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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are a group of root-obligate biotrophs that form symbiotic relationships with about 80% of plants. They act as natural biofertilizers by providing host plants with water, nutrients, and pathogen protection in exchange for photosynthetic products. AMF constitute a type of beneficial fungus that colonizes plant roots and increases absorption of phosphorus and other nutrients from soil, supporting plant growth and increasing crop yields. They function as biofertilizers in this way.
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"Download and view" is recommended as information is interrupted by animation effects.
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- Examples highlighted are Lalbagh Botanical Garden in Bangalore, Lloyd Botanic Garden in Darjeeling, and National Botanic Garden in Lucknow.
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This presentation summarizes several diseases that affect the sissoo tree species (Dalbergia sissoo), including leaf spot caused by various fungi which produce yellowish or grayish lesions on leaves, leaf blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani which causes stomata-infected blotches on leaves, powdery mildew caused by Phyllactinia dalbergiae which produces a dense white mycelium on leaves, and rust disease caused by Maravalia achroa which infects seedlings. It also discusses wilt symptoms of flagging leaves and die-back symptoms of thinning foliage and drying branches. Control methods include fungicide applications and sanitation practices.
How Plants defend themselves against pathogens.
Plants have several defense mechanisms against pathogens. They have structural barriers like waxes and cell walls that inhibit pathogen entry. They also produce biochemical defenses like phenolic compounds, tannins and fatty acids that are toxic to pathogens or neutralize their toxins. Plant resistance is controlled by genes and can be polygenic involving many genes or monogenic involving a single resistance gene. Systemic acquired resistance allows plants to develop generalized resistance systemically in response to infection or chemical treatment.
induce systemic resistance
This document discusses induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants. It provides historical context on studies of induced resistance dating back to the late 1800s. ISR is defined as a phenomenon where treatment with certain chemicals or pathogens activates a plant's defenses throughout the plant. Key findings include:
- ISR is activated by rhizobacteria and involves jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling rather than salicylic acid signaling as in systemic acquired resistance.
- Several bacteria, fungi, chemicals, and elicitors are reported to induce ISR through different signaling pathways and defense responses.
- Further research is needed to fully understand ISR signaling and apply it effectively in fields to control plant diseases.
Plant stress definition and classification
The document discusses various types of stress that can affect plants, including biotic stress from pathogens and abiotic stress from physical and chemical factors like drought, flooding, temperature extremes, light levels, salt levels, air pollution, wind, and nutrient deficiencies or toxicities. It describes how each stress can impact plant growth and physiology and outlines some strategies plants use to tolerate or avoid stress, such as escaping the stress period, avoiding stress through morphological adaptations, or tolerating stress through physiological and biochemical mechanisms.
SAR ppt
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a whole-plant immune response that is activated upon localized infection by a pathogen. It provides long-lasting, broad-spectrum resistance against secondary infections. SAR involves the production of mobile signaling molecules like methyl salicylate, azelaic acid, and glycerol-3-phosphate in infected tissues that activate defenses in distant, uninfected tissues. This results in increased expression of pathogenesis-related proteins and other defenses. The NPR1 protein is a master regulator of the SAR response.
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This document summarizes diseases that affect tomatoes and their management. The major diseases discussed are bacterial wilt, fusarium wilt, anthracnose, bacterial spot, early blight, late blight, and tomato leaf curl. Symptoms, prevention methods, and resistant varieties are described for each disease. Bacterial wilt is particularly devastating and soil-borne, while rotation, resistant varieties, and hygiene are recommended for management of the diseases.
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Carbon is the major constituent element in plants after water. It is found in important biomolecules like chlorophyll, cytochromes, alkaloids, and many vitamins. Nitrogen plays an important role in plant metabolism, growth, reproduction and heredity. Plants cannot utilize atmospheric nitrogen directly and require nitrogen-fixing bacteria to convert it into bioavailable forms like nitrates, nitrites and ammonia. Nitrogen fixation can occur through both biological and non-biological means, with biological nitrogen fixation involving symbiotic associations between plants and nitrogen-fixing microorganisms like Rhizobium bacteria.
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Rhizobium is a genus of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that forms symbiotic root nodules on legume plants. The bacteria live within the nodules and convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is provided to the plant in exchange for organic compounds from photosynthesis. Key to this process is the nitrogenase enzyme, which consists of an iron and molybdenum-iron protein that work together to reduce dinitrogen gas into ammonia. The nodules also contain leghemoglobin, which protects the oxygen-sensitive nitrogenase enzyme. This mutually beneficial relationship between Rhizobium bacteria and legumes provides fixed nitrogen to the plants.
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MICROBIAL ECOLOGY
This document discusses mycorrhizal fungi and nematophagous fungi. It begins by introducing mycorrhizae as a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots. It then describes different types of mycorrhizal associations like ectomycorrhizae, endomycorrhizae, and arbuscular mycorrhizae. It also discusses the benefits of mycorrhizal relationships for both plants and fungi. The document then introduces nematodes and nematophagous fungi, which prey on nematodes through trapping mechanisms like adhesive hyphae or nets.
Fungi in Agriculture and Forestry: A Boon to Human Welfare by Dr. Pampi Ghosh
One day National webinar on " Fungi in human welfare".
Invited Talk
Speaker 2: Dr. Pampi Ghosh
Assistant Prof (SSS), Dept. of Botany, SBM, Kapgari, Jhargram, W.B.
You tube link: Presentation of P. Ghosh: https://youtu.be/2jTXnxv3WiY
on 05/01/2022 (12:30 to 1:20 p.m)
Thank to the convenor of this webinar committee Dr. Chhya K. Bhalsankar, HOD, Botany Dept. , AJMVP's New Arts, Commerce and Science college Shevgaon, Ahmednagar
vice Principal Sir
Dr. YS sudake, AJMVP's New Arts, Commerce and Science college Shevgaon, Ahmednagar
and
Principal Sir Dr. PR Kunde, AJMVP's New Arts, Commerce and Science college Shevgaon, Ahmednagar, M.S.
SOME APPLICABLE ASPECTS OF MYCORRHIZA
This document discusses mycorrhiza, which is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots. The fungus colonizes plant roots and provides minerals and water to the plant in exchange for carbohydrates. This relationship benefits plant growth in nutrient-poor soils. Many important crop plants form mycorrhizal relationships, including vegetables, fruits, field crops, trees, and ornamental plants. The mycelium of the fungus has a large surface area and can access nutrients and water that plant roots cannot reach on their own. Proper application of mycorrhizal inoculants can improve plant establishment and growth, especially in challenging soil conditions.
How Mycorrhizal Fungi Can Benefit Your Tree.pdf
Learn about the benefits of mycorrhizal fungi for plant growth and soil health, and discover ways to encourage their growth in your landscape. Read more to understand this fungus.
Biofertilizer
The document discusses various types of biofertilizers including bacterial, fungal, algal and aquatic fern biofertilizers. It describes key bacterial biofertilizers such as Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azotobacter and their roles in nitrogen fixation. It also discusses fungal biofertilizers including vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and their mechanism of enhancing nutrient transfer. The mass production process of different biofertilizers including fermentation and use of suitable carrier materials is summarized. Algae are also mentioned as a common free-living nitrogen fixing biofertilizer used in rice fields.
Chapter 5 Application of microbes in agro-biotechnology.pptx
Microbes play an important role in biofertilizers and biopesticides for agriculture. Biofertilizers include nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Rhizobium that form symbiotic relationships with plants, phosphate-solubilizing microbes that make phosphorus available to plants, and mycorrhizal fungi that help plants absorb nutrients. Biopesticides contain microbes like Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria, fungi, viruses, or pheromones that target specific pests with little risk to beneficial insects or the environment. Restoring degraded lands can involve reintroducing plant growth-promoting bacteria, nitrogen-fixing microbes, mycorrhizal fungi, or cyanobacteria that form
Hawai‘i Native Plant Microbiome Manual
This document provides an overview of the importance of the plant microbiome, specifically mycorrhizal fungi, for successful restoration of native Hawaiian forests. It discusses how the native plant microbiome differs from conditions in urban and disturbed areas. Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relationships with plant roots, helping with nutrient and water uptake, immune response, and nutrient cycling. The document emphasizes that mycorrhizal fungi, not just plant roots, are essential for nutrient uptake and survival of most native Hawaiian plants. Loss of native mycorrhizal fungi due to soil disturbance or invasive plants makes restoration more challenging. The document provides examples of how mycorrhizal fungi benefit plants and ecosystems. Proper understanding and
endophyte.pptx
This document summarizes information about endophytes, which are microorganisms like fungi and bacteria that live inside plants without causing harm. It discusses how endophytes interact with and provide benefits to their plant hosts, such as improving nutrient uptake, tolerance to environmental stresses, and resistance to pests and diseases. Specifically, the document describes the ecological significance of endophytes, their interactions with plants and other microbes, production of beneficial compounds, role in biotechnology applications, and current areas of research on endophytes associated with biofuel crops and their ability to produce antibiotics.
Mitigation of nutrient stress in different crops using AM fungi
Mitigation of nutrient stress in different crops using AM fungi Vasantrao Nail Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani
Plants require essential nutrients for their growth and development that are mainly acquired from soil by their roots. Nutrient stress is an environmental condition that can seriously affect the production and quality of crop produce. Biofertilizers are the organisms (Bacteria, fungi, cyanobacteria, etc.) that enrich the nutrient quality of soil. Plants have a number of beneficial relationship with such organisms. Among these AM-Fungi are ubiquitous and form a mutuality relationship with roots of most plant species.
Glomales and Entomophthorales fungi
The document discusses the general characteristics of two fungal orders: Glomales and Entomophthorales. Glomales comprises fungi that form arbuscular mycorrhizal relationships with plant roots. They have coenocytic hyphae and produce spores in soil or roots through asexual reproduction. Entomophthorales are mainly entomopathogenic fungi that are pathogens of insects. They have coenocytic or septate mycelium and produce spores or resting spores. Some Entomophthorales species are commercially used as biological control agents against insect pests.
Bio fertilizers
Biofertilizers are microorganisms that help plants grow by increasing the availability of nutrients in soil. They include nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Rhizobium and Azotobacter, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and fungi, and mycorrhizal fungi. Biofertilizers improve soil health, increase crop yields by 20-30%, and promote plant growth through the production of hormones, without leaving harmful residues like chemical fertilizers. They work by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, solubilizing insoluble phosphorus and other nutrients, and aiding nutrient uptake through the formation of symbiotic relationships with plant roots.
Mycorrhizae
This document provides information about mycorrhizae, which is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots. It defines mycorrhizae and describes the two main types: ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae. Ectomycorrhizae are formed between fungi and the roots of about 10% of plant families, mainly woody plants. They involve a fungal sheath surrounding the root. Endomycorrhizae penetrate the root cells and include arbuscular mycorrhizae, the most common type, characterized by structures called arbuscules and vesicles. The relationship benefits both the plant, which receives increased nutrient and water absorption, and the fungus, which receives
Introduction To Mycorrhiza
this presentation is about mycorrhiza. it is a benefitial association between fungi and roots of higher plants. in this presentation we will study about mycorrhiza and its types etc.
Importance of microorganism in agriculture
This document discusses the use of microbes in agriculture. It provides examples of microbes like bacteria and fungi that can be used as biological control agents against pests and as biofertilizers to fix nitrogen and solubilize phosphorus in soil. Biological control agents like Beauveria fungus and NPV virus can control insects like aphids and caterpillars respectively. Biofertilizers include nitrogen fixing bacteria like Rhizobium and algae like Anabaena. Effective Microorganisms solution contains lactic acid bacteria, yeast and photosynthetic bacteria that enhances crop growth and improves soil health. In conclusion, bio-control agents and biofertilizers are safer, cheaper and renewable alternatives to chemical pesticides
Understanding Mycorrhizae by Stover Seed
Mycorrhizae is best known as a symbiotic relationship between the naturally occurring fungi in the soil, and a host’s plants root system. Mycorrhizae fungi can be found in about 99% of all living plants and makes up one of the most important elements in a, healthy, complex soil food web. Visit- http://www.stoverseed.com
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Fungi in Agriculture and Forestry: A Boon to Human Welfare by Dr. Pampi Ghosh
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More from SuganyaPaulraj
FOOD ADULTERATION.pptx
Food adulteration is the practice of adding harmful or cheap substances to food to increase profits. It is common in developing countries and reduces the nutritional value of food. Some common adulterants include stones in grains, chemicals to ripen fruit, and mixing decomposed and good produce. Adulterated food can cause health issues like malnutrition and organ damage. Governments and health organizations promote awareness of adulteration and encourage people to check for signs of tampering with their food.
TRANSLATION.pptx
Protein synthesis involves the translation of mRNA sequences into amino acid chains. Ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER catalyze this process using three binding sites to join amino acids specified by the mRNA codons. Amino acids are activated and attached to specific tRNAs before delivery to the ribosome by elongation factors. Initiation, elongation through peptide bond formation, and termination result in the full protein chain.
TCA CYCLE (KREBS).pptx
The document summarizes the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or TCA cycle. It describes the cycle as a series of reactions that occur in mitochondria resulting in the oxidation of acetyl CoA to produce carbon dioxide, hydrogen atoms, and high-energy electron carriers. The cycle contains 8 enzyme-mediated steps that ultimately generate 3 NADH molecules, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP/ATP, and 2 CO2 per turn of the cycle. The cycle plays a key role in aerobic respiration by generating electron carriers that feed into the electron transport chain to produce ATP.
Structure of amino acids.pptx
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. There are 20 standard amino acids that make up proteins, as well as some modified and non-protein amino acids. Amino acids contain an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain that differs between each type. They can be classified based on properties of their side chains, such as being polar, nonpolar, or aromatic. Nutritionists also classify amino acids as either essential or non-essential depending on whether humans can synthesize them.
REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN PROKARYOTES.pptx
Prokaryotes regulate gene expression through several mechanisms. Operons allow for coordinated expression of multiple genes. Regulation occurs via induction when an inducer stimulates transcription, or repression when a corepressor inhibits transcription. Other mechanisms include positive control, catabolite repression, and attenuation based on translation rates of the transcript. These regulatory mechanisms allow prokaryotes to efficiently obtain or conserve energy depending on nutrient availability.
PROPERTIES OF AMINOACIDS.pptx
Amino acids are colorless, crystalline solids that have high melting points above 200 degrees Celsius. They are soluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohols. Amino acids are optically active and can form peptide bonds between their amino and carboxyl groups. They have zwitterionic and amphoteric properties due to possessing both amine and carboxylic acid functional groups. Common tests to identify amino acids include the ninhydrin, xanthoproteic, and reactions with reagents like nitrous acid or Sanger's reagent. The 20 standard amino acids are essential for building proteins and sustaining human health through roles like hormone production, muscle structure, and organ function.
POST TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS.pptx
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) refer to any alterations made to proteins after their initial synthesis, such as modification of amino acid side chains. PTMs influence protein structure, stability, activity, and more. Common PTMs include phosphorylation, glycosylation, methylation, and hydroxylation. PTMs are important for proper protein folding, conferring stability, and regulating protein activity and function. They increase proteome diversity and complexity.
POST TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODOFICATION.pptx
The document summarizes post-transcriptional modifications of RNA in eukaryotes. It describes how the primary transcript (hnRNA) undergoes processing to form mature mRNA through the addition of a 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail and splicing of introns. The 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail protect the mRNA from degradation. Splicing involves removing introns and joining exons, facilitated by interactions with small nuclear ribonucleoproteins and other proteins to form the spliceosome complex. This results in mRNA containing only the coding exons that can then be translated into protein.
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY.pptx
The pentose phosphate pathway is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis that generates NADPH and pentoses. It occurs mainly in the cytoplasm of liver and red blood cells. Glucose-6-phosphate enters the pathway and undergoes oxidative and non-oxidative reactions. The oxidative reactions produce NADPH, while the non-oxidative reactions produce pentoses and glycolytic intermediates. The overall reaction generates NADPH, CO2, and pentoses from glucose, with NADPH used for lipid and nucleotide biosynthesis and antioxidant defenses.
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.pptx
The document discusses oxidative phosphorylation, which is the final step in cellular respiration that occurs in the mitochondria. It involves an electron transport chain where electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 through a series of redox reactions. This powers the pumping of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient. ATP synthase then uses this proton gradient to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP, in a process known as chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain releases energy gradually to power this coupled synthesis of ATP.
PROKAYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION.pptx
Transcription in prokaryotes involves RNA polymerase copying a portion of the DNA genome into RNA. It occurs in three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation begins with RNA polymerase binding to promoter sequences on DNA to form a closed complex, then an open complex. Elongation entails RNA polymerase continuing to synthesize RNA down the DNA template. Termination can occur via either rho-independent or rho-dependent mechanisms, stopping further RNA production.
EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION.pptx
Eukaryotic transcription involves RNA polymerase enzymes transcribing DNA into RNA. It occurs within the nucleus and involves three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation is more complex in eukaryotes and involves recruitment of transcription factors to promoter regions. Elongation utilizes RNA polymerase to synthesize RNA using DNA as a template. Termination does not rely on stem-loop structures as in prokaryotes. The primary transcript then undergoes processing before becoming a mature, functional RNA molecule.
Rna
This document discusses the key differences between RNA and DNA. It notes that RNA contains ribose sugar rather than deoxyribose, contains uracil rather than thymine, and is typically single-stranded. It describes the three main types of RNA - rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA - and their functions in protein synthesis, with rRNA in ribosomes, tRNA transferring amino acids, and mRNA carrying DNA's genetic code to the cytoplasm. The document provides details on the structure and role of each RNA type.
Dna
DNA carries genetic instructions in all living things. It is a double-stranded molecule shaped like a twisted ladder. Each strand has a backbone made of sugar and phosphate, with nitrogen bases (A, T, C, G) forming rungs between the strands via hydrogen bonding. The structure was discovered in 1953 by Watson and Crick. DNA is found in the cell nucleus and mitochondria, where it stores and transmits hereditary information from parents to offspring that directs protein synthesis and cell functions.
Genome organization of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
1. Prokaryotic genetic material is usually a single, circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region. Eukaryotic genetic material is contained within the nucleus in the form of linear chromosomes composed of DNA and proteins.
2. Chromosomes contain genes and vary in number between species. Eukaryotic chromosomes are packaged with histone proteins into chromatin and can exist in condensed or uncondensed states.
3. Genetic material exists in different structural and functional states between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are biomolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on the number of monomer units present. Monosaccharides include simple sugars like glucose and fructose. Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond, examples being sucrose and lactose. Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides and include starch, glycogen, and cellulose. Carbohydrates serve important functions as energy sources, structural components of cells and organisms, and precursors for other biomolecules.
Classification of microorganisms
This document classifies and describes different types of microorganisms including viruses, protozoa, bacteria, fungi, and algae. It provides information on their size, structure, habits, nutrition, and methods of reproduction. Viruses are the smallest and can only replicate inside host cells. Protozoa are unicellular organisms that live in bodies of living things and damp environments. Bacteria come in various shapes and sizes from 0.2 to 10 micrometers and reproduce through binary fission or conjugation. Fungi can be unicellular or multicellular, feed by absorbing nutrients, and reproduce sexually or asexually. Algae are mostly aquatic, photosynthetic, and range in size from 1 micro
Fluoresence microscope
The fluorescence microscope uses fluorescence and phosphorescence instead of, or in addition to, reflection and absorption to study organic or inorganic substances. It works by illuminating a specimen with specific excitation wavelengths that are absorbed by fluorophores, causing them to emit light of longer wavelengths. Key parts include light sources, excitation and emission filters, and a dichroic mirror. Fluorescence microscopy is widely used in biology for applications like imaging cell structures, viability studies, and viewing genetic material. It has advantages like sensitivity and the ability to track multiple molecules simultaneously, but limitations include photobleaching and phototoxicity over long exposures.
Microbial flora of soil
This document discusses the microbial flora of soil. It defines soil microflora as microorganisms that contribute to the biological properties of soil, including bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. The five major groups interact and form a soil food web, with bacteria and fungi serving important roles in decomposition. Physical and chemical factors like pH and nutrients influence the growth and activity of soil microflora. The microflora are then classified and examples are given of bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and their functions in the soil ecosystem.
Interactions between microorganisms and Mutualism
Microbial interactions include mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, competition, and predation. Mutualism is a positive interaction that benefits both species. There are different types of mutualism including obligate, where species depend on the interaction for survival, and facultative, where species benefit but can live independently. Examples of mutualism include lichens, where algae and fungi interact obligately, and honeybees and flowering plants, which interact facultatively. Microbial interactions are important for ecosystem function and evolution.
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We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsApplied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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- 2. A biofertilizer is a chemical that contains living microorganisms that colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, and encourage growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant
- 3. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) constitute a group of root obligate biotrophs that exchange mutual benefits with about 80% of plants. They are considered natural biofertilizers, since they provide the host with water, nutrients, and pathogen protection, in exchange for photosynthetic products.
- 4. Mycorrhizae A mycorrhiza is a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a plant. The term refers to the fungus' role in the plant's rhizosphere or root system. Mycorrhizae may be a fungus that forms a symbiotic relationship with the roots of upper plants. Phosphate is absorbed by the fungus and passed on to the plant. It also increases plant tolerance to salinity and drought and offers resistance to root-borne pathogens. They function as biofertilizers in this way. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) is a sort of root-bound biotrophs that help roughly 80% of plants by exchanging mutual advantages. Because they provide the host with water, nutrients, and pathogen protection reciprocally for photosynthetic products, they're termed natural biofertilizers.
- 5. Benefits It is a beneficial fungus that forms a symbiotic relationship with plant roots, increasing phosphorus, other nutrients, and water absorption from the soil, hence supporting plant growth and development and increasing output. It's a mycorrhiza-based biofertilizer that contains mycorrhiza fungal spores. Mycorrhizal fungi may absorb, store, and transport significant amounts of phosphate in their hyphae, which they then release into plant root tissues.