the buyer-seller pair is willing to accept for its transaction to be curtailed. The modeling of bilateral transactions are equivalent to the modifying the power injections at seller and buyer buses. The proposed CM approach is solved by using the evolutionary based Enhanced Genetic Algorithms (EGA). IEEE 30 bus system is considered to show the effectiveness of proposed CM approach.
Comparative analysis of optimal power flow in renewable energy sources based...IJECEIAES
Adaptation of renewable energy is inevitable. The idea of microgrid offers integration of renewable energy sources with conventional power generation sources. In this research, an operative approach was proposed for microgrids comprising of four different power generation sources. The microgrid is a way that mixes energy locally and empowers the end-users to add useful power to the network. IEEE-14 bus system-based microgrid was developed in MATLAB/Simulink to demonstrate the optimal power flow. Two cases of battery charging and discharging were also simulated to evaluate its realization. The solution of power flow analysis was obtained from the Newton–Raphson method and particle swarm optimization method. A comparison was drawn between these methods for the proposed model of the microgrid on the basis of transmission line losses and voltage profile. Transmission line losses are reduced to about 17% in the case of battery charging and 19 to 20% in the case of battery discharging when system was analyzed with the particle swarm optimization. Particle swarm optimization was found more promising for the deliverance of optimal power flow in the renewable energy sources-based microgrid.
A new approach to the solution of economic dispatch using particle Swarm opt...ijcsa
This document presents a new approach to solving the economic dispatch problem using particle swarm optimization combined with simulated annealing (PSO-SA). The economic dispatch problem aims to minimize the total generation cost while satisfying constraints like power demand and generator limits. Previous solutions had limitations. The authors propose using PSO-SA to find high quality solutions more efficiently. PSO is able to find global optima but can get trapped in local optima. SA helps avoid this through probabilistic jumping. The authors combine PSO and SA techniques to leverage their benefits while overcoming individual limitations. They test the PSO-SA method on three generator systems and find it provides better results than traditional and other computational methods.
Similar to Optimal design of adaptive power scheduling using modified ant colony optimization algorithm (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Optimal design of adaptive power scheduling using modified ... (Vijo M Joy)
739
an optimization method that helps us to consider all the above parameters and generate an optimized path to
make a good decision based on the priority. Among these parameters some conditions have high priority and
some have low priority. So the ultimate aim is to generate an optimization rule by considering all
the parameters and to generate an optimized result. That result helps us to make a time bounded result and to
take a decision for scheduling the power source. The most important term in the power system is stability [4].
The instability of a system makes serious threats to the system security. The instability leads to total
blackout of the system [1]. The primary aim of most of the studies in this area is mainly focusing to forecast
the power based on cost and time. In the existing approaches, instability of the power generation is one of
the major drawbacks. With the present method, one can overcome this drawback by scheduling the load
based on the requirement. In this method, scheduling is applied at the both sides, i.e., generation - distribution
side and consumer side. That is the optimal scheduling of power depends on the load. The total load of
the system is the sum of the maximum load required by the entire regions and power lossess. There is no
need to make any change in the output of the power plants. In case any region requires additional power to
meet its load requirement, the proposed system checks the regions with their maximum load.
This comparison helps the system to find the units with minimum load requirement and schedule this load to
the required region. That means no interruption is made on the power source [5].
In ANN, the inputs are the maximum load to each region and the additional load required to any
region. At the same time, power generated and power losses are the outputs of the system. The scheduling is
proposed to be carried out based on Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) algorithm [6]. ANN is
a popular and fast growing technology and it is used in a wide range of applications not limited to pattern
classification, pattern recognition, optimization products and automatic circuits. The ANN is useful to get
an optimal solution in various scheduling applications [7]. This work primarily focuses on training ANN for
different load demands. Once the training has been completed, the network acquires the ability to generate
load scheduling pattern for any load demand.
The power demand for each region and the additional power required to them due to increase in
the load and radiation power loss act as the inputs for the neural networks. The total power required for entire
section is the output. Complex and nonlinear relations are used by the BPNN for solving and analyzing
the problems. Based on the way they learn, there are many types and architecture of neural network. BPNN is
a classical multilayer feed forward network trained according to back propagation algorithm [8].
The preference of optimal combination of connection weights are the basis of this work. Sometimes BPNN
fails to find the global optimum. Therefore global optimization algorithm ant colony optimization (ACO) is
used to predict the better path. To handle the qualitative and quantitative knowledge, BPNN uses parallel
distributed processing approach. It has fault tolerance and adaptability, strong robustness, and can fully
approximate any complex nonlinear relationship. Because of this dominance, BPNN is more suitable for
processing the electric energy signals which is noisy, unstable and nonlinear. For the scheduling process,
feed forward neural network trained by back propagation (BP) algorithm is used. This is a supervised
learning method; means the neural network create a model from the examples of information with predicted
output value. To reduce the error between the reference value and the system output, mean square error is
used as the cost function which is given in equation 1. The ACO is used to minimize the cost.
N
k
kkw zy
N
J
1
2
)(
1
(1)
Where ky the output of the model and kz is is the reference output.
With the help of the proposed ACO and ANN, the system minimizes the cost and better utilization
of all the available power sources (depends on the demand and availability). Implementation of this algorithm
focuses to minimize the error. This work also aims to minimise the power generation cost and disturbance.
To control the operation time and energy consumption an efficient ACO based algorithm is proposed with
low computational complexity. This algorithm is inspired by the organized natural movement of real ants and
has been successfully applied to different large optimization problems.
The optimal algorithm for load shedding is proposed by Hooshmand, et.al. [1] In their method, a fast
algorithm for load shedding is introduced. They reduced the manual effort by separating the least possible
loads from the neural network. A Hydro-thermal scheduling based on ANN was proposed by Suman,
et al. [9]. In this scheduling method, the total load is shared between hydro and thermal power stations
according to the cost of power generation. An algorithm for energy management system based on multi-layer
ant colony optimization is presented to find energy scheduling in Microgrid by Marzband et al [10]. They
introduced a calculation strategy for energy utilization system. For the applications in real time energy
management, system a regularised particle swarm optimization algorithm is introduced by Hossain et al [11].
3. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 1, February 2020 : 738 - 745
740
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1. Neural network
The ANN is a class of mathematical algorithm designed to solve a specific problem [12]. This is
a family of statistical learning models inspired by biological neural networks that are the central nervous
systems of animals, in particular the brain. They are used to estimate or approximate functions that can
depend on a large number of inputs and are generally unknown. The ANNs are generally presented as
systems of interconnected "neurons" which send messages to each other. The connections have numeric
weights that can be tuned based on experience, making neural nets, adaptive to inputs, and capability of
learning. It is considered as a nonlinear statistical data modelling tool. Neural networks consist of input layer,
hidden layer and output layers. It consists of a number of processing nodes which are connected in
a network [13]. This node is an imitation of real neuron. Interconnected artificial neurons are used to make
the structure of ANN, which are trained to recreate the biological neuron properties. The model of a neuron
is shown in Figure 1. The input [ nxxx ,.....2,1 ] their corresponding weights [ nwww ..., ,21 ] bias ‘b’ and
activation function ‘f’ applied to the weighted sum of the inputs.
Figure 1. Model of a neuron
2.2. BPNN
The BPNN is a local optimization algorithm for training network and uses Levenberg – Marquardt
technique [14]. This algorithm takes more memory but its execution time is less. When the generalization
stops improving, this algorithm is automatically stopped. The network error is back propagated after
comparing with the target value and the actual output of ANN. In Figure 2, [ nxxx ,...., 21 ] and
[ nyyy ,..., 21 ] are the input independent variables and their corresponding output in the BPNN respectively.
In addition [ naaa ,....., 21 ] are the actual values for the corresponding training data, i.e., the expected output
value from the model. The weight corresponding to each node in the hidden layer is wij and the weight
corresponding to each node in the output layer is wjk. The number of input nodes is ‘n’. The number of
hidden layer nodes is ‘l’, the number of output nodes is ‘m’ and the threshold of each node is‘d’. MATLAB
is used for training the network.
The output of the hidden layer is
)(
1
n
i
jiijj dxwfo ; j =1, 2, 3…l (2)
The output of the output layer is
)(
1
l
i
kjkjk dwofy : k=1, 2, 3….m (3)
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Figure 2. ANN structure
The mean square error (Ek) is calculated using the predicted and the expected output value and is shown in
(4).
2
)(
2
1
k kkk yaE (4)
2.3. ANT colony optimisation
The ACO is a conventional swarm intelligent technique for interpret combinatorial optimization
problems [15]. The main inspiration behind ACO algorithm is the concept of ‘stigmergy’ in nature.
Stigmergy is a method of self-organization and it refers to the modification of environment by biological
organisms to communicate with each other. In fact an indirect communication takes place when an individual
configure the environment and at a later time others responds to that modified environment [16].
In an ant colony, all the ants are regularly search for the food around the nest in a random manner.
‘Pheromone’ is used by ants for the local communication. These hormonal chemicals are generated and
emitted by an organism to give information to the other members of their species. Ant marks their travelling
path with pheromones when they reach at a food source [17]. The quality and quantity of the food source is
highly proportional to the amount of emitted pheromones. Ant deposits strong and concentrated pheromone if
they found a better and more source of food. Other ants recognize the existence of the pheromone and follow
it to reach at the food source [18, 19]. Ants carry the collected food to their nest and mark their own path to
the next. This is how the ants find the shortest path between nest and a food source. Vaporization takes place
when ants deposit pheromones. The pheromone updating period is inversely proportional to the length of
the path between nest and source of food. It shows that the shortest path become more concentrated as more
ants get attracted [20] . Demonstration of this phenomenon updation is illustrated in Figure 3. A finite set of
available solutions are used to create artificial ants [21]. Each ant takes values from this finite set. An ant can
select the entire unvisited node available from the current position in its each iteration. An ant ‘k’ at node ‘r’
will choose the destination node ‘s’ at a later stage with a probability,
srsr
srsr
srkP
,,
,,
),(
(5)
Where, sr, shows the amount of pheromone of r, s edge, α - defined the impact of pheromone,
sr, indicates the desirability of r,s edge, and β -defines the impact of the desirability.
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Figure 3. Modifying behaviour of a real ant colony; (a) search of food; (b) ants follow a path between nest
and food source (c) with equal probability, check whether to shortest or longest path;
(d) the shortest path is choosed by majority of ants
The desirability of an edge is defined by a weighting function. This function is mostly heuristic and it
assigns a value which shows how good an edge is [22]. If the distance should be minimised, ηr,s can be
defined as,
sr
sr
d ,
,
1
(6)
Where srd , is the length of the edge r, s
The pheromone phase is used for the communication between the artificial ants and it helps to make
decisions [23, 24]. Pheromone evaporation and deposit are the major components in this phase. The rate of
pheromone on r, s edge is:
srsrsr ,,, )1( (7)
Where defines the rate of pheromone evaporation and sr, is the total amount of pheromone deposited
on the r, s edge which is defined as,
sr, =
kL
1
; kth
ant travels on edge r, s
0 ; otherwise (8)
Where Lk shows the length (cost value) of the path that kth
ant travels.
In this algorithm, virtual pheromones generated by the artificial ants are used for updating the path.
The density and the amount of pheromone are the major factors that affect their path updating [25, 26].
It depends on the comparison of the quality of the pheromone with the former artificial ant of the same
iteration. Algorithm 1 explains the training process for ACO-BPNN hybrid network.
Algorithm 1:
a. Initialise the process by setting the parameters like pheromone value, heuristic information and stopping
function.
b. Construct the solution for each ant and then evaluate the constructed solutions. Repeat the process until
exit criteria met. If the criterion is not met then update the pheromone value using the modified ACO
(MACO).
c. On the occasion that exit criterion is satisfied; update the initial weights of BP.
d. Train the BP network and obtain MSE. Again the process checks for the exit criterion.
e. If the condition fails repeat step 4. Otherwise save the results for MSE and Regression.
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3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Efficiency for handling the parameters which have random nature is one of the main features of this
system. The pheromones act as a memory element. Pheromones get updated after each iteration. This helps to
meet the fast growing demand of energy, in addition with the increased generation, improved efficiency,
stability and energy conservation. In this paper, a self-determining management of energy at demand-side is
presented .This scheduling system encourage the users for reducing their electricity consumption without
compromising with service quality and customer satisfaction. Table 1 shows the ACO parameters used for
training. Best cost vs number of iterations is shown in Figure 4. When the iteration started the system
tries to minimize the cost by updating the pheromones.The system optimized to the minimum cost within
the iteration limit.
Table 1. ACO parameters
ACO parameters
Maximum Number of Iterations 20
Number of Ants (Population Size) 10
Initial Pheromone 1
Pheromone Exponential Weight 1
Heuristic Exponential Weight 1
Evaporation Rate 0.05
Figure 4. Best cost vs number of iterations
The network architecture in ACO-BP is shown in Figure 5. Here ten hidden layers are used and
the optimized four parameters from MACO are used as input. In this optimization algorithm, the system
considers all the parameters at the distributed side. It makes a decision based on the priority, cost and
availability of the energy. When a high priority condition is met, the systems ignore all other parameters.
The ANN helps us to schedule this non-continuous load and control the operation automatically for a long
time. It also helps us to schedule the energy during peak demand. Comparison between different algorithms
is shown in Table 2. From the table it is clear that the efficiency of the presented system is 99.63%.
Figure 5. Network architecture of presented system
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744
Table 2. Comparison of various algorithms
MSE R Accuracy
Algorithms Training Validation Testing Training Validation Testing %
BP 5.95660e-3 1.81126e-3 1.61343e-3 9.94319e-1 9.98478e-1 9.97949e-1 98.88
ACO-BP 1.90762e-5 2.49885e-2 1.26032e-5 9.99980e-1 9.71110e-1 9.99989e-1 99.12
MACO-BP 1.88456e-5 2.51223e-2 1.24022e-5 9.99998e-1 9.99998e-1. 9.72227e-1 99.63
4. CONCLUSION
Back Propagation algorithm has been used to adjust the connection weights in ANN. Basic BP
algorithm is unstable and there is a possibility to get stuck in local optima. Here Levenberg-Marquardt
algorithm is used in BP. In this work a global optimization algorithm(ACO) is hybridized with BP algorithm.
There is a chance for convergence of initial connected weights selected for BP to a local optimum.
The present work leads to get good initial connection weights through ACO and then pass the result to BP
network for training. From the response of the system it is clear that the proposed hybrid training
performance is better than the basic BP algorithm.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Vijo M. Joy completed his M.Sc. Electronics in 2006 from Mahatma Gandhi University,
Kottayam. He got M.Tech. in Embedded System Design in 2011 from Indira Gandhi National
Open University, Newdelhi. He has 10 years of teaching experience in Electronics subjects for
graduates and post graduates. Currently he is working in the Department of Electronics, Aquinas
College Edacochin, Cochin, Kerala, India. He is a research fellow in the Department of
Electronics, M G University Research Center, Edapally, Cochin. His research interests are in
the fields of Artificial Intelligents. He has published several research articles in reputed
international journals.
Dr. S. Krishnakumar completed his M.Sc. in Physics with Electronics specialization in 1987
from Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam. He was awarded Ph.D. in Thin Film Devices in
1995 from Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam. He got M.Tech. in Computer Science from
Allahabad Agricultural Institute – Deemed University (renamed as Sam Higginbottom Institute
of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences) in 2006 and also obtained MCA from IGNOU in 2010.
He qualified AICTE-UGC special examination for PG Engineering in 2018. He has 24 years of
teaching experience in Electronics and Computer Science subjects for graduates and post
graduates. He served as the Regional Director at the School of Technology and Applied Sciences
(STAS), during the period 2013-17. Currently he is working in the STAS, Mahatma Gandhi
University Research Centre, Edappally, Kochi-24, Kerala, India. His research interest fields
include ANN, Analog circuit design and Image processing. Dr. S. Krishnakumar is an Associate
member of Institute of Engineers, India. He was a member of Board of studies of University of
Calicut and a member of Academic council of Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam.