This paper proposes a feedback linearization control of doubly fed induction generator based wind energy systems for improving decoupled control of the active and reactive powers stator. In order to enhance dynamic performance of the controller studied, the adopted control is reinforced by a fuzzy logic controller. This approach is designed without any model of rotor flux estimation. The difficulty of measuring of rotor flux is overcome by using high gain observer. The stability of the nonlinear observer is proved by the Lyapunov theory. Numerical simulations using MATLAB-SIMULINK shown clearly the robustness of the proposed control, particularly to the disturbance rejection and parametric variations compared with the conventional method.
The following article presents the control of the power generated by the Doubly Fed Induction Generator, integrated into the wind system, whose rotor is linked to the power converters (Rotor Side Convert (RSC) and Grid Side Converter (GSC)) interfaced by the DC-BUS and connected to the grid via a filter (Rf, Lf) in order to obtain an optimal power to the grid and to ensure system stability. The objective of this study is to understand and to make the comparison between Sliding mode Control technique and the Flux Oriented Control in order to control the Doubly Fed Induction Generator powers exchanged with the grid, it also aims at maintaining the DC-BUS voltage constant and a unit power factor at the grid connection point.The results of simulation show the performance of the Sliding mode Control in terms of monitoring, and robustness with regard to the parametric variations, compared to the Flux Oriented Control. The performance of the systems was tested and compared with the use of MATLAB/Simulink software.
In recent years, wind energy has become one of the most promising renewable energy sources. Various wind turbine concepts with different generator topologies have been developed to convert this abundant energy into electric power. The doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is currently the most common type of generator used in wind farms. Usually the DFIG generator is a wound rotor induction machine, where the stator circuit is directly connected to grid while the rotor’s winding is connected to the grid via a three-phase converter. This paper describes an approach for the independent control of the active and reactive powers of the variable-speed DFIG. The simulation model including a 1.5 MW-DFIG driven by a wind turbine, a PWM back-to-back inverter and the proposed control strategy are developed and implemented using MATLAB/Simulink/SimPowerSystems environment.
Optimal Tuning of PI Controllers for Doubly-Fed Induction Generator-Based Win...IJERA Editor
This paper introduces modelling and simulation of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) of Wind Energy
Conversion System (WECS). Two Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) converters have been connected back to
back from the rotor terminals to the utility grid via a dc-link. Vector control system typically controlled by a set
of PI controllers, which have an important effect on the performance of system dynamics. This paper presents an
optimally tuned PI controllers design of a DFIG wind energy system connected to grid using Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO), and Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO). PSO and GWO used to optimize PI controller
parameters of both Grid side converter (GSC), and Rotor side converter (RSC) to improve the dynamic operation
of the DFIG wind energy system under a variable speed condition.
Development of DC voltage control from wind turbines using proportions and in...IJECEIAES
This research article presents the method to control the DC voltage of the boost converter by using a proportional-integral (PI) controller. With AC voltage from a wind turbine generator, converting to DC voltage level by rectifier, this DC voltage controlled by PI controller is to control boost converter that sends DC links to the inverter which converting alternating current voltage to direct current voltage through three-phase load and to the grid-connected system. For switching the IGBTs in the inverter, the PWM signal, on the hysteresis current control, is controlled by the signal from the detected reference voltage based on the grid-connected system and the voltage from a wind turbine generator. The tests made the comparison of results from the simulation with the MATLAB/Simulink program and result from the hardware on the prototype. The power quality results, such as harmonic, power factor, are in acceptable ranges.
Control of the powerquality for a DFIG powered by multilevel inverters IJECEIAES
This paper treats the modeling, and the control of a wind power system based on a doubly fed induction generator DFIG, the stator is directly connected to the grid, while the rotor is powered by multilevel inverters. In order to get a decoupled system of controlfor an independently transits of active and reactive power, a vector control method based on stator flux orientation SFOC is considered: Direct vector control based on PI controllers. Cascaded H-bridge CHBI multilevel inverters are used in the rotor circuit to study its effect on supply power quality. All simulation models are built in MATLAB/Simulink software. Results and waveforms clearly show the effectiveness of vector control strategy. Finally, performances of the system will tested and compared for each levels of inverter.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The following article presents the control of the power generated by the Doubly Fed Induction Generator, integrated into the wind system, whose rotor is linked to the power converters (Rotor Side Convert (RSC) and Grid Side Converter (GSC)) interfaced by the DC-BUS and connected to the grid via a filter (Rf, Lf) in order to obtain an optimal power to the grid and to ensure system stability. The objective of this study is to understand and to make the comparison between Sliding mode Control technique and the Flux Oriented Control in order to control the Doubly Fed Induction Generator powers exchanged with the grid, it also aims at maintaining the DC-BUS voltage constant and a unit power factor at the grid connection point.The results of simulation show the performance of the Sliding mode Control in terms of monitoring, and robustness with regard to the parametric variations, compared to the Flux Oriented Control. The performance of the systems was tested and compared with the use of MATLAB/Simulink software.
In recent years, wind energy has become one of the most promising renewable energy sources. Various wind turbine concepts with different generator topologies have been developed to convert this abundant energy into electric power. The doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is currently the most common type of generator used in wind farms. Usually the DFIG generator is a wound rotor induction machine, where the stator circuit is directly connected to grid while the rotor’s winding is connected to the grid via a three-phase converter. This paper describes an approach for the independent control of the active and reactive powers of the variable-speed DFIG. The simulation model including a 1.5 MW-DFIG driven by a wind turbine, a PWM back-to-back inverter and the proposed control strategy are developed and implemented using MATLAB/Simulink/SimPowerSystems environment.
Optimal Tuning of PI Controllers for Doubly-Fed Induction Generator-Based Win...IJERA Editor
This paper introduces modelling and simulation of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) of Wind Energy
Conversion System (WECS). Two Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) converters have been connected back to
back from the rotor terminals to the utility grid via a dc-link. Vector control system typically controlled by a set
of PI controllers, which have an important effect on the performance of system dynamics. This paper presents an
optimally tuned PI controllers design of a DFIG wind energy system connected to grid using Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO), and Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO). PSO and GWO used to optimize PI controller
parameters of both Grid side converter (GSC), and Rotor side converter (RSC) to improve the dynamic operation
of the DFIG wind energy system under a variable speed condition.
Development of DC voltage control from wind turbines using proportions and in...IJECEIAES
This research article presents the method to control the DC voltage of the boost converter by using a proportional-integral (PI) controller. With AC voltage from a wind turbine generator, converting to DC voltage level by rectifier, this DC voltage controlled by PI controller is to control boost converter that sends DC links to the inverter which converting alternating current voltage to direct current voltage through three-phase load and to the grid-connected system. For switching the IGBTs in the inverter, the PWM signal, on the hysteresis current control, is controlled by the signal from the detected reference voltage based on the grid-connected system and the voltage from a wind turbine generator. The tests made the comparison of results from the simulation with the MATLAB/Simulink program and result from the hardware on the prototype. The power quality results, such as harmonic, power factor, are in acceptable ranges.
Control of the powerquality for a DFIG powered by multilevel inverters IJECEIAES
This paper treats the modeling, and the control of a wind power system based on a doubly fed induction generator DFIG, the stator is directly connected to the grid, while the rotor is powered by multilevel inverters. In order to get a decoupled system of controlfor an independently transits of active and reactive power, a vector control method based on stator flux orientation SFOC is considered: Direct vector control based on PI controllers. Cascaded H-bridge CHBI multilevel inverters are used in the rotor circuit to study its effect on supply power quality. All simulation models are built in MATLAB/Simulink software. Results and waveforms clearly show the effectiveness of vector control strategy. Finally, performances of the system will tested and compared for each levels of inverter.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Wind energy has many advantages, it does not pollute and it is an inexhaustible source. However, the cost of this energy is still too high to compete with traditional fossil sources. The yield of a wind turbine depends on three parameters: the power of the wind, the turbine power curve and the ability of the generator to respond to fluctuations in the wind. This article presented the MPPT of a wind turbine system equipped with an asynchronous generator has dual power under MatlabSimulink program, in the first time we simulated all the conversion chain with complete model of DFIG and vector control in second stepthen applied the extracted maximum power MPPT strategists, this command is effective and has several advantages it offered to kept the maximum power delivered to network despite all the parameter is change.
Independent Control of Active and Reactive Powers of a DFIG Based Wind Energy...IJERA Editor
The paper deals with a design and implementation of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind energy conversion system (WECS) connected to the power grid. A back-to-back AC/DC/AC converter is incorporated between the stator and the rotor windings of a DFIG, in order to obtain variable speed operation. The DFIG can be controlled from sub-synchronous speed to super synchronous speed operation. The main objective of the paper is to control the flow of the Active and Reactive powers produced by the DFIG based wind energy conversion system. A vector control strategy with stator flux orientation is applied to both the grid side converter and the rotor side converter for the independent control of Active and reactive powers produced by the DFIG based wind energy conversion system. The system along with its control circuit were simulated in a Matlab/simulink and the results are presented and discussed.
A Performance Comparison of DFIG using Power Transfer Matrix and Direct Power...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents a direct power control and power transfer matrix model for a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind energy system (WES). Control of DFIG wind turbine system is traditionally based on either stator- flux-oriented or stator-voltage-oriented vector control. The performance of Direct Power Control (DPC) and Power transfer Matrix control for the same wind speed are studied. The Power transfer matrix Control gave better results. The validity and performance of the proposed modelling and control approaches are investigated using a study system consisting of a grid connected DFIG WES. The performance of DFIG with Power Transfer Matrix and Direct Power Control (DPC) techniques are obtained through simulation. The time domain simulation of the study system using MATLAB Simulink is carried out. The results obtained in the two cases are compared.
Dynamic Modeling of Autonomous Wind–diesel system with Fixed-speed Wind TurbineIJAPEJOURNAL
Wind turbines have often connected to small power systems, operating in parallel to diesel generators, as is typically the case in autonomous wind–diesel installations or small island systems with high wind potential. Hence, the modeling and analysis of the dynamic behavior of wind–diesel power systems in presence of wind power will be important. In this paper, the system under study is modeled by a set of dynamic and algebraic equations (DAE). Dynamic behavior of a wind-diesel system is investigated by the proposed dynamic model. Wind-diesel system consists of wind turbines that are connected to synchronous diesel generator via short transmission line with local load. Dynamic stability of autonomous wind–diesel systems are discussed with emphasis on the eigenvalue analysis and the effective parameters on system stability. In this regards, saddle node bifurcation and hopf bifurcation are also investigated.
STATCOM Based Wind Energy System by using Hybrid Fuzzy Logic ControllerIJMTST Journal
The influence of the hybrid system in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, voltage deviation, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to International Electro-Technical Commission (IEC). The STATCOM provides reactive power support to hybrid system and load. These voltage fluctuations can be eliminated with the help of advanced reactive power compensator device such as SVC and STATCOM. This work focus on design, modeling and analysis of FACTS device in wind farm interconnected with grid during fault. These devices can be controlled by Synchronous Reference Frame theory. The performance is analyzed with the help of PI controller and Fuzzy logic technique. by using Matlab/Simulink Model.
A Review on Various Topologies of Generators, Power Converters and Control Sc...ijtsrd
In the field of renewable energy, conversion of wind energy has become a point of major interest to the researcher. Converters are no more a small part of the wind energy system WES due to the development of generators in the WES and advancement in applications of power electronics in the WES. This paper presents a review of different topologies of converts used in the extraction of energy from wind using various generators and their combination with different converter topologies. Control scheme complexity, cost, the power consumed, and efficiency are the points considered for the comparison of converters-generator combination schemes. Tanuj Jhankal "A Review on Various Topologies of Generators, Power Converters and Control Schemes in Wind Energy Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47510.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/47510/a-review-on-various-topologies-of-generators-power-converters-and-control-schemes-in-wind-energy-systems/tanuj-jhankal
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
Intelligent Control for Doubly Fed Induction Generator Connected to the Elect...IJPEDS-IAES
In this paper we are interested in optimizing the wind power capture, using the Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). This machine is preferred to other types of variable speed generator because of their advantages in economic terms and control. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based on Direct Torque Control (DTC) which is used to control the electromagnetic torque in order to extract the maximum power. The main objective of this intelligent technique is to replace the conventional switching table by a voltage selector based on (ANN) to reduce torque and flux ripples. Moreover, the fuzzy logic controller is used to grid side converter to keep DC link voltage constant, and also to achieve unity power factor operation. The main advantage of the two control strategies proposed in this paper is that they are not influenced by the variation of the machine parameter. The pitch control is also presented to limit the generator power at its rated value. Simulation results of 1,5 MW, for (DFIG) based Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) confirm the effectiveness and the performance of the global proposed approaches.
PSO-Backstepping controller of a grid connected DFIG based wind turbine IJECEIAES
The paper demonstrates the feasibility of an optimal backstepping controller for doubly fed induction generator based wind turbine (DFIG). The main purpose is the extract of maximum energy and the control of active and reactive power exchanged between the generator and electrical grid in presence of uncertainty. The maximum energy is obtained by applying an algorithm based on artificial bee colony approach. Particle swarm optimization is used to select optimal value of backstepping’s parameters. The simulation is carried out on 2.4 MW DFIG based wind turbine system. The optimized performance of the proposed control technique under uncertainty parameters is established by simulation results.
Sliding mode performance control applied to a DFIG system for a wind energy p...IJECEIAES
This project presents a strategy of field control then sliding mode control put in to the conversion process of wind energy containing an asynchronous generator with double fed (DFAG; DFIG). A model was developed for each component of the wind turbine (turbine, DFAG and cascade rectifierinverter). MPPT device must be introduced in order to obtain maximum energy efficiency so that PI-MPPT method is made. The objective is to apply this command to control independently the active and reactive powers generated by the asynchronous generator uncoupled by orientation from the flow. The results of digital simulations obtained show the improvement of the performances of the sliding control compared to the field control, also it has provided information on the commands available techniques as reference tracking and robustness.
A Hybrid Control Scheme for Fault Ride-Through Capability using Line-Side Con...Suganthi Thangaraj
As the wind power installations are increasing in number, Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) are required to have Fault Ride-Through (FRT) capabilities. Lately developed grid operating codes demand the WTGs to stay connected during fault conditions, supporting the grid to recover faster back to its normal state. In this paper, the generator side converter incorporates the maximum power point tracking algorithm to extract maximum energy from wind turbine system. A hybrid control scheme for energy storage systems (ESS) and braking choppers for fault ride-through capability and a suppression of the output power fluctuation is proposed for permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine systems. During grid faults, the dc-link voltage is controlled by the ESS instead of the line-side converter (LSC), whereas the LSC is exploited as a STATCOM to inject reactive current into the grid for assisting in the grid voltage recovery. A simple model of the proposed system is developed and simulated in MATLAB environment. The effectiveness of the system is validated through extensive simulation results
The purpose of this work is to present the advantages of the power control (active and reactive) of a wind energy system in order to improve the quality of the energy produced to the grid by presenting two control strategies applied to the conversion system of wind energy equipped with an asynchronous generator with dual power supply. Both techniques are studied and developed and consist of a field control (FOC) and a sliding mode control. They find their strongest justifications for the problem of using a nonlinear control law that is robust to the uncertainties of the model. The goal is to apply these two commands to independently control the active and reactive powers generated by the decoupled asynchronous machine by flow orientation. Thus, a study of these commands will be detailed and validated in the Matlab / Simulink environment with the simultaneous use of the "Pitch Control" and "Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)" techniques. The results of numerical simulations obtained show the increasing interest of the two controls in the electrical systems. They also attest that the quality of the active and reactive powers and voltages of the wind system is considerably improved.
This article addresses the problem of controlling an overall wind energy conversion system (WECS) formed by a wind turbine connected to the grid via a doubly fed introduction generator (DFIG) and an AC/DC/AC converter. The main control objectives are fourfold: (i) designing an output feedback speed controller that makes the DFIG rotate at the optimal value delivered by the MPPT strategy, (ii) controlling the stator reactive power so as to be null, (iii) guaranteeing the DC-link voltage in the grid side converter to be at a given constant value, (iv) ensuring a unitary power factor. A high gain observer is synthesized, in order to provide estimated values of the mechanical variables. To achieve the control objectives, a sliding mode controller involving the mechanical observer is designed. The performance of the system configuration based on the 2MW-DFIG with the proposed controller is evaluated by a numerical simulation under a realistic wind profile using MATLAB/SIMULINK/SimPowerSystems environment.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Dynamic responses improvement of grid connected wpgs using flc in high wind s...ijscmcj
Environmental and sustainability concerns are developing the significance of distributed generation (DG) based on renewable energy sources. In this paper, dynamic responses investigation of grid connected wind turbine using permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) under variable wind speeds and load circumstances is carried out. In order to control of turbine output power using Fuzzy Logic controller (FLC) in comparison with PI controller is proposed. Furthermore, the pitch angle based on FLC using wind speed and active power as inputs, can have faster responses, thereby leading to smoother power curves, enhancement of dynamic performance of wind turbine and prevention of mechanical damages to PMSG. Inverter adjusted the DC link voltage and active power is fed by d-axis and reactive power is fed by q-axis (using P-Q control mode). Simulation of wind power generation system (WPGS) is carried out in Matlab/Simulink, and the results verify the correctness and feasibility of control strategy.
DYNAMIC RESPONSES IMPROVEMENT OF GRID CONNECTED WPGS USING FLC IN HIGH WIND S...ijscmcjournal
Environmental and sustainability concerns are developing the significance of distributed generation (DG) based on renewable energy sources. In this paper, dynamic responses investigation of grid connected wind turbine using permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) under variable wind speeds and load circumstances is carried out. In order to control of turbine output power using Fuzzy Logic controller (FLC) in comparison with PI controller is proposed. Furthermore, the pitch angle based on FLC using wind speed and active power as inputs, can have faster responses, thereby leading to smoother power curves, enhancement of dynamic performance of wind turbine and prevention of mechanical damages to PMSG. Inverter adjusted the DC link voltage and active power is fed by d-axis and reactive power is fed by q-axis (using P-Q control mode). Simulation of wind power generation system (WPGS) is carried out in Matlab/Simulink, and the results verify the correctness and feasibility of control strategy.
This paper presents the modeling and simulation of wind energy Conversion System using the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). The objectives are: to extract the maximum power of the wind speed by controlling the electromagnetic torque of the PMSG, to maintain constant the DC-link voltage despite the wind speed variations and to attain the unity power factor. In order to ensure a regulation with high performance and a good robustness against the internal and the external disturbances, a new control strategy called the Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) is used. Therefore, the Analysis and simulation of the ADRC and PI controllers are developed with MATLAB/Simulink software. The performance of these controllers is compared in term of references tracking, robustness and grid faults.
Wind energy has many advantages, it does not pollute and it is an inexhaustible source. However, the cost of this energy is still too high to compete with traditional fossil sources. The yield of a wind turbine depends on three parameters: the power of the wind, the turbine power curve and the ability of the generator to respond to fluctuations in the wind. This article presented the MPPT of a wind turbine system equipped with an asynchronous generator has dual power under MatlabSimulink program, in the first time we simulated all the conversion chain with complete model of DFIG and vector control in second stepthen applied the extracted maximum power MPPT strategists, this command is effective and has several advantages it offered to kept the maximum power delivered to network despite all the parameter is change.
Independent Control of Active and Reactive Powers of a DFIG Based Wind Energy...IJERA Editor
The paper deals with a design and implementation of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind energy conversion system (WECS) connected to the power grid. A back-to-back AC/DC/AC converter is incorporated between the stator and the rotor windings of a DFIG, in order to obtain variable speed operation. The DFIG can be controlled from sub-synchronous speed to super synchronous speed operation. The main objective of the paper is to control the flow of the Active and Reactive powers produced by the DFIG based wind energy conversion system. A vector control strategy with stator flux orientation is applied to both the grid side converter and the rotor side converter for the independent control of Active and reactive powers produced by the DFIG based wind energy conversion system. The system along with its control circuit were simulated in a Matlab/simulink and the results are presented and discussed.
A Performance Comparison of DFIG using Power Transfer Matrix and Direct Power...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents a direct power control and power transfer matrix model for a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind energy system (WES). Control of DFIG wind turbine system is traditionally based on either stator- flux-oriented or stator-voltage-oriented vector control. The performance of Direct Power Control (DPC) and Power transfer Matrix control for the same wind speed are studied. The Power transfer matrix Control gave better results. The validity and performance of the proposed modelling and control approaches are investigated using a study system consisting of a grid connected DFIG WES. The performance of DFIG with Power Transfer Matrix and Direct Power Control (DPC) techniques are obtained through simulation. The time domain simulation of the study system using MATLAB Simulink is carried out. The results obtained in the two cases are compared.
Dynamic Modeling of Autonomous Wind–diesel system with Fixed-speed Wind TurbineIJAPEJOURNAL
Wind turbines have often connected to small power systems, operating in parallel to diesel generators, as is typically the case in autonomous wind–diesel installations or small island systems with high wind potential. Hence, the modeling and analysis of the dynamic behavior of wind–diesel power systems in presence of wind power will be important. In this paper, the system under study is modeled by a set of dynamic and algebraic equations (DAE). Dynamic behavior of a wind-diesel system is investigated by the proposed dynamic model. Wind-diesel system consists of wind turbines that are connected to synchronous diesel generator via short transmission line with local load. Dynamic stability of autonomous wind–diesel systems are discussed with emphasis on the eigenvalue analysis and the effective parameters on system stability. In this regards, saddle node bifurcation and hopf bifurcation are also investigated.
STATCOM Based Wind Energy System by using Hybrid Fuzzy Logic ControllerIJMTST Journal
The influence of the hybrid system in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, voltage deviation, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to International Electro-Technical Commission (IEC). The STATCOM provides reactive power support to hybrid system and load. These voltage fluctuations can be eliminated with the help of advanced reactive power compensator device such as SVC and STATCOM. This work focus on design, modeling and analysis of FACTS device in wind farm interconnected with grid during fault. These devices can be controlled by Synchronous Reference Frame theory. The performance is analyzed with the help of PI controller and Fuzzy logic technique. by using Matlab/Simulink Model.
A Review on Various Topologies of Generators, Power Converters and Control Sc...ijtsrd
In the field of renewable energy, conversion of wind energy has become a point of major interest to the researcher. Converters are no more a small part of the wind energy system WES due to the development of generators in the WES and advancement in applications of power electronics in the WES. This paper presents a review of different topologies of converts used in the extraction of energy from wind using various generators and their combination with different converter topologies. Control scheme complexity, cost, the power consumed, and efficiency are the points considered for the comparison of converters-generator combination schemes. Tanuj Jhankal "A Review on Various Topologies of Generators, Power Converters and Control Schemes in Wind Energy Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47510.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/47510/a-review-on-various-topologies-of-generators-power-converters-and-control-schemes-in-wind-energy-systems/tanuj-jhankal
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
Intelligent Control for Doubly Fed Induction Generator Connected to the Elect...IJPEDS-IAES
In this paper we are interested in optimizing the wind power capture, using the Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). This machine is preferred to other types of variable speed generator because of their advantages in economic terms and control. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based on Direct Torque Control (DTC) which is used to control the electromagnetic torque in order to extract the maximum power. The main objective of this intelligent technique is to replace the conventional switching table by a voltage selector based on (ANN) to reduce torque and flux ripples. Moreover, the fuzzy logic controller is used to grid side converter to keep DC link voltage constant, and also to achieve unity power factor operation. The main advantage of the two control strategies proposed in this paper is that they are not influenced by the variation of the machine parameter. The pitch control is also presented to limit the generator power at its rated value. Simulation results of 1,5 MW, for (DFIG) based Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) confirm the effectiveness and the performance of the global proposed approaches.
PSO-Backstepping controller of a grid connected DFIG based wind turbine IJECEIAES
The paper demonstrates the feasibility of an optimal backstepping controller for doubly fed induction generator based wind turbine (DFIG). The main purpose is the extract of maximum energy and the control of active and reactive power exchanged between the generator and electrical grid in presence of uncertainty. The maximum energy is obtained by applying an algorithm based on artificial bee colony approach. Particle swarm optimization is used to select optimal value of backstepping’s parameters. The simulation is carried out on 2.4 MW DFIG based wind turbine system. The optimized performance of the proposed control technique under uncertainty parameters is established by simulation results.
Sliding mode performance control applied to a DFIG system for a wind energy p...IJECEIAES
This project presents a strategy of field control then sliding mode control put in to the conversion process of wind energy containing an asynchronous generator with double fed (DFAG; DFIG). A model was developed for each component of the wind turbine (turbine, DFAG and cascade rectifierinverter). MPPT device must be introduced in order to obtain maximum energy efficiency so that PI-MPPT method is made. The objective is to apply this command to control independently the active and reactive powers generated by the asynchronous generator uncoupled by orientation from the flow. The results of digital simulations obtained show the improvement of the performances of the sliding control compared to the field control, also it has provided information on the commands available techniques as reference tracking and robustness.
A Hybrid Control Scheme for Fault Ride-Through Capability using Line-Side Con...Suganthi Thangaraj
As the wind power installations are increasing in number, Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) are required to have Fault Ride-Through (FRT) capabilities. Lately developed grid operating codes demand the WTGs to stay connected during fault conditions, supporting the grid to recover faster back to its normal state. In this paper, the generator side converter incorporates the maximum power point tracking algorithm to extract maximum energy from wind turbine system. A hybrid control scheme for energy storage systems (ESS) and braking choppers for fault ride-through capability and a suppression of the output power fluctuation is proposed for permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine systems. During grid faults, the dc-link voltage is controlled by the ESS instead of the line-side converter (LSC), whereas the LSC is exploited as a STATCOM to inject reactive current into the grid for assisting in the grid voltage recovery. A simple model of the proposed system is developed and simulated in MATLAB environment. The effectiveness of the system is validated through extensive simulation results
The purpose of this work is to present the advantages of the power control (active and reactive) of a wind energy system in order to improve the quality of the energy produced to the grid by presenting two control strategies applied to the conversion system of wind energy equipped with an asynchronous generator with dual power supply. Both techniques are studied and developed and consist of a field control (FOC) and a sliding mode control. They find their strongest justifications for the problem of using a nonlinear control law that is robust to the uncertainties of the model. The goal is to apply these two commands to independently control the active and reactive powers generated by the decoupled asynchronous machine by flow orientation. Thus, a study of these commands will be detailed and validated in the Matlab / Simulink environment with the simultaneous use of the "Pitch Control" and "Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)" techniques. The results of numerical simulations obtained show the increasing interest of the two controls in the electrical systems. They also attest that the quality of the active and reactive powers and voltages of the wind system is considerably improved.
This article addresses the problem of controlling an overall wind energy conversion system (WECS) formed by a wind turbine connected to the grid via a doubly fed introduction generator (DFIG) and an AC/DC/AC converter. The main control objectives are fourfold: (i) designing an output feedback speed controller that makes the DFIG rotate at the optimal value delivered by the MPPT strategy, (ii) controlling the stator reactive power so as to be null, (iii) guaranteeing the DC-link voltage in the grid side converter to be at a given constant value, (iv) ensuring a unitary power factor. A high gain observer is synthesized, in order to provide estimated values of the mechanical variables. To achieve the control objectives, a sliding mode controller involving the mechanical observer is designed. The performance of the system configuration based on the 2MW-DFIG with the proposed controller is evaluated by a numerical simulation under a realistic wind profile using MATLAB/SIMULINK/SimPowerSystems environment.
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Dynamic responses improvement of grid connected wpgs using flc in high wind s...ijscmcj
Environmental and sustainability concerns are developing the significance of distributed generation (DG) based on renewable energy sources. In this paper, dynamic responses investigation of grid connected wind turbine using permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) under variable wind speeds and load circumstances is carried out. In order to control of turbine output power using Fuzzy Logic controller (FLC) in comparison with PI controller is proposed. Furthermore, the pitch angle based on FLC using wind speed and active power as inputs, can have faster responses, thereby leading to smoother power curves, enhancement of dynamic performance of wind turbine and prevention of mechanical damages to PMSG. Inverter adjusted the DC link voltage and active power is fed by d-axis and reactive power is fed by q-axis (using P-Q control mode). Simulation of wind power generation system (WPGS) is carried out in Matlab/Simulink, and the results verify the correctness and feasibility of control strategy.
DYNAMIC RESPONSES IMPROVEMENT OF GRID CONNECTED WPGS USING FLC IN HIGH WIND S...ijscmcjournal
Environmental and sustainability concerns are developing the significance of distributed generation (DG) based on renewable energy sources. In this paper, dynamic responses investigation of grid connected wind turbine using permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) under variable wind speeds and load circumstances is carried out. In order to control of turbine output power using Fuzzy Logic controller (FLC) in comparison with PI controller is proposed. Furthermore, the pitch angle based on FLC using wind speed and active power as inputs, can have faster responses, thereby leading to smoother power curves, enhancement of dynamic performance of wind turbine and prevention of mechanical damages to PMSG. Inverter adjusted the DC link voltage and active power is fed by d-axis and reactive power is fed by q-axis (using P-Q control mode). Simulation of wind power generation system (WPGS) is carried out in Matlab/Simulink, and the results verify the correctness and feasibility of control strategy.
This paper presents the modeling and simulation of wind energy Conversion System using the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). The objectives are: to extract the maximum power of the wind speed by controlling the electromagnetic torque of the PMSG, to maintain constant the DC-link voltage despite the wind speed variations and to attain the unity power factor. In order to ensure a regulation with high performance and a good robustness against the internal and the external disturbances, a new control strategy called the Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) is used. Therefore, the Analysis and simulation of the ADRC and PI controllers are developed with MATLAB/Simulink software. The performance of these controllers is compared in term of references tracking, robustness and grid faults.
Indirect power control of DFIG based on wind turbine operating in MPPT using ...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a MPPT control of the stator powers of a DFIG operating within a wind energy system using the backstepping control technique. The objective of this work consists of providing a robust control to the rotor-side converter allowing the stator active power to be regulated at the maximum power extracted from the wind turbine, as well as maintaining the stator reactive power at zero to maintain the power factor at unity, under various conditions. We have used the Matlab/Simulink platform to model the wind system based on a 7.5 kW DFIG and to implement the MPPT control algorithm in a first step, then we have implemented the field-oriented control and the backstepping controller in a second step. The simulation results obtained were very satisfactory with a fast transient response and neglected power ripples. They furthermore confirmed the high robustness of the approach used in dealing with the variation of the internal parameters of the machine.
The paper proposes a complete modeling and control technique of variable speed wind turbine system (WTS) based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). Two levels back-to-back converter is used to ensure the energy transfer between the DFIG rotor and the grid. The wind turbine to operate efficiently, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is implemented. Then, direct power control (DPC) strategy has been combined with the MPPT technique in order to guarantee the selection of the appropriate rotor voltage vectors and to minimize the active and reactive power errors. Finally, the simulation is performed by using MATLAB/simulink platform basing on 7.5KW DFIG wind generation system, and the results prove the effectiveness of our proposed control technique.
Power fuzzy adaptive control for wind turbineIJECEIAES
In recent years, wind energy has become one of the most promising renewable energy sources. The doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is currently the most common type of generator used in wind farms. This paper describes an approach for the independent control of the active and reactive power of the variable-speed DFIG. This paper deals with the control of the active and reactive powers in a DFIG designed for a wind system. The simulation model including a 7 KW - DFIG driven by a wind turbine, a PWM inverter and the proposed control strategy are developed and implemented using Matlab Simulink.
Real time simulation of nonlinear generalized predictive control for wind ene...ISA Interchange
In order to make a wind power generation truly cost-effective and reliable, an advanced control techniques must be used. In this paper, we develop a new control strategy, using nonlinear generalized predictive control (NGPC) approach, for DFIG-based wind turbine. The proposed control law is based on two points: NGPC-based torque-current control loop generating the rotor reference voltage and NGPC-based speed control loop that provides the torque reference. In order to enhance the robustness of the controller, a disturbance observer is designed to estimate the aerodynamic torque which is considered as an unknown perturbation. Finally, a real-time simulation is carried out to illustrate the performance of the proposed controller.
Most of generators utilized in wind turbines are the Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). Indirect matrix converter (IMC) is a candidate for substituting the traditional back-to-back converter in the future due to advantages gained by elimination of electrolytic capacitor. Starting DFIG wind turbines and synchronizing to the grid is a challenge in practice because of large inrush currents that could damage switches. Synchronizing the DFIG wind turbine controlled by the IMC is presented in this paper. Also, maximum power point tracking algorithm performance of this configuration is examined. A laboratory scale prototype of the proposed configuration is built. Experimental results have confirmed effectiveness of this configuration.
Abstract: Wind energy is becoming the most effective renewable energy source mainly because of the growing concerns over carbon emissions and uncertainties in fossil fuel supplies and the government policy impetus. The increasing penetration of wind power in distribution systems may significantly affect VAR compensation and max. Power tracking of the systems, particularly during wind turbine cut-in and cut-off disturbances.
A DFIG based wind turbine has an ability to generate maximum power with varying and adjustable speed, ability to control active and reactive power by the integration of electronic power converters, low power rating of cost converter components, and so on. This study presents an overview and literature survey over past few decades on the different problems associated due to penetration of WT-DFIG in the power system and control aspects of DFIG.
Abstract: Wind energy is becoming the most effective renewable energy source mainly because of the growing concerns over carbon emissions and uncertainties in fossil fuel supplies and the government policy impetus. The increasing penetration of wind power in distribution systems may significantly affect VAR compensation and max. Power tracking of the systems, particularly during wind turbine cut-in and cut-off disturbances.
A DFIG based wind turbine has an ability to generate maximum power with varying and adjustable speed, ability to control active and reactive power by the integration of electronic power converters, low power rating of cost converter components, and so on. This study presents an overview and literature survey over past few decades on the different problems associated due to penetration of WT-DFIG in the power system and control aspects of DFIG.
A Fuzzy Logic Control Strategy for Doubly Fed Induction Generator for Improve...IAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, which is t

decouple PI control for output active and reactive powers
he common control technique for power converter of Doubly Fed
Induction Generator (DFIG) is presented. But there are some disadvantages with this control method like uncertainty about the exact model, behavior of some parameters or unpredictable wind speed and tuning of PI parameters. To overcome the mentioned disadvantages a fuzzy logic control of DFIG wind turbine is presented and is compared with PI controller. To validate the proposed scheme, simulation results are presented, these results showed that the performance of fuzzy control of DFIG is excellent and it improves power quality and stability of wind turbine compared to PI controller. The Fuzzy logic controller is applied to rotor side converter for active power control and voltage regulation of wind turbine. The entire work is carried out in MATLab/Simulink. Different faulty operating conditions are considered to
prove the effective implementation of the proposed control scheme.
This paper presents a study analysis of a complete wind energy conversion system, the system based on a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG); a vector control with stator flux orientation of the DFIG is also used to control independently the active and reactive powers. A comparative study have been performed between the conventional PI controller and fuzzy logic control to investigate its dynamic and static performances. This research work involves the study of a phase in advance, to provide effective assistance, to all those who have to make decisions regarding the planning and implementation of wind energy projects. The main objective is to model the wind chain and the use of two types of strategies for the control of this generator to ensure a good regulation we started with the modeling of the wind chain then the modeling of the DFIG and then the use of the two strategies for the regulation of the latter .The complete system is modeled and simulated in the MATLAB/ Simulink. The performance and robustness are analyzed and compared by Matlab / Simulink .Simulation results prove the excellent performance of fuzzy control unit as improving power quality and stability of wind turbine.
ENHANCED CONTROL OF DFIG IN WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMIjorat1
The doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine is a variable speed wind turbine widely used
in the modern wind power industries. At present, commercial DFIG wind turbines primarily make use of the
technology that was developed a decade ago. But, it is found in the paper that there is limitations conventional
control method. This project presents a fuzzy-logic approach to control the DFIG. Based on which fuzzy-logic
approach is controlled for real power, reactive power flow and electromagnetic torque of the wind turbine. A
direct current vector control strategy is developed to control the rotor side voltage source converter. This scheme
of direct current vector control strategy allows the independent control of the generated active and reactive
power as well as the rotor speed. In this project, a fuzzy-logic approach is proposed to control the DFIG. The
active and reactive power is controlled by rotor voltage, which goes through back-to-back voltage source
converter and DC-link voltage is also maintained stable. The conventional control approach is compared with the
proposed control techniques for DFIG wind turbine control under both steady and gusty wind conditions. A
MATLAB based simulation system was build to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed
method waveforms of real power, reactive power, DC link voltage and generator speed are compared with
conventional method. This paper shows that under the fuzzy-logic approach control techniques, a DFIG system
have a superior performance in various aspects.
Indirect Control of a Doubly-Fed Induction Machine for Wind Energy ConversionIAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, a grid connected wind power generation scheme using a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is studied. The aims of this paper are: The modelling and simulation of the operating in two quadrants (torque-speed) of a DFIG, the analysis employs a stator flux vector control algorithm to control rotor current, the system enables optimal speed tracking for maximum energy capture from the wind and high performance active and reactive power regulation using the PI regulator. The simulation calculations were achieved ®®
using MATLAB -SIMULINK package. Lastly, the obtained results are presented, for different operating points, illustrating the good control performances of the system
Power Control of Wind Turbine Based on Fuzzy Sliding-Mode ControlIJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents the study of a variable speed wind energy conversion system (WECS) using a Wound Field Synchronous Generator (WFSG) based on a Fuzzy sliding mode control (FSMC) applied to achieve control of active and reactive powers exchanged between the stator of the WFSG and the grid to ensure a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) of a wind energy conversion system. However the principal drawback of the sliding mode, is the chattering effect which characterized by torque ripple, this phenomena is undesirable and harmful for the machines, it generates noises and additional forces of torsion on the machine shaft. A direct fuzzy logic controller is designed and the sliding mode controller is added to compensate the fuzzy approximation errors. The simulation results clearly indicate the effectiveness and validity of the proposed method, in terms of convergence, time and precision.
Design and investigations of MPPT strategies for a wind energy conversion sys...IJECEIAES
The purpose of this work is to design and to discuss various strategies to optimize the production of a wind energy conversion chain based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), by capturing the maximum power at the wind turbine, using maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and pitch control. The proposed controls allow the generator to monitor the optimal operating points of the turbines regardless of wind speed variations, system parameters disturbance, and parameters variation. Simulation of WECS based on a 1.5 MW wound rotor induction generator under MATLAB/SIMULINK is carried out using the PI controller (PIC), RST controller and fuzzy logic controller (FLC). Analysis and comparisons are made for different operating scenarios: Reference tracking, robustness under variable wind speed conditions and parameters variation. The application of FLC provides a very interesting outcome for the robustness and the dynamic challenges.
In this work, we are interested in improving the performance of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind system, by applying a sliding mode control strategy. The objective is the regulation of the active and reactive power, also the voltage and the frequency of the signal injected into the distribution network. The model proposed for the control is based on the sliding mode technique with performance estimators. The proposed model was validated by a simulation on MATLAB/Simulink.
Independent Control Of Active And Reactive Powers From DFIG By Logic FuzzyIJRES Journal
This paper presents the study and use by simulating the fuzzy logic control of asynchronous
generator dual fuel in the production of electrical energy that the .for I prepared a study of the wind system and
a model of the wind turbine was established by following the study and modeling of doubly fed asynchronous.
Two types of vector control have been the subject of study in this work for independent control of active and
reactive power: the direct and indirect control .la fuzzy PI control is introduced to increase the robustness of
markers vis-à-screw parametric variation of the machine in the simulation results obtained were compared to the
validated work articles cited in the bibliography.
Similar to Performance enhancements of DFIG wind turbine using fuzzy-feedback linearization controller augmented by high-gain observer (20)
The aim of this research is the speed tracking of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an intelligent Neural-Network based adapative backstepping control. First, the model of PMSM in the Park synchronous frame is derived. Then, the PMSM speed regulation is investigated using the classical method utilizing the field oriented control theory. Thereafter, a robust nonlinear controller employing an adaptive backstepping strategy is investigated in order to achieve a good performance tracking objective under motor parameters changing and external load torque application. In the final step, a neural network estimator is integrated with the adaptive controller to estimate the motor parameters values and the load disturbance value for enhancing the effectiveness of the adaptive backstepping controller. The robsutness of the presented control algorithm is demonstrated using simulation tests. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the presented NN-adaptive control algorithm can provide good trackingperformances for the speed trackingin the presence of motor parameter variation and load application.
This paper presents a fast and accurate fault detection, classification and direction discrimination algorithm of transmission lines using one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs) that have ingrained adaptive model to avoid the feature extraction difficulties and fault classification into one learning algorithm. A proposed algorithm is directly usable with raw data and this deletes the need of a discrete feature extraction method resulting in more effective protective system. The proposed approach based on the three-phase voltages and currents signals of one end at the relay location in the transmission line system are taken as input to the proposed 1D-CNN algorithm. A 132kV power transmission line is simulated by Matlab simulink to prepare the training and testing data for the proposed 1D- CNN algorithm. The testing accuracy of the proposed algorithm is compared with other two conventional methods which are neural network and fuzzy neural network. The results of test explain that the new proposed detection system is efficient and fast for classifying and direction discrimination of fault in transmission line with high accuracy as compared with other conventional methods under various conditions of faults.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Kosovo has limited renewable energy resources and its power generation sector is based on fossil fuels. Such a situation emphasizes the importance of active research and efficient use of renewable energy potential. According to the analysis of meteorological data for Kosovo, it can be concluded that among the most attractive potential wind power sites are the locations known as Kitka (42° 29' 41" N and 21° 36' 45" E) and Koznica (42° 39′ 32″ N, 21° 22′30″E). The two terrains in which the analysis was carried out are mountain areas, with altitudes of 1142 m (Kitka) and 1230 m (Koznica). the same measuring height, about 84 m above the ground, is obtained for these average wind speeds: Kitka 6,667 m/s and Koznica 6,16 m/s. Since the difference in wind speed is quite large versus a difference in altitude that is not being very large, analyses are made regarding the terrain characteristics including the terrain relief features. In this paper it will be studied how much the roughness of the terrain influences the output energy. Also, that the assumption to be taken the same as to how much they will affect the annual energy produced.
Large-scale grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) station are increasing rapidly. However, this large penetration of PV system creates frequency fluctuation in the grid due to the intermittency of solar irradiance. Therefore, in this paper, a robust droop control mechanism of the battery energy storage system (BESS) is developed in order to damp the frequency fluctuation of the multi-machine grid system due to variable active power injected from the PV panel. The proposed droop control strategy incorporates frequency error signal and dead-band for effective minimization of frequency fluctuation. The BESS system is used to consume/inject an effective amount of active power based upon the frequency oscillation of the grid system. The simulation analysis is carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC software to prove the effectiveness of the proposed droop control-based BESS system. The simulation result implies that the proposed scheme can efficiently curtail the frequency oscillation.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The electrical distribution network is undergoing tremendous modifications with the introduction of distributed generation technologies which have led to an increase in fault current levels in the distribution network. Fault current limiters have been developed as a promising technology to limit fault current levels in power systems. Though, quite a number of fault current limiters have been developed; the most common are the superconducting fault current limiters, solid-state fault current limiters, and saturated core fault current limiters. These fault current limiters present potential fault current limiting solutions in power systems. Nevertheless, they encounter various challenges hindering their deployment and commercialization. This research aimed at designing a bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter with a novel topology for distribution network applications. The proposed bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter was designed and simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed design in fault current limiting, voltage sag compensation during fault conditions, and its ability not to affect the load voltage and current during normal conditions as well as in suppressing the source powers during fault conditions. Simulation results also showed very minimal power loss by the fault current limiter during normal conditions.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
This paper presents a new simplified cascade multiphase DC-DC buck power converter suitable for low voltage and large current applications. Cascade connection enables very low voltage ratio without using very small duty cycles nor transformers. Large current with very low ripple content is achieved by using the multiphase technique. The proposed converter needs smaller number of components compared to conventional cascade multiphase DC-DC buck power converters. This paper also presents useful analysis of the proposed DC-DC buck power converter with a method to optimize the phase and cascade number. Simulation and experimental results are included to verify the basic performance of the proposed DC-DC buck power converter.
More from International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (20)
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
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Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
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The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
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Performance enhancements of DFIG wind turbine using fuzzy-feedback linearization controller augmented by high-gain observer
1. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS)
Vol. 11, No. 1, March 2020, pp. 10~23
ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i1.pp10-23 10
Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com
Performance enhancements of DFIG wind turbine using
fuzzy-feedback linearization controller augmented by high-gain
observer
Kada Boureguig1
, Abdellah Mansouri2
, Ahmed Chouya3
1 Oran University of Science and Technology - Mohamed Boudiaf USTO-MB, Algeria
2 National Polytechnic University Oran, Algeria
3 Department of Electrical Engineering, Djillali Bounaama University, Algeria
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Apr 17, 2019
Revised Jul 22, 2019
Accepted Aug 12, 2019
This paper proposes a feedback linearization control of doubly fed induction
generator based wind energy systems for improving decoupled control of the
active and reactive powers stator. In order to enhance dynamic performance
of the controller studied, the adopted control is reinforced by a fuzzy logic
controller. This approach is designed without any model of rotor flux
estimation. The difficulty of measuring of rotor flux is overcome by using
high gain observer. The stability of the nonlinear observer is proved by the
Lyapunov theory. Numerical simulations using MATLAB-SIMULINK
shown clearly the robustness of the proposed control, particularly to the
disturbance rejection and parametric variations compared with the
conventional method.
Keywords:
DFIG
Feedback linearization control
Fuzzy logic
High gain observer
Lyapunov stability This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Kada Boureguig,
Oran University of Science and Technology - Mohamed Boudiaf,
USTO-MB, BP 1505 El M'Naouer, 31000 Oran, Algeria.
Email: kada.boureguig@univ-usto.dz
1. INTRODUCTION
The wind energy is a pollution-free and effective source. Therefore, a wind power generation system
becomes one of the potential sources of alternative energy for the future [1]. Energy consumption over the
last century has increased significantly due to the great industrialization. Recently, particular interest has
been given to generating electricity from renewable energy sources. Of all renewable sources, wind energy
holds the largest market share and is expected to maintain rapid growth in the coming years [2]. Wind energy
systems have received considerable attention over the past decade as one of the most promising renewable
energy sources due to negative environmental influences and the high cost of conventional energy sources. In
this context, several countries have turned to explore the wind energy sector, leading researchers to conduct
research to improve the efficiency and power of electromechanical conversion and quality of providing
energy [3].To meet energy needs, it is imperative to find adjusted and flexible solutions by reducing energy
consumption or increasing energy production by adding power plants or improving the efficiency of existing
installations. In addition, the dynamic improvement of the performance of renewable energy systems, whose
non-linear characteristics are particularly important, especially with the rapid growth of their use. Therefore,
the control of the Wind Power Conversion System (WECS) based on doubly feed induction generator
(DFIG) with intermittent input wind speed is particular interest in the energy and control communities.
DFIGs are potential candidates for high power wind systems because they can generate reactive current and
2. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
Performance enhancements of DFIG wind turbine using fuzzy-feedback linearization … (Kada Boureguig)
11
produce constant frequency power for variable speed operation. However, the main disadvantage of the
DFIG is its brushes and slip rings structure, which involves permanent maintenance and reduces the life time
of the machine [4]. This type of generators has been widely used for wind systems [5]. The control and
operation of these systems has been the subject of many research projects in recent years [6]. In this
perspective, various studies have been proposed in [7-9] to control wind turbine systems based DFIG from
the classical configurations by application of Field oriented control (FOC) strategy. However, the WT-DFIG
is highly nonlinear system, with strong couplings between the different variables of the systems.
In this context, many nonlinear control methods have been developed. Penghan Li et al [10]
proposes a non linear controller based on state feedback linearization strategy to reduce sub-synchronous
control interaction inseries-compensated doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind power plants.
In [11] the authors have used a robust nonlinear feedback linearization controller based sliding mode
control to relieve sub-synchronous control interaction in doubly-fed induction generator based wind farms
connected to series-compensated transmission lines. The two aforementioned works show good
performances. However, the authors did not use a nonlinear model and DFIG Wind Turbine control scheme
is based on vector control. In addition, the states of the DFIG are supposed to be measured.
Djillali et al [12] have used Neural Input-Output Feedback Linearization Control. The neural
controller is based on a Recurrent High Order Neural Network, trained with an Extended Kalman Filter. This
last method uses a simple PI controller to define the control law defined by a relationship linking the new
internal inputs to the physical inputs. The same strategy control has been applied in [13] based on the linear
quadratic regulator (LQR). Due to the limitations presented by the two linear controllers the PI and the LQR
which have a low robustness to parameter variations as well as to unbalanced grid voltage which have direct
effects on the dynamic performance of the system, and poses serious problems, such as oscillations of the
stator power and the generator torque, which are detrimental to the mechanical system and the electrical
network [14].
In this paper the Feedback linearization technique is combined with Fuzzy logic to form Fuzzy-
Feedback Linearization Controller applied to a non-linear model of DFIG to improve the performance of the
system such as the response time , robustness against parameter variations and the sensitivity to perturbations
(unbalanced grid voltage) .This new method is augmented by High Gain Observer (HGO) mainly used to
estimate generator rotor flux, based on the measurement of rotor currents ,stator voltages and the mechanical
speed. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is compared to the conventional Feedback linearization
control by simulation results in Matlab Simulink.
2. MODELING OF STUDIED SYSTEM
As shown in Figure 1 the system is composed of two parts; the first is the conversion of the kinetic
energy of the wind into mechanical energy via a turbine and the second is the conversion of the mechanical
energy at the level of the turbine shaft into electrical energy via a double-feed generator. The stator is
connected directly to the grid and its rotor also via a static converter which allows delivering the necessary
control voltages of the stator powers.
Figure1. System under study
3. ISSN: 2088-8694
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst Vol. 11, No. 1, Mar 2020 : 10 – 23
12
2.1. Turbine model
The aerodynamic power appearing at the rotor of the turbine is then written [15].
P ρC λ, β SV (1)
Where: ρ is the air density and S the swept surface area of the turbine (πR
V is the wind speed (m/s), C λ, β is the power coefficient of the turbine, λ is the tip speed ratio
and β is the pitch angle. The tip speed ratio is:
λ
ω
(2)
where: R is the radius of the turbine (m) and ω is the speed turbine (rad/s).Figure 2 shows the curve of the
power coefficient versus λ for a constant value of the pitch angle β.
Figure 2.Typical curve of power coefficient.
2.2. Dynamique model of DFIG
The mathematical models of three DFIG phases in the Park frame are written as follows [16]:
⎩
⎪
⎪
⎨
⎪
⎪
⎧ v R i
φ
ω φ
v R i
φ
ω φ
v R i
φ
ω ω φ
v R i
φ
ω ω φ
(3)
⎩
⎪
⎨
⎪
⎧
φ L i Mi
φ L i Mi
φ L i Mi
φ L i Mi
(4)
Where R , R are the rotor and stator resistances, respectively; L , L , M are the rotor, stator and
mutual inductances, respectively; i , i are the stator–rotor current components; v , v are the
components of the stator–rotor voltage; φ , φ are the stator–rotor flux components; ω , ω are the
rotating and stator pulsations, respectively.
The model of DFIG according to the rotor components is represented by the following equations [15].
⎩
⎪
⎪
⎨
⎪
⎪
⎧ a i ω i a φ a ωφ a v a v
ω i a i a φ a ωφ a v a v
φ
R i ω φ ωφ v
φ
R i ω φ ωφ v
(5)
0 5 10 15
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Tip speed ratio
Power
coefficient
Cp
B=0°
B=2°
B=4°
B=6°
B=8°
4. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
Performance enhancements of DFIG wind turbine using fuzzy-feedback linearization … (Kada Boureguig)
13
where
a
σ σ
, a
σ
, a
σ
,a
σ
σ
,σ 1 , b R ,
C , C , T , T
σ is the dispersion coefficient
The electromechanical dynamic equation is then given by
ω
φ i φ i C C (6)
where P is the number of pole pairs; J is the inertia of the shaft , C is the torque on the generator .All
frictions on this shaft are included in C .
We put
i , i , φ , φ , ω x , x , x , x , x
The system (6) is then written in the form:
x f x g x u (7)
Where
f x
⎩
⎪
⎪
⎨
⎪
⎪
⎧ f x a v
f x a v
f x v
f x v
f x
(8)
u v v ; g x
a 0 1 0 0
0 a 0 1 0
(9)
And
f x a x ω x a x a x x a v
,f x ω x a x a x a x x a v
f x bx ω x x x , f x bx ω x x x
f x C x x x x C C C
3. FEEDBACK LINEARIZATION CONTROL
To develop nonlinear control of the active and reactive powers of stator, the feedback linearization
strategy is proposed. This technique consists to transform nonlinear systems into linear ones, so that linear
control techniques can be applied. This technique is possible through change of variables and by choosing a
suitable control input [17].According to the model of the DFIG developed above, and recalling that the
reference is chosen so that its component (d) coincides with the stator voltage vector, this system has as input
variables the voltage applied to the rotor v v and as output variables the active and reactive power at the
stator P , Q defined by:
P v i v i
Q v i v i
(10)
The stator powers’ control law is computed according to the rotor current measurement and
estimated rotor flux. The latter comes from the proposed high gain observer. Substituting i and i in (10)
by their counterparts extracted from the two last equations of (4), one has:
P v
φ
v
φ
Q v
φ
v
φ (11)
5. ISSN: 2088-8694
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst Vol. 11, No. 1, Mar 2020 : 10 – 23
14
Arranging (11)
P
φ
v v
φ
v v
Q
φ
v v
φ
v v
(12)
Differentiating (12) until an input appears
P v v v v
Q v v v v
(13)
Write the last equation as follows
P v v v v v v
Q v v v v v v
(14)
It is desired to regulate the output quantities P and Q to their respective reference value P and Q
For this purpose defining the adjustment errors
e P P
e Q Q
(15)
Defining the input of the DFIG system
u u u v v (16)
Rewriting (14) in the matrix form
P
Q
v v
v v
v v
v v
u
u (17)
Rewriting the new inputs V and V in the form (18)
P V
Q V
(18)
From (19) we can write
P
Q
0
0
V
V
(19)
From (17) and (18) the control law is given as
v
v E x A x
V
V
(20)
where
A x
v v
v v
and E x
v v
v v
6. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
Performance enhancements of DFIG wind turbine using fuzzy-feedback linearization … (Kada Boureguig)
15
The reference active power Ps is generated by MPPT and the reactive power Qs is defined by the
grid to support the network voltage .To follow the trajectory of 𝑃∗
and Q∗
, we use a PI controller
imposed to the linearized system [17]. The new input v is given by
V
V
P
∗
k e k e dt
Q
∗
k e k e dt
(21)
4. HIGH GAIN OBSERVER FOR FLUX ESTIMATION
We intend to construct such an observer, based on the measurement of the rotor currents, speed and
voltages [15] the principle is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Rotor flux observation strategy.
The estimated flux components φ , φ are used in the computation of the FBL law.We propose
to implement a rotor flux observer in order to study its properties.
From the model (7) and assuming the constant velocity (Ω = 0), with Ω
ω
we can write:
X A Ω X Bv (22)
where
X i i φ φ (23)
A Ω , B and v are given by
v v v v v (24)
A Ω
a ω a pa Ω
ω
R
0
a
0
R
pa Ω
0
ω pΩ
a
ω pΩ
0
;B
a 0 a 0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
1
0
a
0
1
(25)
Thus, at constant Ω, the model is linear, which is a particular case of the form of injection of the
output and of the output derivative.
In this part, we are interested in the work presented in [18, 19] which deal with the synthesis of
observers with high gain for locally observable systems.
Then it is possible to make out the following change of variables:
z Φ x
h
L h (26)
z I
z a 𝔗 ω 𝔍 I a 𝔗 a pΩ𝔍 φ
(27)
For these changes, model (7) takes the following form:
7. ISSN: 2088-8694
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst Vol. 11, No. 1, Mar 2020 : 10 – 23
16
⎩
⎨
⎧
z z a v a v
z a 𝔗 ω 𝔍 z a v a v
a 𝔗 a pΩ𝔍 R z
ω pΩ 𝔍 a 𝔗 a pΩ𝔍 z a 𝔗 ω 𝔍 z v
(28)
We put
z
z
z z
i
i z
φ
φ 𝒜
0 𝔗
0 0
with
1 0
0 1
; 𝔍
0 1
1 0
;
ψ v , v , Ω, z
ψ v , v , Ω, z
ψφ
v , v , Ω, z , z
(29)
ψ v , v , Ω, z a v a v
ψ v , v , Ω, z , z z
(30)
That transforms the nonlinear system (28) into a local system of pyramidal coordinates
z 𝒜z ψ v , v , z
y Cz
(31)
With the output vector C 𝔗, 0
Then the following system
z 𝒜z ψ z, z Sθ C Cz y (32)
Is exponential observer of the system with Sθ is the matrix defined by
Sθ Sθ
θ 𝔗 θ 𝔗
θ 𝔗 2θ 𝔗
(33)
With θ 0 Is the unique solution of the following Lyapunov algebraic equation:
θSθ 𝒜 Sθ Sθ𝒜 C C (34)
4.1. Theorem
The function ψ is globally Lipchitzian with respect to z uniformly with respect to v and v
‖ψ z, v , v ψ z, v , v ‖ 𝓀‖z z‖ (35)
4.2. Proof of stability anaylsis and observer convergence
Consider the error
e z z (36)
Its dynamics is given by
e 𝒜 Sθ C C e ψ z, v , v ψ z, v , v (37)
Let’s consider the following Lyapunov function candidate
V e e Sθe (38)
Its derivative is
V e e Sθe e Sθe (39)
e 𝒜 Sθ C C ψ z, v , v ψ z, v , v Sθe
e Sθ 𝒜 Sθ C C e ψ z, v , v ψ z, v , v
8. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
Performance enhancements of DFIG wind turbine using fuzzy-feedback linearization … (Kada Boureguig)
17
e 𝒜 Sθ 2C C Sθ𝒜 2e Sθ ψ z, v , v ψ z, v , v
V e e θSθ C C e 2e Sθ ψ z, v , v ψ z, v , v (40)
Using inequality C C 0 and theorem (1) we can increase V e as following:
V e e θSθe 2𝓀e Sθe
θ 2𝓀 V e (41)
This guarantees the exponential stability of the observer for θ 2𝓀 this concludes the proof.
4.3. Observer in the initial coordinates
The observation x of the state x for the model (7) is obtained by:
x Φ z (42)
That z Φ x imply
Φ
Is a method of synthesizing the observer expressed in x
x f x g x, v
Φ
S θ C Cx y (43)
Or in the panoramic form:
⎣
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎡
ı̂
ı̂
φ
φ ⎦
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎤
⎣
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎡
a ı̂ ω ı̂ a φ a pΩφ
ω ı̂ a ı̂ a pΩφ a φ
R ı̂ ω pΩ φ
R ı̂ ω pΩ φ ⎦
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎤ a 0 a 0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
1
0
a
0
1
v
v
v
v
1 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
a ω
ω a
a a pΩ
a pΩ a
2θ 0
0 2θ
θ 0
0 θ
ı̂ i
ı̂ i
(44)
The DFIG control scheme using conventional feedback linearization (CFBL) associated with HGO
is shown in Figure4.
Figure.4.DFIG control scheme using conventional feedback linearization control (CFBL)
9. ISSN: 2088-8694
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst Vol. 11, No. 1, Mar 2020 : 10 – 23
18
5. FUZZY-FEEDBACK LINEARIZATION CONTROL
Fuzzy logic control has been widely used in recent years due to its simplicity of implementation and
its ability to control nonlinear systems, which gives better performance under parameter variations and
voltage disturbances [20].
Based on the study of fuzzy logic control described in [21], [6] we will proceed to its application to
DFIG based on the equation (19) or we consider our system as a simple integrator which facilitates the
synthesis of this control where we will have two regulators on each of the loops, that of the active power and
that of the reactive power. Figure 5 shows the principle of the proposed method.
Figure 5. DFIG control scheme using proposed fuzzy-feedback linearization control (PFBL)
The two most significant quantities to analyze the behavior of the system namely the power error
e , and its variation de , are chosen as two inputs of the regulator by Fuzzy logic controller FLC.
e P P
e Q Q
(45)
Consider for each variable of measurement (the error and the variation of the error) 3 membership
functions noted {N, EZ, P} with: Negative, About Zero, Positive presented in Figure 6.
Figure 6. Membership functions
The rule bases of power controller’s are illustrated by the following Table 1:
Table 1. Basis of fuzzy control rules
U
e
N EZ P
de
N N N EZ
EZ N EZ P
P EZ P P
10. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
Performance enhancements of DFIG wind turbine using fuzzy-feedback linearization … (Kada Boureguig)
19
For the defuzzification of the output variables of the system, we use the method of the center of
gravity (COG) [22].
u
∑ .
∑
(46)
The proposed control is represented in Figure 7.
Figure 7. Fuzzy-feedback linearization control combined with high gain observer
6. SIMULATIONS AND RESULTS
In what follows we will study the performances (Reference tracking, disturbance sensitivity and
robustness) for different controllers mentioned above conventional feedback linearization control (CFBL)
and proposed Fuzzy-Feedback Linearization control (PFBL) using the rotor flux observer.
6.1. Reference tracking
This test consists in making a change in the active and reactive power setp values while maintaining
the drive speed of the generator constant. Figure 8 illustrates the behavior of active and reactive powers
stator. By examining this figure, it can be seen a good reference tracking with a less ripples for the proposed
method compared with the conventional method. The decoupling between the two powers is ideally noted for
the proposed method contrary to the conventional method we notice the appearance of a static error at times
of step change (see Figure 9). In Figure 10, the observer's performance is illustrated when the estimated rotor
fluxes and real fluxes are substantially identical for the dq axis.
Figure 8. Responses of active and reactive powers
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
-2
-1
0
1
2
x 10
6
Time (s)
Qs(Var)
PFBL
CFBL
Qs-ref
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
-2
-1
0
1
2
x 10
6
Time (s)
Ps
(watt)
PFBL
CFBL
Ps-ref
11. ISSN: 2088-8694
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst Vol. 11, No. 1, Mar 2020 : 10 – 23
20
Figure 9. Zoom responses of active and reactive powers
Figure 10. Direct and quadrature flux
Figure 11. Zoom direct and quadrature flux.
6.2. Disturbance sensitivity
This test use to verify to what extent the measured powers stay at their reference when the grid
voltage drops by 20% between 0.8s and 1.3s. The effect of this fault on the active and reactive powers of the
machine is illustrated in Figure 12.
The power references are correctly tracked, except for the presence of oscillations which are greatly
increased during the fault, the power measurements show a significant deviation from the value of the
reference and a reset time greater than 400 ms in the case of a conventional controller compared with the
proposed controller which more effectively rejects the voltage drop effects (see Figure 13). The performances
of the observer are verified by the simulation results presented in Figure 14. It can be clearly seen that this
0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98
-2
-1
0
1
2
x 10
6
Time (s)
Qs(Var)
PFBL
CFBL
Qs-ref
0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1
-1.8
-1.7
-1.6
-1.5
-1.4
-1.3
-1.2
x 10
6
Time (s)
Ps
(watt)
PFBL
CFBL
Ps-ref
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
Time (s)
Phidr
(Web)
Real
Estimated
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
-2
-1
0
1
2
Time (s)
Phiqr
(Web)
Real
Estimated
1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3
-3
-2.8
-2.6
-2.4
-2.2
-2
Time (s)
Phidr
(Web)
Real
Estimated
0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
Time (s)
Phiqr
(Web)
Real
Estimated
12. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
Performance enhancements of DFIG wind turbine using fuzzy-feedback linearization … (Kada Boureguig)
21
voltage drop does not affect the observer because the estimated flux converge to their real values during the
fault before stabilizing at steady state (see Figure 15).
Figure 12. Responses of active and reactive powers during stator voltage drop.
Figure 13. Zoom responses of active and reactive powers during stator voltage
Figure 14. Direct and quadrature flux during stator voltage drop
Figure 15. Zoom direct and quadrature flux during stator voltage drop
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
-2
-1
0
1
2
x 10
6
Time (s)
Ps
(Watt)
PFBL
CFBL
Ps-ref
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
x 10
6
Time (s)
Qs
(var)
PFBL
CFBL
Qs-ref
1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4
1
1.5
2
x 10
6
Time (s)
Ps
(Watt)
PFBL
CFBL
Ps-ref
0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
x 10
6
Time (s)
Qs
(var)
PFBL
CFBL
Qs-ref
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
-2
-1
0
1
2
Time (s)
Phiqr
(Web)
Real
Estimated
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
Time (s)
Phidr
(Web)
Real
Estimated
0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Time (s)
Phiqr
(Web)
Real
Estimated
0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
Time (s)
Phidr
(Web)
Real
Estimated
13. ISSN: 2088-8694
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst Vol. 11, No. 1, Mar 2020 : 10 – 23
22
6.3. Robustness test
Figure 16 shows the evolution of the active and reactive powers during a parametric variation of the
generator when the resistance values are increased by 200% and the inductance values decreased by 60%.
These results show that the excessive parametric variation caused a clearly degradation of the active and
reactive powers curves with the appearance of a static error in the case of the conventional controller. The
response of the system with the proposed controller remains insensitive to these variations.
Figure 16. Dynamic responses of active and reactive power under parametric variation of DFIG.
7. CONCLUSION
This work presents a feedback linearization control improvement for a DFIG-based wind system. In
this context, we applied the fuzzy logic controller to the feedback linearization strategy. This is intended to
improve the performance of the system particularly against parametric uncertainties and disturbance
sensitivity that have an effect on conventional feedback linearization control used PI. From the comparative
results between the two approaches presented, it can be concluded that intelligent controller have significant
improvements to dynamic performances over conventional controllers. In addition, a part was reserved for
the synthesis of a high-gain observer to reconstruct non-measurable rotor flux components for technical and
economic constraints. This observer is tested by numerical simulation in combination with the adopted
control that meets the assigned objectives.
APPENDIX
Table.2 Wind Turbine System Parameters
Parameters value unit
Nominal Power 1.5 MW
Turbine radius 35.25 m
Gearbox gain 90
Stator Voltage 398/690 V
Stator frequency 50 Hz
Number of pairs poles 2
Nominal speed 150 Rad/sec
Stator resistance 0.012 Ω
Rotor resistance 0.021 Ω
Stator inductance 0.0137 H
Rotor inductance 0.0136 H
Mutual inductance 0.0135 H
Inertia 1000 Kg.m2
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23
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