Healing Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Guava (Psidium guajava) Leaf on ...Dr. Anuj S Parihar
Oral mucositis (OM) is a common inflammatory complication among cancerous patients as an adverse effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the healing effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Psidium
Guajava leaf on oral induced mucositis induced by 5-fluorouracil using histopathologic and tissue antioxidative markers assessment in male dark brown rats. In a prospective randomized double blind animal study, OM was induced in 64 male dark brown rats that allocated in 4 groups by 5-FU (60 mg/kg) on days 0, 5, and 10 of the study. The cheek pouch was scratched with a sterile needle on once daily on days 3 and 4. Starting from day 12, gel base, topical form and 600 mg/kg dietry form of hydroalcoholic extract of Psidium Guajava leaf were administered per day. Pouch histopathology score, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity were evaluated on day 14 and 18. DPPH scavenging activity and total phenolic content also were measured. Histopathology scores of mucositis were lower in the systemic and topical treatment groups than the gel base and control groups (P<0.05). Higher activities of SOD, GPX and TAC were detected in the topical and systemic treatment groups in comparison to the others (P<0.05). The extract was rich in total phenolic content as antioxidant. The use of extract of Psidium Guajava leave may be associated with reduced intensity of OM, increased concentration of SOD, GPX and TAC on induced
OM in dark brown rats undergoing 5-FU consumption.
Isolation, in vitro antidiabetic, antioxidant activity and molecular docking ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Healing Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Guava (Psidium guajava) Leaf on ...Dr. Anuj S Parihar
Oral mucositis (OM) is a common inflammatory complication among cancerous patients as an adverse effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the healing effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Psidium
Guajava leaf on oral induced mucositis induced by 5-fluorouracil using histopathologic and tissue antioxidative markers assessment in male dark brown rats. In a prospective randomized double blind animal study, OM was induced in 64 male dark brown rats that allocated in 4 groups by 5-FU (60 mg/kg) on days 0, 5, and 10 of the study. The cheek pouch was scratched with a sterile needle on once daily on days 3 and 4. Starting from day 12, gel base, topical form and 600 mg/kg dietry form of hydroalcoholic extract of Psidium Guajava leaf were administered per day. Pouch histopathology score, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity were evaluated on day 14 and 18. DPPH scavenging activity and total phenolic content also were measured. Histopathology scores of mucositis were lower in the systemic and topical treatment groups than the gel base and control groups (P<0.05). Higher activities of SOD, GPX and TAC were detected in the topical and systemic treatment groups in comparison to the others (P<0.05). The extract was rich in total phenolic content as antioxidant. The use of extract of Psidium Guajava leave may be associated with reduced intensity of OM, increased concentration of SOD, GPX and TAC on induced
OM in dark brown rats undergoing 5-FU consumption.
Isolation, in vitro antidiabetic, antioxidant activity and molecular docking ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Phytochemical and antioxidant studies of methanol and chloroform extract from...shailendradhakal
This research was carried out with the aim of phytochemical analysis and determining antioxidant activity present in methanol and chloroform leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica. Due to its potential in curing various ailments as well as wide spread application of antioxidant activity such as in the field of cosmetology, the plant was selected for the study. The total phenolics contained in the plant extracts were also studied which are responsible for the antioxidant activity.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...IJARIIT
Pharmaceutical industries are still in the hunt of effective scavengers for free radicals from the unexplored
medicinal plants. About 80,000 species of plants are utilized for treating various diseases in different systems of Indian
medicine. Many pharmaceutical companies giving importance in plant-derived drugs mainly due to the current widespread
belief that 'Green Medicine' is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs, which have adverse side effects.
The objective of the study is isolation of Phytochemical active constituents, Antidiabetic, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities of the rare Antidiabetic medicinal plant Epaltes divaricata (Linn.) since the selected plant has varied
medicinal properties used in Ayurveda. This valuable plant is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to alleviate jaundice,
diabetes mellitus, urethral discharges and acute dyspepsia. It is also regarded as a diaphoretic, diuretic and a stimulating
expectorant.
The methanol extract of Epaltes divaricata L. showed excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.
Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the same extract by two different standard methods and which confirmed the
presence of steroids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. Decreasing of postprandial hyperglycemia is a therapeutic
approach for treating diabetes mellitus. This can be achieved in current trends through the inhibition of carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. Agents with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity are very useful as oral anti hypoglycemic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in patients who have diabetes
mellitus. In this study the methanol extract exhibited above 50% of inhibition in all standard concentration.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Isolation, in vitro antidiabetic, antioxidant activity and molecular docking ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
COMPARSION OF ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF DIMOCARPUS LONGAN LOUR. EXTRACTS AND ...IJSIT Editor
The present study was carried out to evaluate antioxidant activity of Dimocarpus longan stems
extracts and also to investigate the main phytoconstituents in the bio-active extract. N-hexane,
dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol 80% extract were tested for free radical scavenging activity on
model reaction with stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). The results showed that ethyl
acetate was the most active one as antioxidant agent and phytochemical analysis of that extract revealed the
presence of triterpenes, flavonoids, tannins and carbohydrates. The results may help to discover new
chemical classes of natural antioxidant substances that could serve as selective agents for infectious diseases.
In this work, the capacity of encapsulation and subsequent release of the drug ampicillin was evaluated, for this, two different hydrogels were made by the microemulsion method, having different crosslinking agent based on polyurethane: P(IPDI) and P(HDI), the metal-organic framework (MOF) that was used inside the two composite hydrogels was MIL-53, which is a derivative of the hydrothermal synthesis of terephthalic acid and Al (III) ions. Characterization tests were carried out on the hydrogels, the FTIR sprectra were obtained to evaluate the encapsulation of the drug and the quantification by UV-Vis spectrophotometry to monitor the mass of ampicillin released in the two systems studied. Hydrogels based on C-P(HDI)-MIL53 show higher intermolecular interactions with encapsulated ampicillin, observed by the variation in the intensities of the FTIR signals related to the -NH, -OH, amide I and II bonds that make up the systems; in addition this type of hydrogel also exhibits a higher release of ampicillin than C-P(IPDI)-MIL53 hydrogel. These hydrogels can be studied as 3D culture systems or materials for wound healing, thus avoiding the formation of bacterial infections.
Combined drug therapy (CDT) is favoring for most of the treatment and the goal of the therapy is to decrease or reduce dose dependent adverse drug reactions and side effects. The present work an attempt to design bilayer tablets of Atorvastatin immediate release and Aspirin Pulsatile release for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Four formulations were prepared for immediate release layer of atorvastatin using different concentrations of Microcrystalline cellulose and Talc by direct compression method. For aspirin pulsatile release layer, the four formulations of core tablets were prepared using Microcrystalline cellulose, Talc. The different concentrations of Cross carmellose sodium and Sodium starch glycolate were selected as superdisintegrants in F1, F2 and F3, F4 formulations. Then the core tablets were coated with Eudragit S 100 as enteric polymer. Physico chemical parameters of bilayer tablets were performed and it has shown a good drug release profile. The work reveals that F3 formulation was the best formulation and they are the good candidate for lowering the risk of heart attack. Pattern like one layer of the formulation as immediate release to reduce the cholesterol level and the second layer to deliver the drug at right time and in right amount, to reduce the risk of heart attack. However stability studies and further clinical trials are needed to improve the tablet formulation by quality wise as well as efficacy wise.
The Effect Of Roselle Extract (Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn.) On Blood Glucose ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Review and calculation of activity co efficient of tea polyphenols and its so...eSAT Journals
Abstract Tea, one of the most popular beverages, has been consumed for thousands of years for their flavors and health benefits. Polyphenols are the flavanoid and phenolic acids in tea that contribute to health benefits. There are more than 45 polyphenols in tea. In this review, the structure, health benefits and suitable solvent selection for extraction of these polyphenols is covered. Further the calculation of activity coefficient of tea polyphenol is also done. This study helps us to understand the suitability of a solvent and its temperature dependency in its extraction process from tea leaves. Keywords: Tea, polyphenols, solvents.
An Analysis of the Relationship between Fiscal Deficits and Selected Macroeco...IOSR Journals
This study investigates the relationship that exists between the Government Deficit Spending and selected macroeconomic variables such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Exchange Rate, Inflation, Money Supply and Lending Interest Rate. The period covered is 1970 (when the civil war ended) and 2011. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique was adopted to analyze the relationships. The study concludes that Government Deficit Spending (GDS) has positive significant relationship with GDP. Government Deficit Spending also has positive significant relationship with Exchange Rate, Inflation, and Money Supply. Government Deficit has negative significant relationship with Lending Interest Rate and most likely crowd-out the private sector by raising the cost of funds. Deficit spending has been known to have adverse effects on the economy and government is advised to curtail excessive deficit spending. It is recommended that further research is done to establish other variables that are affected by government deficit spending.
A facile method to prepare CdO-Mn3O4 nanocompositeIOSR Journals
CdO-Mn3O4 nanocomposite has been prepared by a simple solvothermal method using a domestic microwave oven. Cadmium acetate, manganese acetate and urea were used as the precursors and ethylene glycol as the solvent. The as-prepared sample was annealed for 1 hour in each case at different temperatures, viz. 100, 200 and 300°C. The as-prepared and annealed samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic analyses. Results indicate that annealing at 300°C is required to get the sample with high phase purity and homogeneity. The present study indicates that the method adopted can be considered as an economical and scalable one to prepare the proposed nanocomposite with reduced size, phase purity and homogeneity.
Educational Setup by a Global Repute Company of Greater Noida (Uttar Pradesh)...IOSR Journals
This report was carried out to divulge the main aspect of a company’s social responsibility towards the society, specifically the vicinity in which they are operating. The company has an industrial unit in a village of Greater Noida (Uttar Pradesh) and has adopted the villages within 5kms of radius. The report provides an analysis and evaluation of current and prospective performance of students enrolled by the trust in a school started by them for the village students. The sample taken was of 55 students of two nearby villages. The method of analysis included questionnaires, interaction with the teachers, students, parents and the employees of the trust, along with that inspection was personally conducted to ensure no loopholes were there and its fixture if any. The findings suggest that the company has to follow some standard procedures to ensure regular attendance of these students enrolled by them. A regular check on the teachers needs to be maintained to match the educational standards expected, so as to fully ensure their responsibility towards the society. The results showed that the engagement of the students in their household chores left them with little time to attend school in case of girl students and various other factors affected the performance of the students overall.
Phytochemical and antioxidant studies of methanol and chloroform extract from...shailendradhakal
This research was carried out with the aim of phytochemical analysis and determining antioxidant activity present in methanol and chloroform leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica. Due to its potential in curing various ailments as well as wide spread application of antioxidant activity such as in the field of cosmetology, the plant was selected for the study. The total phenolics contained in the plant extracts were also studied which are responsible for the antioxidant activity.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...IJARIIT
Pharmaceutical industries are still in the hunt of effective scavengers for free radicals from the unexplored
medicinal plants. About 80,000 species of plants are utilized for treating various diseases in different systems of Indian
medicine. Many pharmaceutical companies giving importance in plant-derived drugs mainly due to the current widespread
belief that 'Green Medicine' is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs, which have adverse side effects.
The objective of the study is isolation of Phytochemical active constituents, Antidiabetic, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities of the rare Antidiabetic medicinal plant Epaltes divaricata (Linn.) since the selected plant has varied
medicinal properties used in Ayurveda. This valuable plant is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to alleviate jaundice,
diabetes mellitus, urethral discharges and acute dyspepsia. It is also regarded as a diaphoretic, diuretic and a stimulating
expectorant.
The methanol extract of Epaltes divaricata L. showed excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.
Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the same extract by two different standard methods and which confirmed the
presence of steroids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. Decreasing of postprandial hyperglycemia is a therapeutic
approach for treating diabetes mellitus. This can be achieved in current trends through the inhibition of carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. Agents with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity are very useful as oral anti hypoglycemic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in patients who have diabetes
mellitus. In this study the methanol extract exhibited above 50% of inhibition in all standard concentration.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Isolation, in vitro antidiabetic, antioxidant activity and molecular docking ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
COMPARSION OF ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF DIMOCARPUS LONGAN LOUR. EXTRACTS AND ...IJSIT Editor
The present study was carried out to evaluate antioxidant activity of Dimocarpus longan stems
extracts and also to investigate the main phytoconstituents in the bio-active extract. N-hexane,
dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol 80% extract were tested for free radical scavenging activity on
model reaction with stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). The results showed that ethyl
acetate was the most active one as antioxidant agent and phytochemical analysis of that extract revealed the
presence of triterpenes, flavonoids, tannins and carbohydrates. The results may help to discover new
chemical classes of natural antioxidant substances that could serve as selective agents for infectious diseases.
In this work, the capacity of encapsulation and subsequent release of the drug ampicillin was evaluated, for this, two different hydrogels were made by the microemulsion method, having different crosslinking agent based on polyurethane: P(IPDI) and P(HDI), the metal-organic framework (MOF) that was used inside the two composite hydrogels was MIL-53, which is a derivative of the hydrothermal synthesis of terephthalic acid and Al (III) ions. Characterization tests were carried out on the hydrogels, the FTIR sprectra were obtained to evaluate the encapsulation of the drug and the quantification by UV-Vis spectrophotometry to monitor the mass of ampicillin released in the two systems studied. Hydrogels based on C-P(HDI)-MIL53 show higher intermolecular interactions with encapsulated ampicillin, observed by the variation in the intensities of the FTIR signals related to the -NH, -OH, amide I and II bonds that make up the systems; in addition this type of hydrogel also exhibits a higher release of ampicillin than C-P(IPDI)-MIL53 hydrogel. These hydrogels can be studied as 3D culture systems or materials for wound healing, thus avoiding the formation of bacterial infections.
Combined drug therapy (CDT) is favoring for most of the treatment and the goal of the therapy is to decrease or reduce dose dependent adverse drug reactions and side effects. The present work an attempt to design bilayer tablets of Atorvastatin immediate release and Aspirin Pulsatile release for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Four formulations were prepared for immediate release layer of atorvastatin using different concentrations of Microcrystalline cellulose and Talc by direct compression method. For aspirin pulsatile release layer, the four formulations of core tablets were prepared using Microcrystalline cellulose, Talc. The different concentrations of Cross carmellose sodium and Sodium starch glycolate were selected as superdisintegrants in F1, F2 and F3, F4 formulations. Then the core tablets were coated with Eudragit S 100 as enteric polymer. Physico chemical parameters of bilayer tablets were performed and it has shown a good drug release profile. The work reveals that F3 formulation was the best formulation and they are the good candidate for lowering the risk of heart attack. Pattern like one layer of the formulation as immediate release to reduce the cholesterol level and the second layer to deliver the drug at right time and in right amount, to reduce the risk of heart attack. However stability studies and further clinical trials are needed to improve the tablet formulation by quality wise as well as efficacy wise.
The Effect Of Roselle Extract (Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn.) On Blood Glucose ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Review and calculation of activity co efficient of tea polyphenols and its so...eSAT Journals
Abstract Tea, one of the most popular beverages, has been consumed for thousands of years for their flavors and health benefits. Polyphenols are the flavanoid and phenolic acids in tea that contribute to health benefits. There are more than 45 polyphenols in tea. In this review, the structure, health benefits and suitable solvent selection for extraction of these polyphenols is covered. Further the calculation of activity coefficient of tea polyphenol is also done. This study helps us to understand the suitability of a solvent and its temperature dependency in its extraction process from tea leaves. Keywords: Tea, polyphenols, solvents.
An Analysis of the Relationship between Fiscal Deficits and Selected Macroeco...IOSR Journals
This study investigates the relationship that exists between the Government Deficit Spending and selected macroeconomic variables such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Exchange Rate, Inflation, Money Supply and Lending Interest Rate. The period covered is 1970 (when the civil war ended) and 2011. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique was adopted to analyze the relationships. The study concludes that Government Deficit Spending (GDS) has positive significant relationship with GDP. Government Deficit Spending also has positive significant relationship with Exchange Rate, Inflation, and Money Supply. Government Deficit has negative significant relationship with Lending Interest Rate and most likely crowd-out the private sector by raising the cost of funds. Deficit spending has been known to have adverse effects on the economy and government is advised to curtail excessive deficit spending. It is recommended that further research is done to establish other variables that are affected by government deficit spending.
A facile method to prepare CdO-Mn3O4 nanocompositeIOSR Journals
CdO-Mn3O4 nanocomposite has been prepared by a simple solvothermal method using a domestic microwave oven. Cadmium acetate, manganese acetate and urea were used as the precursors and ethylene glycol as the solvent. The as-prepared sample was annealed for 1 hour in each case at different temperatures, viz. 100, 200 and 300°C. The as-prepared and annealed samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic analyses. Results indicate that annealing at 300°C is required to get the sample with high phase purity and homogeneity. The present study indicates that the method adopted can be considered as an economical and scalable one to prepare the proposed nanocomposite with reduced size, phase purity and homogeneity.
Educational Setup by a Global Repute Company of Greater Noida (Uttar Pradesh)...IOSR Journals
This report was carried out to divulge the main aspect of a company’s social responsibility towards the society, specifically the vicinity in which they are operating. The company has an industrial unit in a village of Greater Noida (Uttar Pradesh) and has adopted the villages within 5kms of radius. The report provides an analysis and evaluation of current and prospective performance of students enrolled by the trust in a school started by them for the village students. The sample taken was of 55 students of two nearby villages. The method of analysis included questionnaires, interaction with the teachers, students, parents and the employees of the trust, along with that inspection was personally conducted to ensure no loopholes were there and its fixture if any. The findings suggest that the company has to follow some standard procedures to ensure regular attendance of these students enrolled by them. A regular check on the teachers needs to be maintained to match the educational standards expected, so as to fully ensure their responsibility towards the society. The results showed that the engagement of the students in their household chores left them with little time to attend school in case of girl students and various other factors affected the performance of the students overall.
Evaluations of the Effect of Workshop/Laboratory Accidents and Precautionary ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: A good number of scientist, engineers, laboratory or workshop users have lost their lives and the
lives of others due to accidents in the workshop caused by ignorance, neglect or carelessness. This paper focus
on the incident and prevalence rate of workshop and laboratory accidents in twenty (20) schools within Cross
River State, Nigeria. The investigation took place between January 2008 and December 2012 (a period of five
years). A total of 66 departments were investigated. The data was source with the help of the technologist and
head of Department of each of the schools. Based on these data, using descriptive analysis, multiple bar chart
and Trend analysis (Analysis of variance-SPSS) to show the growth and decline of laboratory or workshop
accidents across various departments over the years of study. The result revealed that the average number of
accidents occurred most in chemistry department; UNICAL and CRUTECH at 25 and 18 respectively, (table 1
and 2). And that of 18 secondary schools indicated that Bekwara Local Government Area was the highest
numbers of accidents (20.0) table 3, while Biase Local Government Area had the least (10.2), physics and
biology had recorded less accidents (table 3). In the two universities, computer/Maths statistic Department had
less laboratory accident due to not being exposed to heavy chemical. Hence, from this result, 40 workshop
safety and precautionary steps are release to avoid or minimize accidents in the laboratory or workshop towards
a healthy carrier.
Key Word: workshop accidents, Technology, Scientist, Engineers, Safety and precautions
The abrasive particulates on the cutting wheel influence the quality of cut. The surface finish, and the temperature raise during the cutting processes is governed by various parameters such as size of the particulates, its shape, roundness of edges at the particulates and strength of the bond between particulates and resins. The composite parting-off wheel is superior to that of commercial counterparts. A composite parting-off wheel was fabricated using powder metallurgy technique. The composite powders were prepared using an ingeniously designed and developed horizontal axis ball mill. The parting-wheel was able to cut metals bars such as aluminium, copper and mild steel with relative ease. It was found out that the mechanical properties such as compressive strength, hardness and tensile strength was better than conventional abrasive wheels. The cutting ratio was superior to the abrasive wheels and CZT was lower in comparison
Impact of Trade Associations on Entrepreneurial Traits in Nigeria’s Transport...IOSR Journals
The focus of this study is to determine the extent to which the roles of trade associations foster entrepreneurial traits in Nigeria’s road transport industry. This paper offers an analytical assessment of the contribution of trade associations towards development of entrepreneurial traits. To do this, the survey method was adopted for the study and questionnaires were used as data collection method. A random of one hundred and forty four (144) trade associations in Nigeria’s road transport industry were selected for the study out of a population of two hundred and twenty four (224) trade associations with seven hundred and twenty (720) respondents. For completeness, a sample of six hundred and fifty seven (657) related organizations (infinite population) were included in the study. Therefore a total of one thousand, three hundred and seventy seven (1377) questionnaires were used for the study. The data collected were measured in 5-point likert scale with a hypothesized mean of 3.00. data analysis revealed that overall mean scores of trade associations’ pro-competitive and anti-competitive roles on entrepreneurial traits were 1.9346 and 4.4188 respectively. The test of hypothesis using two sample z-test showed that the Z- calculated value for differences in the two mean scores was 216.0147 with significance probability of ˂ 0.0001 which is less than 0.05. Thus the test was significant at 5% level of significance (P˂0.05). We therefore reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. Consequently we conclude that the effect of anticompetitive role is significantly higher than that of pro-competitive role of trade associations on the development of entrepreneurial traits in Nigeria’s transport industry
“Rover - Remote Operated Vehicle for Extraction and Reconnaissance”IOSR Journals
Inspired from differential drive mechanism of army tank and chain drive of tank for movement of rover. Try to deploy the concept of crane working in rover for extraction purpose. Use the camera for the security purpose and surveillance in rover for the reconnaissance purpose.
Use “pro-engineering software” for designing purpose of rover. It is prototype to explain the concept of differential drive mechanism and its use in robotics.
On Fuzzy - Semi Open Sets and Fuzzy - Semi Closed Sets in Fuzzy Topologic...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to introduce the concept of fuzzy - semi open and fuzzy - semi closed sets of a fuzzy topological space. Some characterizations are discussed, examples are given and properties are established. Also, we define fuzzy - semi interior and fuzzy - semi closure operators. And we introduce fuzzy
- t-set, -SO extremely disconnected space analyse the relations between them.
MSC 2010: 54A40, 03E72.
Energy Conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A ReviewIOSR Journals
Abstract: A wireless sensor network consists of a large number of sensor nodes which are deployed over an
area to perform local computations based on information gathered from the surroundings. Each node in the
network consists of a battery, but it is very difficult to change or recharge batteries. So the question is how to
enhance the lifetime of the network to such a long time. Therefore, in order to maximize the lifetime of the
network, the consumption of energy must be minimized. This is an important challenge in sensor networks as
sensors can not be easily replaced or recharged due to their ad-hoc deployment in hazardous environment. In
this paper, the main techniques used for energy conservation in sensor networks are discussed which include
duty cycling scheme, data driven approaches, mobility-based schemes, energy efficient MAC protocols and node
self scheduling scheme. These schemes can be used to improve the energy efficiency of the wireless sensor
network so that the network can work with greater efficiency and high battery lifetime.
Keywords : Energy conservation, energy consumption, sensor nodes, wireless sensor networks
Study on Coefficient of Permeability of Copper slag when admixed with Lime an...IOSR Journals
Production of waste in unpredictable amounts is almost in every part of metal and non metal casting
trade. These wastes can be converted to material goods if processed for vital improvement of valuables
provided it is cost-effective. Random dumping of these wastes may lead to environmental problems and
therefore, presently the reuse of the waste materials in various fields is seen for fairly various periods. Copper
slag is a waste product generated during the smelting process for the production of copper. It has been
estimated that for every tonne of copper produced, about 1.8-2.2 tonnes of copper slag is generated as a waste.
Due to increase in production capacity of copper, copper slag getting accumulated require additional dumping
space and causing wastage of good cultivable land. The present paper discusses the laboratory test results of
coefficient of permeability tests conducted on copper slag mixed with cement and lime. The copper slag mixed
with lime and cement in various percentages were kept for curing and then tested after 7, 14, 28 days. Effective
results were observed for the coefficient of permeability of copper slag on addition of lime and cement from 0%
to 10%. There is a decrease in coefficient of permeability value as the percentage of addition of lime and cement
increases and with the curing period. The coefficient of permeability is very high for copper slag alone. When
copper slag is mixed with a binding material like lime or cement, there is a reduction in permeability. Also upon
mixing the same with an expansive soil, it may be suitable to reduce the swelling characteristics by developing
pozzolanic reactions.
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The Trailer chassis main member were quantified and summarized to create an overall mass and weighted cost
estimate for a low mass Trailer.
A survey on context aware system & intelligent Middleware’sIOSR Journals
Abstract: Context aware system or Sentient system is the most profound concept in the ubiquitous computing.
In the cloud system or in distributed computing building a context aware system is difficult task and
programmer should use more generic programming framework. On the basis of layered conceptual design, we
introduce Context aware systems with Context aware middleware’s. On the basis of presented system we will
analyze different approaches of context aware computing. There are many components in the distributed system
and these components should interact with each other because it is the need of many applications. Plenty
Context middleware’s have been made but they are giving partial solutions. In this paper we are giving analysis
of different middleware’s and comprehensive application of it in context caching.
Keywords: Context aware system, Context aware Middleware’s, Context Cache
Comparison Between Clustering Algorithms for Microarray Data AnalysisIOSR Journals
Currently, there are two techniques used for large-scale gene-expression profiling; microarray and
RNA-Sequence (RNA-Seq).This paper is intended to study and compare different clustering algorithms that used
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technology for gene expression analysis and becomes an effective tool for biomedical research.
Microarray analysis aims to interpret the data produced from experiments on DNA, RNA, and protein
microarrays, which enable researchers to investigate the expression state of a large number of genes. Data
clustering represents the first and main process in microarray data analysis. The k-means, fuzzy c-mean, selforganizing
map, and hierarchical clustering algorithms are under investigation in this paper. These algorithms
are compared based on their clustering model.
Integrating ICT in Re-Branding Nigerian Youths for Constructive Empowerment a...IOSR Journals
Today, there is need to reposition our youths mental reasoning and economically empower them in order to certify the demands of the modern world. Rebranding Nigerian is one of the veritable tools to achieve this objective. Unless rebranding directs the power and energy of Nigerian youths towards academic and productive goals, the country keeps on experiencing social vices,moral and academic degradation. Gladly enough, Nigeria has joined the rest of the world in deploying ICT to ensure easy and quick enlightenment and empowerment of its populace. Obviously, ICT has grossly engaged most of the Nigerian teenagers and youths in performing educational, social, economical, governmental or religious activities in different dimensions nowadays. Therefore, this paper highlights the impact and areas where ICT has yielded positive change in rebranding Nigerian youths in achieving better mental capacity building.
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Quality of Human Resource represent one of the factor which to increase performance productivity an institution or organization. Therefore, needed Human Resource having high interest because interest or membership will be able to support the make-up of employees performance achievement. During the time at generally in governance institution not yet had officer with adequate interest, proved with still lower officer productivity and is difficult measure officer performance [in] governance institution scope. Performance Management System in a modern concept of human resource management is an objective and transparent performance measurement model of Organizational Citizenship Behavior in giving reward to individual’s sacrifice for organization. Three main elements of individual’s sacrifice performed in Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) are compliance, loyality, and participation.The organization shoud appreciate these attitudes by giving clear job description and brief rewardsystemcriteriato encourage the individual’s job motivation. Combined with theindividual assessment of job description, job grading is used to compile a correct Key Performance Indexand a precise salary component. The aim of this action research is to give a comprehensive solution for Hospital X, in order to determine a Key Performance Indexsmodel, in response to some problems such as jobmotivation, work stress and performance. An interviews with hospital’s director and Human Resources section was conducted to compile the KPI. The results of this research can be recommended to the hospital to make a comprehensive performance assessment consist of the review of employee's job descriptions, Key Performance Indicator (KPI), job grading, specifying fundamental salary based on work,Bonus Scame and score summary
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healthy individuals. 100 subjects were included in the study, 50 normal healthy subjects and 50 subjects with
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Bio assay guided isolation identification active constituents of walnut leav...Debanjan Chatterjee
This Presentation revolves round about the isolation and the characterization of the active molecule megastimene which has a power full activity as anti hyperglycemic ..and they have furthur processed it for formulation
Diabetes is one of the largest global health emergencies of the 21st century and it is among the top 10 causes of death globally Based on the International Diabetes Federation report, India ranks second position in the prevalence of diabetes next to china in the year 2017 with 72.9 billion people affected but this scenario will be reverted in the year 2045 where it is expected to increase by 134.3 million.Our country will face a major challenge to meet the cost of diabetes care and the financial burden will continue to increase due to the growing number of people developing diabetes. ADJ6 is supplement formulated by our research team from 6 medicinal plants which we are using in daily life in our food .The anti diabetic effect of this formulation is explained.
Aamir Javed Mimosa pudica in oxidative stress Aamir Javed
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Oxidative stress plays a major role in biochemical and pathological changes associated with myocardial ischemic-reperfusion injury (IRI).The need to specify agents with a potential for preventing such damage with therapeutic importance. In the present study, chronic oral.
International Journal of Medicinal Plants. Photon 107 (2014) 572-579
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Original Research Article. ISJN: 6672-4384: Impact Index: 3.12
Phytochemical Profile and in vitro and in vivo Anticonvulsant and Antioxidant...Self-employed researcher
This study presents the phytochemical profile and in vitro and in
vivo anticonvulsant and antioxidant activities of Epilobium hirsutum, which
has been traditionally used in the treatment of epilepsy by local people of
Turkey. In vitro studies revealed that the extract contained a pronounced
amount of phenolics (206.3±0.9 mg Gallic acid Eq/g extract) and exhibited
significant levels of antioxidant (FRAP; 6226 µmol Fe2+/g extract, ORAC;
6593 µmol Trolox Eq/g extract, DPPH; IC50:33.8 ug/mL and metal chelation;
IC50:114 ug/mL) and anticonvulsant (AChE; IC50:71.2 ug/mL, BChE; IC50:92.5
ug/mL, GABA-T; IC50:94.7 ug/mL) activities. In vivo studies shown that the
the extract exhibited high anticonvulsant activities. In addition, the extracts
regulated the behavior, locomotion, and mental activities of the mice tested.
Biochemical evaluation of the brain tissue revealed that the extract inhibited
the production of MDA and stimulated the increase of antioxidant enzyme
levels, which suggest the possible antioxidative role of the extract that worked
as neuroprotective agents by scarfing the free radicals produced through PTZ
seizure inducer and attenuate convulsions. Moreover the extract regulated
serum biochemical parameters, total antioxidants, total oxidant, and ischemia modified albumin levels. Chromatographic studies were revealed that gallic
acid principally might be the major contributor of anticonvulsant and
antioxidant activities with the additive contributions of fatty acids and mineral
compounds. Findings obtained from this study partially justified the traditional
use of Epilobium hirsutum in the treatment of epilepsy and suggest potential
use of the extract as an industrial or pharmaceutical agent.
Loperamide (LOP) is an antidiarrheal agent that works by slowing gastrointestinal transit and reducing intestinal secretions. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of loperamide consumption for five days on the intestinal oxidative balance, as well as the putative protective effect of mallow leaves extract. Animals were divided into one normal control group and fi ve experimental groups. LOP, LOP + the different doses of the extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/ kg, b.w.), and LOP+ yohimbine (2 mg/ kg, b.w. p.i.), used as reference drug. Loperamide (3 mg/ kg, b.w. p.o) was administered twice a day, for 5 days. Treatment with mallow extract or yohimbine protected against the lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes activity depletion, the fall in the thiol group and reduced glutathione level as well as jejunal free iron and H2O2 overload induced by loperamide intoxication. Thereby, Malva sylvestris aqueous extract (MSAE) attenuates the pathogenicity of loperamide.
Insulin plant is a relatively new entrant to Kerala and India. Insulin plant has not got a Malayalam name yet, except the occasional use of insulin chedy or insulin chedi, where chedy means a plant. The catchphrase of this plant is a leaf a day keeps diabetes away.The plant is characterized by large fleshy looking leaves. It grows very quickly. Propagation is by stem cutting. It grows in slightly shady areas.Diabetes patients are advised to chew down a leaf in the morning and one in the evening for a month. Allopathic doctors too recommend it and it is found to be effective in bringing blood sugar levels under completely under control. There is also dried and ground powder of the leaves now available in the market.
* With FBS below 200, take ONE leaf daily before breakfast and drink a glass of water
* With FBS above 200, take TWO leaves in the morning and TWO at night on a daily basis.
Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Torbangun Extract (Coleus amboinicus Lour) on ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 6, Issue 1 (Mar. – Apr. 2013), PP 32-35
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www.iosrjournals.org 32 | Page
Antioxidant potential of Emblica officinalis (amla) aqueous
extract delays cataractogenesis in hyperglycemic goat lenses
A.M Hajarnavis1
, P.M Bulakh2
Department of Biochemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University Medical College, Pune, India.
Abstract: Aim: To study the antioxidant role of Emblica officinalis aqueous extract in delaying
cataractogenesis in hyperglycemic goat lenses. Study design: Experimental study. Place and Duration of study:
Department of Biochemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University Medical College, Pune, India, between
February 2012 to June 2012. Methodology: Dried powder of Emblica officinalis fruit pericarp was obtained
and crude water extract was prepared. Fresh goat lenses were removed from the eyeballs and divided into 3
groups as follows: Group I - Normal lenses ,incubated in Tissue Culture medium 199 (TC199), Group II & III-
Experimental Cataract lenses incubated with TC 199 + 110mM Dextrose solution and TC 199 + 110mM
Dextrose solution + 0.25% E.officinalis aqueous extract respectively. After 72 hours of incubation, lenses were
homogenized in 0.1M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 and the supernatant was used for biochemical analysis.
Effect of the extract on lens total soluble proteins, TBARS and antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase,
glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase was statistically analyzed. Results: The lens total soluble
proteins were maintained, TBARS were reduced and there was a significant rise in the activity of antioxidant
enzymes SOD, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in the lenses incubated with the E.officinalis
extract as compared to hyperglycemic lenses. Conclusion: The study highlights the antioxidant nature of
E.officinalis which may play an important role in the prevention of hyperglycemia induced cataract.
Keywords: anticataract, antioxidant, E.officinalis, hyperglycemia, oxidative stress.
I. Introduction:
Cataract formation is a common complication of Diabetes mellitus. The risk of cataract is known to
increase with the increase in the duration and severity of diabetes [1]
. The only means of sight restoration for
cataract patients is cataract surgery, which is expensive and could result in surgical complications, mainly in
diabetics. It is well documented that oxidative stress plays an important role in the progression of diabetes and
its complications [2], [3]
. The ocular tissue, mainly lens, is highly susceptible to damage from free radicals [4].
Lens
proteins are long lived and thus highly prone to oxidative damage. Moreover, mature lens fibers have limited
capacity to repair or regenerate these proteins [5], [6]
.
The lens has its own supply of antioxidants, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic, which combat the
oxidative stress. These cellular defenses are however greatly impaired during hyperglycemia. It has been
reported that both antioxidant nutrients and antioxidant phytochemicals can give help in alleviating diabetes and
diabetic complications [7]
.
Since ancient times many plants are used in Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of diabetes and its
complications. Great effort is now being taken to understand the role of medicinal plants in the treatment and
management of these diseases. Herbal preparations containing Emblica officinalis (Amla) have been used in
Ayurveda for the treatment of diabetes and also various ocular diseases. This study was undertaken to evaluate
the anticataract role of Emblica officinalis (amla) in experimental diabetic cataract.
The anticataract effect of Emblica officinalis (amla) was studied on goat lenses with reference to its
ability to preserve lens proteins and its antioxidant property.
II. Materials and Methods:
2.1. Preparation of E.Officinalis aqueous extract:
Dried powder of Emblica officinalis fruit pericarp was obtained from ‘Manakarnika Pharmacy, Pune’.
Crude water extract was prepared as mentioned in the Ayurved Pharmacopoea of India (part I, volume 8).
2.2. Experimental design:
Fresh goat eyeballs were obtained from the slaughter house and transported to the laboratory in an ice-
box. Lenses were removed from the eyeballs by intracapsular lens extraction method and divided into 3 groups
as follows: Group I - Normal lenses (n=30),incubated in Tissue Culture medium 199 (TC199), Group II & III-
Experimental Cataract lenses incubated with TC 199 + 110mM Dextrose solution and TC 199 + 110mM
Dextrose solution + 0.25% E.officinalis aqueous extract respectively.
2. Antioxidant potential of Emblica officinalis (amla) aqueous extract delays cataractogenesis
www.iosrjournals.org 33 | Page
Lenses were incubated for 72 hours after which they were homogenized in 0.1M sodium phosphate
buffer, pH7.4 and w/v was adjusted to 10gm%. The homogenate was centrifuged at 10,000 X g for 30 minutes
at –4o
C and the supernatant was used for biochemical analysis.
2.3. Biochemical estimations:
The Total soluble lens proteins were estimated by Lowry’s method, MDA (malondialdehyde) as an
index of lipid peroxidation was quantified as thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) by method of Kei
Satoh. Activity of enzyme superoxide dismutase was measured spectrophotometrically by monitoring the rate of
pyrogallol reduction [8]
. Randox kits were used for the estimation of glutathione peroxidase using cumene
hydroperoxide and GSH as substrate [9]
and for glutathione reductase which was assayed by measuring the
decrease in absorbance at 340 nm due to oxidation of NADPH to NADP during conversion of GSSG to GSH
[10]
.
2.4. Statistical Analysis: Values were expressed as mean + standard deviation (SD). Statistical comparison of
data was done by unpaired students’t-test.
III. Observation and Results:
3.1 Lens morphological changes: Lenses in Group I (Normal lenses) remained clear and transparent when
incubated in tissue culture medium for 72 hours. On the other hand lenses in group II (Dextrose +TC199)
developed mature cataract and osmotic swelling was observed whereas in group III (dextrose + TC 199 +
E.officinalis aq extract) the lens transparency was found to be maintained. [Fig. 1]
3.2 Lens Total soluble proteins: The total soluble proteins in the lenses incubated in glucose were found to be
significantly decreased (255 + 62.46 mg/lens) as compared to normal lenses (344 + 62.56 mg/lens) while in
case of lenses incubated with glucose in presence of E.officinalis extract there was a considerable
maintenance of the lens proteins(299.6 + 70.1 mg/lens). This maintenance was statistically significant (p<
0.01). [Table-1]
3.3 MDA as an index of lipid peroxidation: was found to be greatly increased in glucose induced cataract
lenses (13.45 + 3.0 n moles/gm lens) as compared to normal lenses (9.56 + 3.43 n moles/gm lens). The increase
was statistically highly significant. In the lenses incubated with the aqueous extract, there was a significant
reduction in the MDA levels (10.16 + 3.12n moles/gm lens,) as compared to the glucose induced cataract group.
[Table.1]
3.4 Antioxidant Enzymes: The specific activity of enzyme superoxide dismutase was significantly
decreased (0.30+0.15 units/mg lens) in the glucose induced cataract lenses as compared to normal lenses
(0.41+0.14 units/mg lens). In the lenses incubated with E.officinalis extract there was a marked elevation in the
SOD activity (0.44 + 0.16 units/mg lens) beyond that observed in normal lenses. This increase was statistically
highly significant. [Table-2]
The glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly lowered in the group II lenses (29.71+13.92
units/mg lens) as compared to the activity in normal lenses (36.16+9.90 units/mg lens) and though there was an
increase in the GPx activity (32.80 + 6.65 units/mg lens) in the lenses incubated with the extract, the increase
was not statistically significant.[Table-2]
Glutathione reductase was found to be decreased significantly in the glucose induced cataract lenses
(10.49+2.1 units/mg lens) as compared to normal lenses (13.32 + 3.55 units/mg lens). There was a highly
statistically significant increase in the activity of GRx (14.31 + 4.30 units/mg lens) in the lenses incubated with
E.officinalis extract.[Table-2]
IV Discussion:
Cataract formation is a common complication of diabetes mellitus. It is widely accepted that
hyperglycemia induces oxidative stress and osmotic imbalance in the lens, eventually leading to cataract
formation. Surgical removal of the cataractous lens is the only means of sight restoration in cataract patients. In
the recent years, various dietary agents and plant sources are being studied for their role as antioxidants in the
prevention of various diseases including diabetes and cataract [11], [12], [13]
. Researchers have reported that
important phytochemicals from plants possibly prevent both age related and diabetic cataract as they are capable
of affecting multiple factors responsible for ocular diseases impairing vision.
Emblica officinalis (amla) is a rich source of tannoids, vitamin C and other phytochemicals known to
act as antioxidants. E.officinalis has been used in Ayurveda since ancient times in the treatment of diabetes and
3. Antioxidant potential of Emblica officinalis (amla) aqueous extract delays cataractogenesis
www.iosrjournals.org 34 | Page
a number of ocular diseases. In the present study, the ability of E.officinalis to protect the lens against
hyperglycemia induced oxidative stress was evaluated.
Hyperglycemia causes chronic irreversible changes in the long lived molecules like crystallins in eye
lens. The advanced glycation end products formed are responsible for the protein crosslink formation resulting
in loss of soluble proteins in lens [14]
. Progressive accumulation of AGE’s in the lens contributes to accelerated
cataractogenesis [15]
. In this study the lenses incubated with E.officinalis aqueous extract showed a considerable
preservation in their total soluble protein content despite of the presence of hyperglycemia.This finding is in
confirmation with earlier studies which suggest that phytochemicals of E.officinalis like tannoids, β-Glucogallin
act as inhibitors of enzyme aldose reductase and thereby prevent sorbitol accumulation and hyperglycemia
induced lens protein aggregation and insolubilization [16], [17], [18]
.
The role of E.officinalis as an antioxidant was also observed in this study by noting its effect on lipid
peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes SOD, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. The lipid
peroxidation in terms of TBARS was greatly reduced in lenses incubated with the aqueous extract. E.officinalis
has been shown to be a potent scavenger of a variety of free radicals like hydroxyl, superoxide, H2O2 and
various others by virtue of its reducing property [19]
attributed to the different flavonoids, phenols and ascorbic
acid present in this fruit. The hydrolyzable tannins present in amla are also reported to have ascorbic acid like
action [20]
further contributing to its antioxidant effect.
The antioxidant enzymes SOD, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were significantly
lowered in the glucose induced cataract lenses as a result of the hyperglycemia induced severe oxidative insult.
On incubation with amla extract the lenses showed a considerable increase in the activity of all these enzymes
despite the presence of hyperglycemia. The utilization of SOD to dismutate superoxide radical to O2 and H2O2 is
probably prohibited by the phytochemicals present in the aqueous extract as they themselves quench the singlet
oxygen.
Glutathione peroxidase is an important enzyme in the lens preventing lipid peroxidation with the help
of reduced glutathione. Glutathione reductase further regenerates GSH which is also required to maintain the
sulphydryl groups of lens proteins and variety of other cellular mechanisms. As discussed earlier, the free
radical scavenging action of the amla extract reduces the H2O2 and other peroxides in the lens, thus conserving
glutathione peroxidase and consequently glutathione reductase.
Figure :1
Table: 1 Lens Total Soluble Proteins and Malondialdehyde Levels in Normal Dextrose induced cataract
and lenses with dextrose and E.officinalis extract.
Sr.
No
Group Total Soluble Proteins
(mg / lens)
Mean + SD
MDA (n moles/gm lens)
Mean + SD
1 Normal Lenses
344 + 62.56 9.56 + 3.43
2 Dextrose
induced Cataract
lenses
255 + 62.46 ** 13.45 + 3.0 **
3 Dextrose +
E.officinalis
(Amla) extract
299.6 + 70.1* 10.16 + 3.12**
** p< 0.001, * p< 0.01
A. Normal lenses incubated in TC199, B. Lenses incubated in TC199 and 110mM
dextrose, C. Lenses incubated with TC199 + 110mM dextrose + E.officinalis extract.
A B C
4. Antioxidant potential of Emblica officinalis (amla) aqueous extract delays cataractogenesis
www.iosrjournals.org 35 | Page
Table 2: Specific activity of Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione peroxidase, Glutathione reductase in
Normal, Dextrose induced cataract lenses and lenses with dextrose and E.officinalis extract.
Sr.
No
Group Superoxide
dismutase
(units/mg lens)
Mean + SD
Glutathione
peroxidase
( units/mg lens)
Mean + SD
Glutathione
reductase
( units/mg lens)
Mean + SD
1 Normal Lenses
0.41+0.14 36.16+9.90 13.32 + 3.55
2 Dextrose
induced Cataract
lenses
0.30+0.15 * 29.71+13.92* 10.49+2.11**
3 Dextrose +
E.officinalis
(Amla) extract
0.44 + 0.16** 32.80 + 6.65 14.31 + 4.30**
**p< 0.001, *p< 0.01,
V Conclusion:
The present study indicates that E.officinalis aqueous extract prevents cataract formation in
experimental glucose induced cataract. Researchers have already shown the anticataract potential of
E.officinalis by virtue of acting as an aldose reductase inhibitor .This study highlights the antioxidant nature of
E.officinalis which may also play an important role in the prevention of hyperglycemia induced cataract. Further
studies need to be carried out in vivo on animal models and in the form of clinical trials to ascertain the
anticataract role of this fruit.
Acknowledgement
We express our sincere thanks to the Research Cell, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University for
funding this study. We also express our gratitude to the Indian Drugs Research Association & Laboratory, Pune,
and Department of Biochemistry, BVDUMC Pune, for their help extended during this study.
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