Recently, a wide range of wind farm based distributed generations (DGs) are being integrated into distribution systems to fulfill energy demands and to reduce the burden on transmission corridors. The non-optimal configuration of DGs could severely affect the distribution system operations and control. Hence, the aim of this paper is to analyze the wind data in order to build a mathematical model for power output and pinpoint the optimal location. The overall objective is minimization of power loss reduction in distribution system. The five years of wind data was taken from 24o 44’ 29” North, 67o 35’ 9” East coordinates in Pakistan. The optimal location for these wind farms were pinpointed via particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm using standard IEEE 33 radial distribution system. The result reveals that the proposed method helps in improving renewable energy near to load centers, reduce power losses and improve voltage profile of the system. Moreover, the validity and performance of the proposed model were also compared with other optimization algorithms.
Impact of compressed air energy storage system into diesel power plant with w...IJECEIAES
The wind energy plays an important role in power system because of its renewable, clean and free energy. However, the penetration of wind power (WP) into the power grid system (PGS) requires an efficient energy storage systems (ESS). compressed air energy storage (CAES) system is one of the most ESS technologies which can alleviate the intermittent nature of the renewable energy sources (RES). Nyala city power plant in Sudan has been chosen as a case study because the power supply by the existing power plant is expensive due to high costs for fuel transport and the reliability of power supply is low due to uncertain fuel provision. This paper presents a formulation of security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) of diesel power plant (DPP) with the integration of CAES and PW. The optimization problem is modeled and coded in MATLAB which solved with solver GORUBI 8.0. The results show that the proposed model is suitable for integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into PGS with ESS and helpful in power system operation management.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Sampling-Based Model Predictive Control of PV-Integrated Energy Storage Syste...Power System Operation
This paper proposes a novel control solution designed to solve the local and grid-connected
distributed energy resources (DERs) management problem by developing a generalizable framework capable
of controlling DERs based on forecasted values and real-time energy prices. The proposed model uses
sampling-based model predictive control (SBMPC), together with the real-time price of energy and forecasts
of PV and load power, to allocate the dispatch of the available distributed energy resources (DERs) while
minimizing the overall cost. The strategy developed aims to nd the ideal combination of solar, grid, and
energy storage (ES) power with the objective of minimizing the total cost of energy of the entire system.
Both ofine and controller hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) results are presented for a 7-day test case scenario
and compared with two manual base test cases and four baseline optimization algorithms (Genetic Algo-
rithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Quadratic Programming interior-point method (QP-IP),
and Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP)) designed to solve the optimization problem considering the
current status of the system and also its future states. The proposed model uses a 24-hour prediction horizon
with a 15-minute control horizon. The results demonstrate substantial cost and execution time savings when
compared to the other baseline control algorithms.
Reliability Constrained Unit Commitment Considering the Effect of DG and DR P...IJECEIAES
Due to increase in energy prices at peak periods and increase in fuel cost, involving Distributed Generation (DG) and consumption management by Demand Response (DR) will be unavoidable options for optimal system operations. Also, with high penetration of DGs and DR programs into power system operation, the reliability criterion is taken into account as one of the most important concerns of system operators in management of power system. In this paper, a Reliability Constrained Unit Commitment (RCUC) at presence of time-based DR program and DGs integrated with conventional units is proposed and executed to reach a reliable and economic operation. Designated cost function has been minimized considering reliability constraint in prevailing UC formulation. The UC scheduling is accomplished in short-term so that the reliability is maintained in acceptable level. Because of complex nature of RCUC problem and full AC load flow constraints, the hybrid algorithm included Simulated Annealing (SA) and Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) has been proposed to optimize the problem. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and considerable efficacy of the time-based DR program in reducing operational costs by implementing it on IEEE-RTS79.
Performance based Comparison of Wind and Solar Distributed Generators using E...Editor IJLRES
Distributed Generation (DG) technologies have become more and more important in power systems. The objective of the paper is to optimize the distributed energy resource type and size based on uncertainties in the distribution network. The three things are considered in stand point of uncertainties are listed as, (i) Future load growth, (ii) Variation in the solar radiation, (iii) Wind output variation. The challenge in Optimal DG Placement (ODGP) needs to be solved with optimization problem with many objectives and constraints. The ODGP is going to be done here, by using Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA II). NSGA II is one among the available multi objective optimization algorithms with reduced computational complexity (O=MN2). Because of this prominent feature of NSGA II, it is widely applicable in all the multi objective optimization problems irrespective of disciplines. Hence it is selected to be employed here in order to obtain the reduced cost associated with the DG units. The proposed NSGA II is going to be applied on the IEEE 33-bus and the different performance characteristics were compared for both wind and solar type DG units.
This paper presents a Stand-alone Hybrid Renewable Energy System (SHRES) as an alternative to fossil fuel based generators. The Photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines (WT) are designed for the Malaysian low wind speed conditions with battery Energy Storage (BES) to provide electric power to the load. The appropriate sizing of each component was accomplished using Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) and Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) techniques. The optimized hybrid system was examined in MATLAB using two case studies to find the optimum number of PV panels, wind turbines system and BES that minimizes the Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP) and Cost of Energy (COE). The hybrid power system was connected to the AC bus to investigate the system performance in supplying a rural settlement. Real weather data at the location of interest was utilized in this paper. The results obtained from the two scenarios were used to compare the suitability of the NSGA-II and MOPSO methods. The NSGA-II method is shown to be more accurate whereas the MOPSO method is faster in executing the optimization. Hence, both these methods can be used for techno-economic optimization of SHRES.
Impact of compressed air energy storage system into diesel power plant with w...IJECEIAES
The wind energy plays an important role in power system because of its renewable, clean and free energy. However, the penetration of wind power (WP) into the power grid system (PGS) requires an efficient energy storage systems (ESS). compressed air energy storage (CAES) system is one of the most ESS technologies which can alleviate the intermittent nature of the renewable energy sources (RES). Nyala city power plant in Sudan has been chosen as a case study because the power supply by the existing power plant is expensive due to high costs for fuel transport and the reliability of power supply is low due to uncertain fuel provision. This paper presents a formulation of security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) of diesel power plant (DPP) with the integration of CAES and PW. The optimization problem is modeled and coded in MATLAB which solved with solver GORUBI 8.0. The results show that the proposed model is suitable for integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into PGS with ESS and helpful in power system operation management.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Sampling-Based Model Predictive Control of PV-Integrated Energy Storage Syste...Power System Operation
This paper proposes a novel control solution designed to solve the local and grid-connected
distributed energy resources (DERs) management problem by developing a generalizable framework capable
of controlling DERs based on forecasted values and real-time energy prices. The proposed model uses
sampling-based model predictive control (SBMPC), together with the real-time price of energy and forecasts
of PV and load power, to allocate the dispatch of the available distributed energy resources (DERs) while
minimizing the overall cost. The strategy developed aims to nd the ideal combination of solar, grid, and
energy storage (ES) power with the objective of minimizing the total cost of energy of the entire system.
Both ofine and controller hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) results are presented for a 7-day test case scenario
and compared with two manual base test cases and four baseline optimization algorithms (Genetic Algo-
rithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Quadratic Programming interior-point method (QP-IP),
and Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP)) designed to solve the optimization problem considering the
current status of the system and also its future states. The proposed model uses a 24-hour prediction horizon
with a 15-minute control horizon. The results demonstrate substantial cost and execution time savings when
compared to the other baseline control algorithms.
Reliability Constrained Unit Commitment Considering the Effect of DG and DR P...IJECEIAES
Due to increase in energy prices at peak periods and increase in fuel cost, involving Distributed Generation (DG) and consumption management by Demand Response (DR) will be unavoidable options for optimal system operations. Also, with high penetration of DGs and DR programs into power system operation, the reliability criterion is taken into account as one of the most important concerns of system operators in management of power system. In this paper, a Reliability Constrained Unit Commitment (RCUC) at presence of time-based DR program and DGs integrated with conventional units is proposed and executed to reach a reliable and economic operation. Designated cost function has been minimized considering reliability constraint in prevailing UC formulation. The UC scheduling is accomplished in short-term so that the reliability is maintained in acceptable level. Because of complex nature of RCUC problem and full AC load flow constraints, the hybrid algorithm included Simulated Annealing (SA) and Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) has been proposed to optimize the problem. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and considerable efficacy of the time-based DR program in reducing operational costs by implementing it on IEEE-RTS79.
Performance based Comparison of Wind and Solar Distributed Generators using E...Editor IJLRES
Distributed Generation (DG) technologies have become more and more important in power systems. The objective of the paper is to optimize the distributed energy resource type and size based on uncertainties in the distribution network. The three things are considered in stand point of uncertainties are listed as, (i) Future load growth, (ii) Variation in the solar radiation, (iii) Wind output variation. The challenge in Optimal DG Placement (ODGP) needs to be solved with optimization problem with many objectives and constraints. The ODGP is going to be done here, by using Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA II). NSGA II is one among the available multi objective optimization algorithms with reduced computational complexity (O=MN2). Because of this prominent feature of NSGA II, it is widely applicable in all the multi objective optimization problems irrespective of disciplines. Hence it is selected to be employed here in order to obtain the reduced cost associated with the DG units. The proposed NSGA II is going to be applied on the IEEE 33-bus and the different performance characteristics were compared for both wind and solar type DG units.
This paper presents a Stand-alone Hybrid Renewable Energy System (SHRES) as an alternative to fossil fuel based generators. The Photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines (WT) are designed for the Malaysian low wind speed conditions with battery Energy Storage (BES) to provide electric power to the load. The appropriate sizing of each component was accomplished using Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) and Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) techniques. The optimized hybrid system was examined in MATLAB using two case studies to find the optimum number of PV panels, wind turbines system and BES that minimizes the Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP) and Cost of Energy (COE). The hybrid power system was connected to the AC bus to investigate the system performance in supplying a rural settlement. Real weather data at the location of interest was utilized in this paper. The results obtained from the two scenarios were used to compare the suitability of the NSGA-II and MOPSO methods. The NSGA-II method is shown to be more accurate whereas the MOPSO method is faster in executing the optimization. Hence, both these methods can be used for techno-economic optimization of SHRES.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
Cost Aware Expansion Planning with Renewable DGs using Particle Swarm Optimiz...IJERA Editor
This Paper is an attempt to develop the expansion-planning algorithm using meta heuristics algorithms. Expansion Planning is always needed as the power demand is increasing every now and then. Thus for a better expansion planning the meta heuristic methods are needed. The cost efficient Expansion planning is desired in the proposed work. Recently distributed generation is widely researched to implement in future energy needs as it is pollution free and capability of installing it in rural places. In this paper, optimal distributed generation expansion planning with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) for identifying the location, size and type of distributed generator for future demand is predicted with lowest cost as the constraints. Here the objective function is to minimize the total cost including installation and operating cost of the renewable DGs. MATLAB based `simulation using M-file program is used for the implementation and Indian distribution system is used for testing the results.
Performance comparison of distributed generation installation arrangement in ...journalBEEI
Placing Distributed Generation (DG) into a power network should be planned wisely. In this paper, the comparison of having different installation arrangement of real-power DGs in transmission system for loss control is presented. Immune-brainstorm-evolutionary programme (IBSEP) was chosen as the optimization technique. It is found that optimizing fixed-size DGs locations gives the highest loss reduction percentage. Apart from that, scattered small-sized DGs throughout a network minimizes transmission loss more than allocating one biger-sized DG at a location.
Techno-economic Viability and Energy Conversion Analysis of RHES with Less We...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article proposes a new strategy to find the optimal location, configuration and size of the
Renewable (wind-photovoltaic-diesel-battery) Hybrid Energy Systems (RHES (off-grid)). This study has
two steps: first, the proposaltoa strategybased on a weather change to find the optimal location in Iraq
using Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric-Renewables (HOMER) software. Second, the study will
examine the influence of the techno-economic viability from side less weight and area on the optimal
configuration/size of the RHES, which gives the maximum output power. A period of one-year for
meteorological data for both solar radiation and wind speed has used. Finally, simulation results indicated
that the optimal location for this RHES is the AL Harithah location. The analysis has shown that RHES can
supply 89% of the load demands by renewable-energy. It is also successful in reducing the area required
for installation of the RHES about 28%.
Optimal Generation Scheduling of Power System for Maximum Renewable Energy...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes an optimal generation scheduling method for a power system integrated with renewable energy sources (RES) based distributed generations (DG) and energy storage systems (ESS) considering maximum harvesting of RES outputs and minimum power system operating losses. The main contribution aims at economically employing RES in a power system. In particular, maximum harvesting of renewable energy is achieved by the mean of ESS management. In addition, minimum power system operating losses can be obtained by properly scheduling operating of ESS and controllable generations. Particle Swam Optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied to search for a near global optimal solutions. The optimization problem is formulated and evaluated taking into account power system operating constraints. The different operation scenarios have been used to investigate the effective of the proposed method via DIgSILENT PowerFactory software. The proposed method is examined with IEEE standard 14-bus and 30-bus test systems.
Heuristic Optimization Technique for CHP-Wind Power Dispatchidescitation
This paper applies Differential Evolution (DE) for
solving combined heat and power dispatch (CHP) problem with
wind turbines. The CHP economic dispatch problem consist
of two sub problems, namely, heat dispatch and power dispatch.
The optimal dispatch utilization of multiple CHP units and
wind turbines is a complicated problem due to the complex
constraints such as feasible operating regions created by
mutual dependence of heat and power. The uncertainty of
wind speed and wind power is modeled using the Weibull
probability distribution. Economic dispatch is carried out for
cost optimization with varying wind power. The proposed
method is able to handle all complex constraints very
effectively without any violations. The developed optimization
model is tested and validated on a study system from literature.
Source resizing and improved power distribution for high available island mic...Mohamed Ghaieth Abidi
A microgrid is a small-scale smart network that contains distributed resources and loads and serves several technical, economic, and environmental aims. In this kind of power system, the energy generated by different sources is often collected in an adequate bus system (ac or dc busses) and transported to loads across a distribution system. In case of islanding operation of a microgrid, each production insufficiency or distribution system fault can cause a partial or total interruption of power supply required by loads of the microgrid. This unavailability can last longer because of the randomness and intermittent behavior of renewable sources and the importance of the maintenance actions of the distribution system. To guarantee high availability of power supply, microgrid must be able to produce and to transfer the power energy requested by loads. The sizing of distributed sources and the design of the distribution system present an important challenge to achieve this goal. This paper offers a new global methodology carried out in two steps: in the first, it aims to optimize the source sizing by adding some microsources for ensuring the balance between sources production and loads requirement, then, in a second step, it aims to enhance the distribution system design by the creation of new paths of power transmission for transferring the produced energy from sources to loads. The proposed optimization methodology aims to achieve the requested availability rate requested by each load (considering their priorities) by taking into account some technical and economic factors. In this methodology based on genetic algorithms, objective functions are defined, and several electrical and economic constraints are formulated. The graph theory is used to represent the architecture of the microgrid distribution system, and Matpower tool of MATLAB is used to model it. An application and implementation of the proposed optimization methodology in a Tunisian petroleum platform indicate that the proposed solution is efficient in optimizing of power supply availability in its microgrid.
optimization of the managed electrical energy within a hybrid renewable energ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Hybrid energy applications based on renewable energy sources are becoming more and more desirable every day. They have increased the economic attractiveness of renewable electric energy generation. Because of the sudden fluctuations of the load requirements, the main attribute of such Hybrid Systems is to be able to generate energy at any time by optimally using each source. In this article, we have proposed a combination between a sizing study and a control one for the aim of solving the complex optimization problem of finding the optimal combination of size and storage to make the best use of the renewable power generations and to become more independent of rising electricity costs. Additionally, an improvement in the induced optimization algorithm is introduced in this paper so as to compute the optimal size and the operation control of the system with the aim of minimizing as much as possible the cost while responding to the load energy requirements taking into account the environmental factors.
Economic viability and profitability assessments of WECS IJECEIAES
Technical and technological advances in alternative energy sources have led many countries to add green energy to their power plants to reduce carbon emissions and air pollution. At present, many electricity companies are looking to use alternative sources of energy because of high electrical energy prices. Wind energy is more useful than many renewable energies such as solar, heat, biomass, etc. The Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) is a system that converts the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy to feed the known loads. WECS can be found in a variety of technology. Climate change and load demand are essential determinants of WECS optimization modelling. In this paper, proposed a strategy focused primarily on economic analysis WECS. The strategy based on a weather change to find the optimal designing and modelling for four different types of WECS using HOMER software. Finally, several criteria were used to determine which type of WECS was the most profitable investment and less payback period.
Economic Dispatch using Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm in Electrical Power S...IJECEIAES
Unpredictable increase in power demands will overload the supply subsystems and insufficiently powered systems will suffer from instabilities, in which voltages drop below acceptable levels. Additional power sources are needed to satisfy the demand. Small capacity distributed generators (DGs) serve for this purpose well. One advantage of DGs is that they can be installed close to loads, so as to minimise loses. Optimum placements and sizing of DGs are critical to increase system voltages and to reduce loses. This will finally increase the overall system efficiency. This work exploits Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm (QEA) for the placements and sizing. This optimisation targets the cheapest generation cost. Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm is an Evolutionary Algorithm running on quantum computing, which works based on qubits and states superposition of quantum mechanics. Evolutionary algorithm with qubit representation has a better characteristic of diversity than classical approaches, since it can represent superposition of states.
A review of optimal operation of microgrids IJECEIAES
The term microgrid refers to small-scale power grid that can operate autonomously or in concurrence with the area’s main electrical grid. The intermittent characteristic of DGs which defies the power quality and voltage manifests the requirement for new planning and operation approaches for microgrids. Consequently, conventional optimization methods in new power systems have been critically biased all through the previous decade. One of the main technological and inexpensive tools in this regard is the optimal generation scheduling of microgrid. As a primary optimization tool in the planning and operation fields, optimal operation has an undeniable part in the power system. This paper reviews and evaluates the optimal operation approaches mostly related to microgrids. In this work, the foremost optimal generation scheduling approaches are compared in terms of their objective functions, techniques and constraints. To conclude, a few fundamental challenges occurring from the latest optimal generation scheduling techniques in microgrids are addressed.
Cuckoo Search Algorithm for Congestion Alleviation with Incorporation of Wind...IJECEIAES
The issue to alleviate congestion in the power system framework has emerged as an alluring field for the power system researchers. The research conducted in this article proposes a cuckoo search algorithm-based congestion alleviation strategy with the incorporation of wind farm. The bus sensitivity factor data are computed and utilized to sort out the sutiable position for the installation of the wind farm. The generators contributing in the real power rescheduleing process are selected as per the generator sensitivity values. The cuckoo search algorithm is implemented to minimize the congestion cost with the embodiment of the wind farm. The proposed method is tested on 39 bus New England framework and the results obtained with the cuckoo search-based congestion management approach outperforms the results opted with other heuristic optimization techniques in the past research literatures.
The Renewable energy sources, especially wind turbine generators, are considered as
important generation alternatives in electric power systems due to their non-exhausted nature and
benign environmental effects [1]. The fact that wind power penetration continues to increase has
motivated a need to develop more widely applicable methodologies for evaluating the actual benefits
of adding wind turbines to conventional generating systems. In this paper reliability evaluation of
wind power generation system is carried. Reliability evaluation of generating systems with wind
energy sources is a complex process. It requires an accurate wind speed forecasting technique for the
wind farm site. The method requires historical wind speed data collected over many years for the
wind farm location to determine the necessary parameters of the wind speed models for the
particular site [3]. The evaluation process should also accurately model the intermittent nature of
power output from the wind farm. For the data analysis excel data analysis tool is used and
probability distribution of wind speeds are calculated [10]. This study shows the system availability
for the generation of power from wind turbine generators installed at the Hanamasagar, a village
near Gajendragada of Karnataka State.
A probabilistic multi-objective approach for FACTS devices allocation with di...IJECEIAES
This study presents a probabilistic multi-objective optimization approach to obtain the optimal locations and sizes of static var compensator (SVC) and thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) in a power transmission network with large level of wind generation. In this study, the uncertainties of the wind power generation and correlated load demand are considered. The uncertainties are modeled in this work using the points estimation method (PEM). The optimization problem is solved using the multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm to find the best position and rating of the flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices. The objective of the problem is to maximize the system loadability while minimizing the power losses and FACTS devices installation cost. Additionally, a technique based on fuzzy decision-making approach is employed to extract one of the Pareto optimal solutions as the best compromise one. The proposed approach is applied on the modified IEEE 30bus system. The numerical results evince the effectiveness of the proposed approach and shows the economic benefits that can be achieved when considering the FACTS controller.
Normally, the character of the wind energy as a renewable energy sources has uncertainty in generation. To resolve the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) drawback, this paper proposed a replacement Hybrid Multi Objective Artificial Physical Optimization (HMOAPO) algorithmic rule, which does not require any management parameters compared to different meta-heuristic algorithms within the literature. Artificial Physical Optimization (APO), a moderately new population-based intelligence algorithm, shows fine performance on improvement issues. Moreover, this paper presents hybrid variety of Animal Migration Optimization (AMO) algorithmic rule to express the convergence characteristic of APO. The OPF drawback is taken into account with six totally different check cases, the effectiveness of the proposed HMOAPO technique is tested on IEEE 30-bus, IEEE 118-bus and IEEE 300-bus check system. The obtained results from the HMOAPO algorithm is compared with the other improvement techniques within the literature. The obtained comparison results indicate that proposed technique is effective to succeed in best resolution for the OPF drawback.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
Cost Aware Expansion Planning with Renewable DGs using Particle Swarm Optimiz...IJERA Editor
This Paper is an attempt to develop the expansion-planning algorithm using meta heuristics algorithms. Expansion Planning is always needed as the power demand is increasing every now and then. Thus for a better expansion planning the meta heuristic methods are needed. The cost efficient Expansion planning is desired in the proposed work. Recently distributed generation is widely researched to implement in future energy needs as it is pollution free and capability of installing it in rural places. In this paper, optimal distributed generation expansion planning with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) for identifying the location, size and type of distributed generator for future demand is predicted with lowest cost as the constraints. Here the objective function is to minimize the total cost including installation and operating cost of the renewable DGs. MATLAB based `simulation using M-file program is used for the implementation and Indian distribution system is used for testing the results.
Performance comparison of distributed generation installation arrangement in ...journalBEEI
Placing Distributed Generation (DG) into a power network should be planned wisely. In this paper, the comparison of having different installation arrangement of real-power DGs in transmission system for loss control is presented. Immune-brainstorm-evolutionary programme (IBSEP) was chosen as the optimization technique. It is found that optimizing fixed-size DGs locations gives the highest loss reduction percentage. Apart from that, scattered small-sized DGs throughout a network minimizes transmission loss more than allocating one biger-sized DG at a location.
Techno-economic Viability and Energy Conversion Analysis of RHES with Less We...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article proposes a new strategy to find the optimal location, configuration and size of the
Renewable (wind-photovoltaic-diesel-battery) Hybrid Energy Systems (RHES (off-grid)). This study has
two steps: first, the proposaltoa strategybased on a weather change to find the optimal location in Iraq
using Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric-Renewables (HOMER) software. Second, the study will
examine the influence of the techno-economic viability from side less weight and area on the optimal
configuration/size of the RHES, which gives the maximum output power. A period of one-year for
meteorological data for both solar radiation and wind speed has used. Finally, simulation results indicated
that the optimal location for this RHES is the AL Harithah location. The analysis has shown that RHES can
supply 89% of the load demands by renewable-energy. It is also successful in reducing the area required
for installation of the RHES about 28%.
Optimal Generation Scheduling of Power System for Maximum Renewable Energy...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes an optimal generation scheduling method for a power system integrated with renewable energy sources (RES) based distributed generations (DG) and energy storage systems (ESS) considering maximum harvesting of RES outputs and minimum power system operating losses. The main contribution aims at economically employing RES in a power system. In particular, maximum harvesting of renewable energy is achieved by the mean of ESS management. In addition, minimum power system operating losses can be obtained by properly scheduling operating of ESS and controllable generations. Particle Swam Optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied to search for a near global optimal solutions. The optimization problem is formulated and evaluated taking into account power system operating constraints. The different operation scenarios have been used to investigate the effective of the proposed method via DIgSILENT PowerFactory software. The proposed method is examined with IEEE standard 14-bus and 30-bus test systems.
Heuristic Optimization Technique for CHP-Wind Power Dispatchidescitation
This paper applies Differential Evolution (DE) for
solving combined heat and power dispatch (CHP) problem with
wind turbines. The CHP economic dispatch problem consist
of two sub problems, namely, heat dispatch and power dispatch.
The optimal dispatch utilization of multiple CHP units and
wind turbines is a complicated problem due to the complex
constraints such as feasible operating regions created by
mutual dependence of heat and power. The uncertainty of
wind speed and wind power is modeled using the Weibull
probability distribution. Economic dispatch is carried out for
cost optimization with varying wind power. The proposed
method is able to handle all complex constraints very
effectively without any violations. The developed optimization
model is tested and validated on a study system from literature.
Source resizing and improved power distribution for high available island mic...Mohamed Ghaieth Abidi
A microgrid is a small-scale smart network that contains distributed resources and loads and serves several technical, economic, and environmental aims. In this kind of power system, the energy generated by different sources is often collected in an adequate bus system (ac or dc busses) and transported to loads across a distribution system. In case of islanding operation of a microgrid, each production insufficiency or distribution system fault can cause a partial or total interruption of power supply required by loads of the microgrid. This unavailability can last longer because of the randomness and intermittent behavior of renewable sources and the importance of the maintenance actions of the distribution system. To guarantee high availability of power supply, microgrid must be able to produce and to transfer the power energy requested by loads. The sizing of distributed sources and the design of the distribution system present an important challenge to achieve this goal. This paper offers a new global methodology carried out in two steps: in the first, it aims to optimize the source sizing by adding some microsources for ensuring the balance between sources production and loads requirement, then, in a second step, it aims to enhance the distribution system design by the creation of new paths of power transmission for transferring the produced energy from sources to loads. The proposed optimization methodology aims to achieve the requested availability rate requested by each load (considering their priorities) by taking into account some technical and economic factors. In this methodology based on genetic algorithms, objective functions are defined, and several electrical and economic constraints are formulated. The graph theory is used to represent the architecture of the microgrid distribution system, and Matpower tool of MATLAB is used to model it. An application and implementation of the proposed optimization methodology in a Tunisian petroleum platform indicate that the proposed solution is efficient in optimizing of power supply availability in its microgrid.
optimization of the managed electrical energy within a hybrid renewable energ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Hybrid energy applications based on renewable energy sources are becoming more and more desirable every day. They have increased the economic attractiveness of renewable electric energy generation. Because of the sudden fluctuations of the load requirements, the main attribute of such Hybrid Systems is to be able to generate energy at any time by optimally using each source. In this article, we have proposed a combination between a sizing study and a control one for the aim of solving the complex optimization problem of finding the optimal combination of size and storage to make the best use of the renewable power generations and to become more independent of rising electricity costs. Additionally, an improvement in the induced optimization algorithm is introduced in this paper so as to compute the optimal size and the operation control of the system with the aim of minimizing as much as possible the cost while responding to the load energy requirements taking into account the environmental factors.
Economic viability and profitability assessments of WECS IJECEIAES
Technical and technological advances in alternative energy sources have led many countries to add green energy to their power plants to reduce carbon emissions and air pollution. At present, many electricity companies are looking to use alternative sources of energy because of high electrical energy prices. Wind energy is more useful than many renewable energies such as solar, heat, biomass, etc. The Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) is a system that converts the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy to feed the known loads. WECS can be found in a variety of technology. Climate change and load demand are essential determinants of WECS optimization modelling. In this paper, proposed a strategy focused primarily on economic analysis WECS. The strategy based on a weather change to find the optimal designing and modelling for four different types of WECS using HOMER software. Finally, several criteria were used to determine which type of WECS was the most profitable investment and less payback period.
Economic Dispatch using Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm in Electrical Power S...IJECEIAES
Unpredictable increase in power demands will overload the supply subsystems and insufficiently powered systems will suffer from instabilities, in which voltages drop below acceptable levels. Additional power sources are needed to satisfy the demand. Small capacity distributed generators (DGs) serve for this purpose well. One advantage of DGs is that they can be installed close to loads, so as to minimise loses. Optimum placements and sizing of DGs are critical to increase system voltages and to reduce loses. This will finally increase the overall system efficiency. This work exploits Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm (QEA) for the placements and sizing. This optimisation targets the cheapest generation cost. Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm is an Evolutionary Algorithm running on quantum computing, which works based on qubits and states superposition of quantum mechanics. Evolutionary algorithm with qubit representation has a better characteristic of diversity than classical approaches, since it can represent superposition of states.
A review of optimal operation of microgrids IJECEIAES
The term microgrid refers to small-scale power grid that can operate autonomously or in concurrence with the area’s main electrical grid. The intermittent characteristic of DGs which defies the power quality and voltage manifests the requirement for new planning and operation approaches for microgrids. Consequently, conventional optimization methods in new power systems have been critically biased all through the previous decade. One of the main technological and inexpensive tools in this regard is the optimal generation scheduling of microgrid. As a primary optimization tool in the planning and operation fields, optimal operation has an undeniable part in the power system. This paper reviews and evaluates the optimal operation approaches mostly related to microgrids. In this work, the foremost optimal generation scheduling approaches are compared in terms of their objective functions, techniques and constraints. To conclude, a few fundamental challenges occurring from the latest optimal generation scheduling techniques in microgrids are addressed.
Cuckoo Search Algorithm for Congestion Alleviation with Incorporation of Wind...IJECEIAES
The issue to alleviate congestion in the power system framework has emerged as an alluring field for the power system researchers. The research conducted in this article proposes a cuckoo search algorithm-based congestion alleviation strategy with the incorporation of wind farm. The bus sensitivity factor data are computed and utilized to sort out the sutiable position for the installation of the wind farm. The generators contributing in the real power rescheduleing process are selected as per the generator sensitivity values. The cuckoo search algorithm is implemented to minimize the congestion cost with the embodiment of the wind farm. The proposed method is tested on 39 bus New England framework and the results obtained with the cuckoo search-based congestion management approach outperforms the results opted with other heuristic optimization techniques in the past research literatures.
The Renewable energy sources, especially wind turbine generators, are considered as
important generation alternatives in electric power systems due to their non-exhausted nature and
benign environmental effects [1]. The fact that wind power penetration continues to increase has
motivated a need to develop more widely applicable methodologies for evaluating the actual benefits
of adding wind turbines to conventional generating systems. In this paper reliability evaluation of
wind power generation system is carried. Reliability evaluation of generating systems with wind
energy sources is a complex process. It requires an accurate wind speed forecasting technique for the
wind farm site. The method requires historical wind speed data collected over many years for the
wind farm location to determine the necessary parameters of the wind speed models for the
particular site [3]. The evaluation process should also accurately model the intermittent nature of
power output from the wind farm. For the data analysis excel data analysis tool is used and
probability distribution of wind speeds are calculated [10]. This study shows the system availability
for the generation of power from wind turbine generators installed at the Hanamasagar, a village
near Gajendragada of Karnataka State.
A probabilistic multi-objective approach for FACTS devices allocation with di...IJECEIAES
This study presents a probabilistic multi-objective optimization approach to obtain the optimal locations and sizes of static var compensator (SVC) and thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) in a power transmission network with large level of wind generation. In this study, the uncertainties of the wind power generation and correlated load demand are considered. The uncertainties are modeled in this work using the points estimation method (PEM). The optimization problem is solved using the multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm to find the best position and rating of the flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices. The objective of the problem is to maximize the system loadability while minimizing the power losses and FACTS devices installation cost. Additionally, a technique based on fuzzy decision-making approach is employed to extract one of the Pareto optimal solutions as the best compromise one. The proposed approach is applied on the modified IEEE 30bus system. The numerical results evince the effectiveness of the proposed approach and shows the economic benefits that can be achieved when considering the FACTS controller.
Normally, the character of the wind energy as a renewable energy sources has uncertainty in generation. To resolve the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) drawback, this paper proposed a replacement Hybrid Multi Objective Artificial Physical Optimization (HMOAPO) algorithmic rule, which does not require any management parameters compared to different meta-heuristic algorithms within the literature. Artificial Physical Optimization (APO), a moderately new population-based intelligence algorithm, shows fine performance on improvement issues. Moreover, this paper presents hybrid variety of Animal Migration Optimization (AMO) algorithmic rule to express the convergence characteristic of APO. The OPF drawback is taken into account with six totally different check cases, the effectiveness of the proposed HMOAPO technique is tested on IEEE 30-bus, IEEE 118-bus and IEEE 300-bus check system. The obtained results from the HMOAPO algorithm is compared with the other improvement techniques within the literature. The obtained comparison results indicate that proposed technique is effective to succeed in best resolution for the OPF drawback.
Micropower system optimization for the telecommunication towers based on var...IJECEIAES
This study investigates the technical and cost-effective performance of options renewable energy sources to develop a green off-grid telecommunication tower to replace diesel generators in Malaysia. For this purpose, the solar, wind, pico-hydro energy, along with diesel generators, were examined to compare. In addition, the modeling of hybrid powering systems was conducted using hybrid optimization model for energy (HOMER) simulation based on techno-economic analysis to determine the optimal economically feasible system. The optimization findings showed that the hybrid high-efficiency fixed photovoltaic (PV) system with battery followed by 2 kW pico-hydropower and battery are the optimal configurations for powering off-grid telecommunication towers in Malaysia with the lowest net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE). These costs of NPC and COE are more down than diesel generator costs with battery by 17.45%, 16.45%, 15.9%, and 15.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the economic evaluation of the high-efficiency solar fixed PV panels system annual cash flow compared to the diesel generator with the battery system indicated a ten-year payback period.
Improving the delivered power quality from WECS to the grid based on PMSG con...IJECEIAES
Renewable energy has become one of the most energy resources nowadays, especially, wind energy. It is important to implement more analysis and develop new control algorithms due to the rapid changes in the wind generators size and the power electronics development in wind energy applications. This paper proposes a grid-connected wind energy conversion system (WECS) control scheme using permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The model works to improve the delivered power quality and maximize its value. The system contained one controller on the grid side converter (GSC) and two simulation packages used to simulate this model, which were PSIM software package for simulating power circuit and power electronics converters, and MATLAB software package for simulating the controller on Simulink. It employed a meta-heuristic technique to fulfil this target effectively. Mine-blast algorithm (MBA) and harmony search optimization technique (HSO) were applied to the proposed method to get the best controller coefficient to ensure maximum power to the grid and minimize the overshoot and the steady state error for the different control signals. The comparison between the results of the MBA and the HSO showed that the MBA gave better results with the proposed system.
Feasibility Study of a Grid Connected Hybrid Wind/PV SystemIJAPEJOURNAL
This paper investigates the feasibility of a grid connected, large-scale hybrid wind/PV system. From data available an area called RasElnaqab in Jordan is chosen because it enjoys both high average wind speed of 6.13 m/s and high average solar radiation of 5.9KWhr/m2 /day. MATLAB and HOMER software’s are used for sizing and economical analysis respectively. Results show that76124 SUNTECH PV panels and 38 GW87-1.5MW wind turbines are the optimal choice. The net present cost (NPC) is 130,115,936$, the cost of energy (COE) is 0.049$/KWhr with a renewable fraction of 74.1%.A stepby-step process to determine the optimal sizing of Hybrid Wind/PV system is presented and it can be applied anywhere.
Stochastic control for optimal power flow in islanded microgridIJECEIAES
The problem of optimal power flow (OPF) in an islanded mircrogrid (MG) for hybrid power system is described. Clearly, it deals with a formulation of an analytical control model for OPF. The MG consists of wind turbine generator, photovoltaic generator, and diesel engine generator (DEG), and is in stochastic environment such as load change, wind power fluctuation, and sun irradiation power disturbance. In fact, the DEG fails and is repaired at random times so that the MG can significantly influence the power flow, and the power flow control faces the main difficulty that how to maintain the balance of power flow? The solution is that a DEG needs to be scheduled. The objective of the control problem is to find the DEG output power by minimizing the total cost of energy. Adopting the Rishel’s famework and using the Bellman principle, the optimality conditions obtained satisfy the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation. Finally, numerical examples and sensitivity analyses are included to illustrate the importance and effectiveness of the proposed model.
A NOVEL SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION OF A GRID INDEPENDENT HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYS...ijscmcj
Hybrid renewable energy based off-grid or distribute power supply has customarily thought to be a solitary
innovation based restricted level of supply to meet the essential needs, without considering dependable
energy procurement to rural or remote commercial enterprises. The aim of the paper is to propose a design
idea off-grid hybrid system to fulfil the load demand of the telecom base station by using renewable energy
resources for rural regions. HOMER software tool is used for simulation and optimization and it also
analysis the total net present cost (TNPC) $100,757, carbon emission is zero percent, initial cost $70,920,
operating cost $2,334, Capacity Shortage 0.17% and the cost of energy (COE) $0.502. The HOMER
simulation outcome gives the most feasible hybrid system configuration for electric power supply to the
remote location telecom base station.
Optimizing Size of Variable Renewable Energy Sources by Incorporating Energy ...Kashif Mehmood
The electricity sector contributes to most of the global warming emissions generated from
fossil fuel resources which are becoming rare and expensive due to geological extinction and climate
change. It urges the need for less carbon-intensive, inexhaustible Renewable Energy Sources (RES) that
are economically sound, easy to access and improve public health. The carbon-free salient feature is the
driving motive that propels widespread utilization of wind and solar RES in comparisons to rest of RES.
However, stochastic nature makes these sources, variable renewable energy sources (VRES) because it brings
uncertainty and variability that disrupt power system stability. This problem is mitigated by adding energy
storage (ES) or introducing the demand response (DR) in the system. In this paper, an electricity generation
network of China by the year 2017 is modeled using EnergyPLAN software to determine annual costs,
primary energy supply (PES) and CO2 emissions. The VRES size is optimized by adding ES and DR (daily,
weekly, or monthly) while maintaining critical excess electricity production (CEEP) to zero. The results
substantiate that ES and DR increase wind and solar share up to 1000 and 874 GW. In addition, it also
reduces annual costs and emissions up to 4.36 % and 45.17 %
PV-solar / Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA Type Mobile Telephony Base ...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the design of optimized PV-Solar and Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA type mobile base station over conventional diesel generator for a particular site in south India (Chennai). For this hybrid system ,the meteorological data of Solar Insolation, hourly wind speed, are taken for Chennai (Longitude 80ο.16’and Latitude 13ο.5’ ) and the pattern of load consumption of mobile base station are studied and suitably modeled for optimization of the hybrid energy system using HOMER software. The simulation and optimization result gives the best optimized sizing of wind turbine and solar array with diesel generator for particular GSM/CDMA type mobile telephony base station. This system is more cost effective and environmental friendly over the conventional diesel generator. The presented system reduce approximate 70%-80% fuel cost over conventional diesel generator and also reduced the emission of CO2 and other harmful gasses in environments. It is expected that the proposed developed and installed system will provide very good opportunities for telecom sector in near future.
PV-solar / Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA Type Mobile Telephony Base ...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the design of optimized PV-Solar and Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA type mobile base station over conventional diesel generator for a particular site in south India (Chennai). For this hybrid system ,the meteorological data of Solar Insolation, hourly wind speed, are taken for Chennai (Longitude 80ο.16’and Latitude 13ο.5’ ) and the pattern of load consumption of mobile base station are studied and suitably modeled for optimization of the hybrid energy system using HOMER software. The simulation and optimization result gives the best optimized sizing of wind turbine and solar array with diesel generator for particular GSM/CDMA type mobile telephony base station. This system is more cost effective and environmental friendly over the conventional diesel generator. The presented system reduce approximate 70%-80% fuel cost over conventional diesel generator and also reduced the emission of CO2 and other harmful gasses in environments. It is expected that the proposed developed and installed system will provide very good opportunities for telecom sector in near future.
A Review on Design and Development of high Reliable Hybrid Energy Systems wit...IJPEDS-IAES
Hybrid Energy system is a combination of two or more different types of energy resources. Now a day this hybrid energy system plays key role in various remote area power applications. Hybrid energy system is more reliable than single energy system. This paper deals with high reliable hybrid energy system with solar, wind and micro hydro resources. The proposed hybrid system cable of multi mode operation and high reliable due to non communicated based controllers (Droop Characteristic Control) are used for optimal power sharing. Size of battery can be reduced because hydro used as back up source and Maximum power point Tracking also applied to solar and wind energy systems.
Optimal planning of RDGs in electrical distribution networks using hybrid SAP...IJECEIAES
The impact of the renewable distributed generations (RDGs), such as photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT) systems can be positive or negative on the system, based on the location and size of the DG. So, the correct location and size of DG in the distribution network remain an obstacle to achieving their full possible benefits. Therefore, the future distribution networks with the high penetration of DG power must be planned and operated to improve their efficiency. Thus, this paper presents a new methodology for integrated of renewable energy-based DG units with electrical distribution network. Since the main objective of the proposed methodology is to reduce the power losses and improve the voltage profile of the radial distribution system (RDS). In this regard, the optimization problem was formulated using loss sensitivity factor (LSF), simulated annealing (SA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and a combination of loss sensitivity index (LSI) with SA and PSO (LSISA, LSIPSO) respectively. This paper contributes a new methodology SAPSO, which prevents the defects of SA and PSO. Optimal placement and sizing of renewable energy-based DG tested on 33-bus system. The results demonstrate the reliability and robustness of the proposed SAPSO algorithm to find the near-optimal position and size of the DG units to mitigate the power losses and improve the radial distribution system's voltage profile.
Comparative analysis of optimal power flow in renewable energy sources based...IJECEIAES
Adaptation of renewable energy is inevitable. The idea of microgrid offers integration of renewable energy sources with conventional power generation sources. In this research, an operative approach was proposed for microgrids comprising of four different power generation sources. The microgrid is a way that mixes energy locally and empowers the end-users to add useful power to the network. IEEE-14 bus system-based microgrid was developed in MATLAB/Simulink to demonstrate the optimal power flow. Two cases of battery charging and discharging were also simulated to evaluate its realization. The solution of power flow analysis was obtained from the Newton–Raphson method and particle swarm optimization method. A comparison was drawn between these methods for the proposed model of the microgrid on the basis of transmission line losses and voltage profile. Transmission line losses are reduced to about 17% in the case of battery charging and 19 to 20% in the case of battery discharging when system was analyzed with the particle swarm optimization. Particle swarm optimization was found more promising for the deliverance of optimal power flow in the renewable energy sources-based microgrid.
Similar to Optimal Configuration of Wind Farms in Radial Distribution System Using Particle Swarm Optimization Technique (20)
Square transposition: an approach to the transposition process in block cipherjournalBEEI
The transposition process is needed in cryptography to create a diffusion effect on data encryption standard (DES) and advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithms as standard information security algorithms by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The problem with DES and AES algorithms is that their transposition index values form patterns and do not form random values. This condition will certainly make it easier for a cryptanalyst to look for a relationship between ciphertexts because some processes are predictable. This research designs a transposition algorithm called square transposition. Each process uses square 8 × 8 as a place to insert and retrieve 64-bits. The determination of the pairing of the input scheme and the retrieval scheme that have unequal flow is an important factor in producing a good transposition. The square transposition can generate random and non-pattern indices so that transposition can be done better than DES and AES.
Hyper-parameter optimization of convolutional neural network based on particl...journalBEEI
Deep neural networks have accomplished enormous progress in tackling many problems. More specifically, convolutional neural network (CNN) is a category of deep networks that have been a dominant technique in computer vision tasks. Despite that these deep neural networks are highly effective; the ideal structure is still an issue that needs a lot of investigation. Deep Convolutional Neural Network model is usually designed manually by trials and repeated tests which enormously constrain its application. Many hyper-parameters of the CNN can affect the model performance. These parameters are depth of the network, numbers of convolutional layers, and numbers of kernels with their sizes. Therefore, it may be a huge challenge to design an appropriate CNN model that uses optimized hyper-parameters and reduces the reliance on manual involvement and domain expertise. In this paper, a design architecture method for CNNs is proposed by utilization of particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to learn the optimal CNN hyper-parameters values. In the experiment, we used Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) database of handwritten digit recognition. The experiments showed that our proposed approach can find an architecture that is competitive to the state-of-the-art models with a testing error of 0.87%.
Supervised machine learning based liver disease prediction approach with LASS...journalBEEI
In this contemporary era, the uses of machine learning techniques are increasing rapidly in the field of medical science for detecting various diseases such as liver disease (LD). Around the globe, a large number of people die because of this deadly disease. By diagnosing the disease in a primary stage, early treatment can be helpful to cure the patient. In this research paper, a method is proposed to diagnose the LD using supervised machine learning classification algorithms, namely logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, AdaBoost, KNN, linear discriminant analysis, gradient boosting and support vector machine (SVM). We also deployed a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) feature selection technique on our taken dataset to suggest the most highly correlated attributes of LD. The predictions with 10 fold cross-validation (CV) made by the algorithms are tested in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, precision and f1-score values to forecast the disease. It is observed that the decision tree algorithm has the best performance score where accuracy, precision, sensitivity and f1-score values are 94.295%, 92%, 99% and 96% respectively with the inclusion of LASSO. Furthermore, a comparison with recent studies is shown to prove the significance of the proposed system.
A secure and energy saving protocol for wireless sensor networksjournalBEEI
The research domain for wireless sensor networks (WSN) has been extensively conducted due to innovative technologies and research directions that have come up addressing the usability of WSN under various schemes. This domain permits dependable tracking of a diversity of environments for both military and civil applications. The key management mechanism is a primary protocol for keeping the privacy and confidentiality of the data transmitted among different sensor nodes in WSNs. Since node's size is small; they are intrinsically limited by inadequate resources such as battery life-time and memory capacity. The proposed secure and energy saving protocol (SESP) for wireless sensor networks) has a significant impact on the overall network life-time and energy dissipation. To encrypt sent messsages, the SESP uses the public-key cryptography’s concept. It depends on sensor nodes' identities (IDs) to prevent the messages repeated; making security goals- authentication, confidentiality, integrity, availability, and freshness to be achieved. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed approach produced better energy consumption and network life-time compared to LEACH protocol; sensors are dead after 900 rounds in the proposed SESP protocol. While, in the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) scheme, the sensors are dead after 750 rounds.
Plant leaf identification system using convolutional neural networkjournalBEEI
This paper proposes a leaf identification system using convolutional neural network (CNN). This proposed system can identify five types of local Malaysia leaf which were acacia, papaya, cherry, mango and rambutan. By using CNN from deep learning, the network is trained from the database that acquired from leaf images captured by mobile phone for image classification. ResNet-50 was the architecture has been used for neural networks image classification and training the network for leaf identification. The recognition of photographs leaves requested several numbers of steps, starting with image pre-processing, feature extraction, plant identification, matching and testing, and finally extracting the results achieved in MATLAB. Testing sets of the system consists of 3 types of images which were white background, and noise added and random background images. Finally, interfaces for the leaf identification system have developed as the end software product using MATLAB app designer. As a result, the accuracy achieved for each training sets on five leaf classes are recorded above 98%, thus recognition process was successfully implemented.
Customized moodle-based learning management system for socially disadvantaged...journalBEEI
This study aims to develop Moodle-based LMS with customized learning content and modified user interface to facilitate pedagogical processes during covid-19 pandemic and investigate how teachers of socially disadvantaged schools perceived usability and technology acceptance. Co-design process was conducted with two activities: 1) need assessment phase using an online survey and interview session with the teachers and 2) the development phase of the LMS. The system was evaluated by 30 teachers from socially disadvantaged schools for relevance to their distance learning activities. We employed computer software usability questionnaire (CSUQ) to measure perceived usability and the technology acceptance model (TAM) with insertion of 3 original variables (i.e., perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and intention to use) and 5 external variables (i.e., attitude toward the system, perceived interaction, self-efficacy, user interface design, and course design). The average CSUQ rating exceeded 5.0 of 7 point-scale, indicated that teachers agreed that the information quality, interaction quality, and user interface quality were clear and easy to understand. TAM results concluded that the LMS design was judged to be usable, interactive, and well-developed. Teachers reported an effective user interface that allows effective teaching operations and lead to the system adoption in immediate time.
Understanding the role of individual learner in adaptive and personalized e-l...journalBEEI
Dynamic learning environment has emerged as a powerful platform in a modern e-learning system. The learning situation that constantly changing has forced the learning platform to adapt and personalize its learning resources for students. Evidence suggested that adaptation and personalization of e-learning systems (APLS) can be achieved by utilizing learner modeling, domain modeling, and instructional modeling. In the literature of APLS, questions have been raised about the role of individual characteristics that are relevant for adaptation. With several options, a new problem has been raised where the attributes of students in APLS often overlap and are not related between studies. Therefore, this study proposed a list of learner model attributes in dynamic learning to support adaptation and personalization. The study was conducted by exploring concepts from the literature selected based on the best criteria. Then, we described the results of important concepts in student modeling and provided definitions and examples of data values that researchers have used. Besides, we also discussed the implementation of the selected learner model in providing adaptation in dynamic learning.
Prototype mobile contactless transaction system in traditional markets to sup...journalBEEI
One way to prevent and reduce the spread of the covid-19 pandemic is through physical distancing program. This research aims to develop a prototype contactless transaction system using digital payment mechanisms and QR code technology that will be applied in traditional markets. The method used in the development of electronic market systems is a prototype approach. The application of QR code and digital payments are used as a solution to minimize money exchange contacts that are common in traditional markets. The results showed that the system built was able to accelerate and facilitate the buying and selling transaction process in traditional market environment. Alpha testing shows that all functional systems are running well. Meanwhile, beta testing shows that the user can very well accept the system that was built. The results of the study also show acceptance of the usefulness of the system being built, as well as the optimism of its users to be able to take advantage of this system both technologically and functionally, so its can be a part of the digital transformation of the traditional market to the electronic market and has become one of the solutions in reducing the spread of the current covid-19 pandemic.
Wireless HART stack using multiprocessor technique with laxity algorithmjournalBEEI
The use of a real-time operating system is required for the demarcation of industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN) stacks (RTOS). In the industrial world, a vast number of sensors are utilised to gather various types of data. The data gathered by the sensors cannot be prioritised ahead of time. Because all of the information is equally essential. As a result, a protocol stack is employed to guarantee that data is acquired and processed fairly. In IWSN, the protocol stack is implemented using RTOS. The data collected from IWSN sensor nodes is processed using non-preemptive scheduling and the protocol stack, and then sent in parallel to the IWSN's central controller. The real-time operating system (RTOS) is a process that occurs between hardware and software. Packets must be sent at a certain time. It's possible that some packets may collide during transmission. We're going to undertake this project to get around this collision. As a prototype, this project is divided into two parts. The first uses RTOS and the LPC2148 as a master node, while the second serves as a standard data collection node to which sensors are attached. Any controller may be used in the second part, depending on the situation. Wireless HART allows two nodes to communicate with each other.
Implementation of double-layer loaded on octagon microstrip yagi antennajournalBEEI
A double-layer loaded on the octagon microstrip yagi antenna (OMYA) at 5.8 GHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) Band is investigated in this paper. The double-layer consist of two double positive (DPS) substrates. The OMYA is overlaid with a double-layer configuration were simulated, fabricated and measured. A good agreement was observed between the computed and measured results of the gain for this antenna. According to comparison results, it shows that 2.5 dB improvement of the OMYA gain can be obtained by applying the double-layer on the top of the OMYA. Meanwhile, the bandwidth of the measured OMYA with the double-layer is 14.6%. It indicates that the double-layer can be used to increase the OMYA performance in term of gain and bandwidth.
The calculation of the field of an antenna located near the human headjournalBEEI
In this work, a numerical calculation was carried out in one of the universal programs for automatic electro-dynamic design. The calculation is aimed at obtaining numerical values for specific absorbed power (SAR). It is the SAR value that can be used to determine the effect of the antenna of a wireless device on biological objects; the dipole parameters will be selected for GSM1800. Investigation of the influence of distance to a cell phone on radiation shows that absorbed in the head of a person the effect of electromagnetic radiation on the brain decreases by three times this is a very important result the SAR value has decreased by almost three times it is acceptable results.
Exact secure outage probability performance of uplinkdownlink multiple access...journalBEEI
In this paper, we study uplink-downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems by considering the secure performance at the physical layer. In the considered system model, the base station acts a relay to allow two users at the left side communicate with two users at the right side. By considering imperfect channel state information (CSI), the secure performance need be studied since an eavesdropper wants to overhear signals processed at the downlink. To provide secure performance metric, we derive exact expressions of secrecy outage probability (SOP) and and evaluating the impacts of main parameters on SOP metric. The important finding is that we can achieve the higher secrecy performance at high signal to noise ratio (SNR). Moreover, the numerical results demonstrate that the SOP tends to a constant at high SNR. Finally, our results show that the power allocation factors, target rates are main factors affecting to the secrecy performance of considered uplink-downlink NOMA systems.
Design of a dual-band antenna for energy harvesting applicationjournalBEEI
This report presents an investigation on how to improve the current dual-band antenna to enhance the better result of the antenna parameters for energy harvesting application. Besides that, to develop a new design and validate the antenna frequencies that will operate at 2.4 GHz and 5.4 GHz. At 5.4 GHz, more data can be transmitted compare to 2.4 GHz. However, 2.4 GHz has long distance of radiation, so it can be used when far away from the antenna module compare to 5 GHz that has short distance in radiation. The development of this project includes the scope of designing and testing of antenna using computer simulation technology (CST) 2018 software and vector network analyzer (VNA) equipment. In the process of designing, fundamental parameters of antenna are being measured and validated, in purpose to identify the better antenna performance.
Transforming data-centric eXtensible markup language into relational database...journalBEEI
eXtensible markup language (XML) appeared internationally as the format for data representation over the web. Yet, most organizations are still utilising relational databases as their database solutions. As such, it is crucial to provide seamless integration via effective transformation between these database infrastructures. In this paper, we propose XML-REG to bridge these two technologies based on node-based and path-based approaches. The node-based approach is good to annotate each positional node uniquely, while the path-based approach provides summarised path information to join the nodes. On top of that, a new range labelling is also proposed to annotate nodes uniquely by ensuring the structural relationships are maintained between nodes. If a new node is to be added to the document, re-labelling is not required as the new label will be assigned to the node via the new proposed labelling scheme. Experimental evaluations indicated that the performance of XML-REG exceeded XMap, XRecursive, XAncestor and Mini-XML concerning storing time, query retrieval time and scalability. This research produces a core framework for XML to relational databases (RDB) mapping, which could be adopted in various industries.
Key performance requirement of future next wireless networks (6G)journalBEEI
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a. It improves the voltage profile.
b. Reduce power loss.
c. Enhance the voltage stability and increases the system's capacity.
d. Improve reliability and power quality.
e. Reduce transmission line congestion hence reduce investment deferral.
f. Reduce fossil fuel dependency hence reduce GHG emissions.
Power output from wind turbine is mainly depends on wind speed and complete knowledge of wind
characteristics [4]. The average monthly and yearly wind speeds gives the knowledge about suitability of
wind location. The wind speed within the range of 4 m/s to 6 m/s classifies as moderate [5] and according to
European wind energy union, wind speed with range of 6.5 m/s is considered as approximately good, 7.5 m/s
is considered as good and 8.5 m/s is very good at a given height [6]. China, Germany, and USA are top three
countries which are utilizing 45.1 percent, 10.2 percent and 9.4 percent respectively [7].
Nowadays, the wind turbines more and more are integrated in distribution system for nearest power
delivery and to fulfill energy needs. Hence to get maximum remuneration from renewable DGs and to
increase the suitable environment, it should be properly configured. Many authors havr researched on same
area such as voltage profile improvement with wind based DG in distribution. The author [8-9] uses
convolution technique with probabilistic model of wind based DG and results are discussed with expected
value of voltage on loads. The short-term forecasting model with solar PV DG by is proposed by [10]. The
effects of high wind based DG penetrating in distribution system on voltage profile is researched by [11]. The
author concludes that High wind based DG will changes the system voltage, however with proper dispersion
level, this drawback can be overcome. Wind, solar and load with probabilistic model in distribution system is
analyzed by [12]. The author uses Monte Carlo based probabilistic load flow simulation to reduce power
losses and increase the voltage profile of the system. Probabilistic model for investment deferral in
distribution system is analyzed by [13]. The author uses combined heat and power (CHP), solar and wind
based DG along with probabilistic load generation. Furthermore author also concludes that DG(s) can defer
the investment with increasing load growth. Optimal size of different types of DG using analytical method
for optimal placement and sizing is described by [14]. Linear programming method is used for optimal DG
placement and to gather maximum amount of energy, considering financial and technical constraints [15-16].
Power loss reduction and customer reliability improvement using DG in distribution system has been
proposed by [17]. The probabilistic generation-load model with its all operating condition and probabilities
has been accommodated in deterministic model. Author used the non-linear programming method to solve
the optimal DG placement and sizing problem with only wind [18] and all DG types [19].
This study offers an advancement on wind energy potential. Hourly, monthly and yearly mean and
standard deviations were utilized to form probability distributions. Furthermore, these probabilities were
explored to identify power generation output from wind turbines and finally these wind farms were
connected to radial distribution systems with optimal locations so that maximum power losses could be
curtailed. The PSO optimization technique was utilized to pinpoint optimal locations in the distribution
system.
This paper is organized as Section 2 presents the problem formulation for power loss reduction with
system constraints. Section 3 presents wind speed model. Section 4 presents the simulation results of wind
speed data and its results. Section 5 presents the optimization technique and simulation results and discussion
for optimal location of wind farm with different case studies. Section 6 presents the conclusion.
2. PROBLEM FORMULATION)
In this paper main objective function is set as minimization of real power loss of the radial
distribution system with following constraints. The objective function can be mathematically described as in
Equation 1.
min f = min(Tloss) (1)
Where, Tloss is the active power losses of the radial bus system.
Equality constraints:
The equality and inequality constraints are given in Equation (2-5).
The bus real and reactive power is limited to:
PDG,M = PLoss + ∑ PD,M (2)
QDG,M = QLoss + ∑ QD,M (3)
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288
Where PDG,M and PDG,M are the real and reactive power injection by DG at bus M. ΣPD,M and ΣPDG,M are the
total real and reactive power at bus M. According to these constraints the real and reactive power injection at
bus M must be equal to actual real power demand at that node and power losses of that node.
Inequality constraints:
Position of DG:
2 ≤ DG position ≤ nbuses (4)
Voltage at load bus
VM
min
≤ VM ≤ VM
max
(5)
VM
min
and VM
max
are minimum and maximum voltage at bus M. The power loss, voltage and other parameters
are found using backward forward load flow analysis, detail given in [20]
3. WIND SPEED MODEL
3.1. Wind Probability Distribution
The wind speed data are modeled by probability distributions. The purpose of these distribution are
to examine the frequency of wind speed data or in other terms that a particular wind speed falls how much in
during a time period (in a month or in a year). In literature many probability distributions are cited, like
normal distribution, lognormal distribution, weibull and Rayleigh distributions. Among all distributions, the
Weibull probability distribution functions is highly used due to its accurate and adequate specification for
wind data analyzing.
𝑓(𝑣) = (
𝑘
𝑐
) (
𝑣
𝑐
)
𝑘−1
𝑒𝑥𝑝 [− (
𝑣
𝑐
)
𝑘
] (6)
where f(v) is the probability of wind speed, k is shape parameter, c is scale parameter.
3.2. Wind Power Generation Model
The power output from wind turbine depends primarily on wind speed and it varies in non-linear
relation with wind speed. Figure.1. shows the graph between wind speed versus its probability distribution
and output power curve of wind turbine. From Figure 1, it can be seen that the output power start at wind
turbine minimum cut in speed. As wind speed increases till rated speed output power increases nonlinearly
[22], then after remains constant till wind speed reaches at wind turbine cut-out stage. Interestingly beyond
cut-out stage even speed increases, the wind turbine needs to shut down for retaining the wind turbine
mechanical strength and stability.
Figure 1. Wind speed versus Probability distribution and wind speed versus electrical output power
Mathematically output power from wind turbine can be expressed as:
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Optimal Configuration of Wind Farms in Radial Distribution System Using Particle… (Mahesh Kumar)
289
𝑃𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑,𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 =
{
0 0 ≤ 𝑣𝑎𝑤 ≤ 𝑣𝑐𝑖
𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ∗
𝑣𝑎𝑤−𝑣𝑐𝑖
𝑣𝑟−𝑣𝑐𝑖
𝑣𝑐𝑖 ≤ 𝑣𝑎𝑤 ≤ 𝑣𝑟
𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑟 ≤ 𝑣𝑎𝑤 ≤ 𝑣𝑐𝑜
0 𝑣𝑐𝑜 ≤ 𝑣𝑎𝑤
(7)
where Prated is the rated output power from wind turbine, vaw is the average wind speed , vci is the cu-in
speed, vr is the rated speed and vco is the cut-out speed. where P(Gw) is the power generation of particular
state, vw1 and vw2 are the wind speed states.
4. SIMULATION RESULTS FOR WIND SPEED DATA
In this paper, five years of wind speed data was analyzed using MATLAB 2015a software. Each
minute by minute data of five years were further divided into yearly, monthly, and hourly basis. The Weibull
and Rayleigh probability density function (PDF) was designed for each month and year. The hourly,
monthly, and yearly data was utilized to form the mean and standard deviation. Finally, the power output
curve of wind turbine from the manufacturer was utilized to identify power output from wind turbines at
selected sites.
4.1. Yearly and Monthly Wind Speed
Figure 2 shows the annual wind speed of every minute from the year, 2003 to 2007. It can be seen
that in 2006 and 2007, the wind speed remained high as compared to 2003, 2004 and 2005. The overall mean
wind speed of each year remained at more than 5 meters per second. Figure 3 shows the monthly mean wind
speed of each year. It can be observed that in each year, from April to September, wind speed remained in the
range of 4-9 meters per second, whereas the highest wind speed was in the month of August, 2004
Figure 2. No. of wind speed samples of year 2004
to 2007
Figure 3. Mean of monthly wind speed of year
2004 to 2007
4.2. Average Wind Speed and Statistical Parameter
The average wind speed was taken from the sum of wind speeds of each year to the total number of
wind samples of that year. Figure 4 records the average wind speed of each year. It also shows that in 2004
and 2006, the average wind speed remained more than 5.6 meters per second which was higher than all the
other years.
Figure 4. Mean of yearly wind speed of year 2004 to 2007
0
5
10
Wind
Speed
(m/S)
Year 2003 Year 2004 Year 2005
Year 2006 Year 2007
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Table 1 shows the statistical parameters of wind speed, along with the mean or average wind speed
of each year, which is derived from Equation 6.
Table 1. The Statistical Wind Parameters
Parameters 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Avg 5.1461 5.6200 5.4062 5.634 5.2996
std 3.3562 3.2332 2.9831 3.226 3.1859
K 1.5906 1.8228 1.9073 1.8324 1.7378
C 5.7366 6.3234 6.0931 6.3414 5.9481
Vmp 3.0774 4.0874 4.1273 4.1226 3.6333
Vmax 7.7951 8.0380 7.6002 8.0427 7.7261
4.3. Electrical Power Output from Wind Turbines
The electrical output power from wind turbines depends on the wind turbine model and wind speed
data. Equation (7) is used to calculate the yearly output power and energy from Enercon-65 wind turbine.
The height of the wind turbine is set at 80 meters using the power law formula. The other parameters of this
wind turbine are vci = 4 m/s, vr = 13 m/s, vco = 25 m/s and Prated = 1.5 ∗ e6
watts. Figure 5 shows the wind
turbine power curve, the total energy output of this turbine is 562.476 kiloWatts.
Figure 5. Wind turbine power curve
5. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Optimal placement of wind farm was carried out using PSO optimization technique. The PSO
algorithm is a stochastic optimization technique introduced by [23]. This algorithm is basically inspired by
social behavior of living things such as birds flocking and fish schooling. Suppose v and S in search space are
the velocity and position of particle i . So ith
particle position can be written as (𝑆𝑖 = 𝑆𝑖,1, 𝑆𝑖,2 … … 𝑆𝑖,𝑑),
where d is the dimensional space of particle. The previous best ith
particle position will be (𝑃𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖 =
𝑃𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡1, 𝑃𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡2 … … 𝑃𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖,𝑑). The best particle among the all, will be gbest and the velocity of particle i can
be represented by (𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖,1, 𝑉𝑖,2 … … 𝑉𝑖,𝑑) . Each particle's velocity closes to pbest and gbest is calculated by
Equation (8). Each particle's current position is updated by Equation (9). Figure 6, shows the complete flow
chart of proposed method.
1
1 2
() ()
k k k k
id id id id d id
v v c rand pbest v c rand gbest v
(8)
1 1
, 1,2, .. , 1,2 ,
k k k
id id id
S S v i n d m
(9)
0 5 10 15 20 25
0
5
10
15
x 10
5
velocity (m/s)
turbine
power
(W)
Turbine Power Curve
6. BEEI ISSN: 2302-9285
Optimal Configuration of Wind Farms in Radial Distribution System Using Particle… (Mahesh Kumar)
291
The IEEE 33 radial distribution system was conducted using the proposed method as shown in
Figure 7. The total real and reactive power demand on this distribution system is 3.715 MW and 2.300
MVAr, respectively. The bus and line parameters are taken from [24-25]
Figure 6. Flow chart for optimal DG configuration using single objective PSO optimization method
Two case studies were performed for the proposed work. For case I, different numbers of wind
turbines were connected on only one bus of the system, the best bus would be selected by PSO, and for case
II, the same number of wind farms were connected on two buses of the system. The following are details of
the case studies.
Base case: The system’s losses before installing wind farms were noted as 211 kW and 143 KVAr,
respectively and the minimum voltage profile was observed at bus no. 18 and the maximum voltage at slack
bus no. 1 of the distribution system.
Figure 7. IEEE 33 radial distribution system
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Case I: The main purpose of this research was to reduce power losses and improve the voltage
profile of the system. It was observed from the study that less numbers of wind farms would not increase
voltage profile as the minimum standard voltage was 0.95 volts (± 10%) and more numbers of wind farms
would reduce power losses. Hence this study used four, five, and six wind turbines as shown in Table 2. It
was observed that best results were obtained when using five wind farms at bus no. 6
Case II: The same number of wind farms as in case I were separated into two and added on two
buses of the system as shown in Table 2. Consequently, the best results were performed by four wind farms
on bus 11 and bus 29, respectively. So it can be concluded that the same number of wind farms at two buses
provided more reduction in power losses and also voltage profile improvement as compared to four wind
farms on one bus.
Table 2. Power loss before and after wind farm placement
No. of wind
farm
Wind farm
location
Ploss (kW) Qloss (KVar) Voltage (p.u)
Min Max
Base case -- 211 143 0.9037@ Bus 18 1.0@ Slack bus
Case I
4 Bus 6 112.6 82.3 0.9375@ Bus 18 1.0@ Slack bus
5 Bus 6 111.7 82.2 0.9454@ Bus 18 1.0@ Slack bus
6 Bus 7 124.5 103.6 0.9568@ Bus 18 1.0@ Slack bus
Case II
4 (2+2) Bus 11, Bus29 91.9 63.7 97.18@ Bus 18 1.0@ Slack bus
5 (2+3) Bus 10, Bus 27 100.7 71.0 96.43@ Bus 18 1.0@ Slack bus
6 (3+3) Bus 8, Bus 24 104.8 74.9 0.9480@ Bus 18 1.0@ Slack bus
Table 3. Power Loss Before and After DG Placement
Test
system
Methods
Base case
DG size
After DG
Loss reduction
Power loss Power loss
Ploss
(kW)
Qloss
(KVar)
Type-1 MW
Type-2 MVar
Ploss (kW)
Qloss
(KVar)
Ploss
(%)
Qloss
(%)
(DG)
PSO
211 143
2.6000 @bus 6 111.0 86.4 47.39 39.58
GSA (24) 2.6005@bus 6 111.0 --- --- ---
AM (23) 2.600 @bus 6 111.0 --- --- ---
The validity of the proposed method for optimal placement and sizing of the DG in radial
distribution system with PSO techniques were also compared with others, like analytical method and grid
search algorithm. The results are presented in Table 3. Hence it can be concluded that the proposed method
was correct and provided the similar results.
6. CONCLUSION
This paper presents the assessment of wind energy output from wind turbines as distributed
generations. The wind data was gathered from an area in Pakistan. Data was further explored to build
different wind farm capacities. The output power of these wind farms was added into the distribution system
in order to reduce power losses and improve voltage profile of the system. The optimal location for the wind
farm was pinpointed using PSO optimization technique. The validity of the proposed model was also
compared with other optimization techniques. On the whole, it can be concluded that the proposed method
provided better results.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia for technical and financial
help for this research.
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