The endocrine system includes glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate distant target tissues and organs. The major glands are the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads, thymus, and pineal. The pituitary gland regulates other endocrine glands by secreting hormones like growth hormone, TSH, and ACTH. The thyroid regulates metabolism and produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Disorders include hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. The pancreas produces insulin to regulate blood sugar levels, and diabetes occurs when there is insufficient insulin. Sex glands like the ovaries and testes produce hormones like estrogen, progesterone and test
Endocrine Glands. Explaination of different glands.Function of different glands and the disorders caused by the alterations in the level of hormone secreted by the different glands.
Endocrine Glands. Explaination of different glands.Function of different glands and the disorders caused by the alterations in the level of hormone secreted by the different glands.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract—also called the GI tract or digestive tract—and the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. ... The hollow organs that make up the GI tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract—also called the GI tract or digestive tract—and the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. ... The hollow organs that make up the GI tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
Endocrine System (Hormones in Animals/WBBSE))RanjanShaw5
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM : Endocrine system is the system formed by ductless glands which secrete chemical substances called as hormones. Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the blood.
Hormones are minute, chemical messengers thrown into blood to act on target organs.
Hormones can be steroids, proteins, peptides or amino acid derivatives.
These hormones act as on specific organs called target organ.
The target cell has on it surface or cytoplasm, a specific protein molecule called receptor.
The receptor can recognise and pick out the specific hormone capable of acting in cell.
The topic discussed here is the Human endocrine system and the various hormones and their functions, disorders of the endocrine system and their effects.
22.chemical control & coordination in one shot.pptxanonymous
There are special chemicals which act as hormones and provide chemical
coordination, integration and regulation in the human body. These hormones
regulate metabolism, growth and development of our organs, the endocrine glands
or certain cells. The endocrine system is composed of hypothalamus, pituitary
and pineal, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, parathyroid, thymus and gonads (testis
and ovary). In addition to these, some other organs, e.g., gastrointestinal tract,
kidney, heart etc., also produce hormones. Progesterone plays a major role in the maintenance of pregnancy as
well as in mammary gland development and lactation. The atrial wall of the heart
produces atrial natriuretic factor which decreases the blood pressure. Kidney
produces erythropoietin which stimulates erythropoiesis. The gastrointestinal tract
secretes gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin and gastric inhibitory peptide. These
hormones regulate the secretion of digestive juices and help in digestion.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. Endocrine System
• The endocrine system includes the
endocrine glands and their hormones
• The function of the endocrine system is to
secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
• Hormone: A Chemical messenger which
targets a specific group of cells, in order to
cause some activity or stop doing an
activity.
3. Endocrine System
• Exocrine glands release their secretions into
ducts, or tubes
– Liver Bile released into the gallbladder, then through a
duct into the small intestine
– Pancreas releases pancreatic juice into the small
intestine via a duct
• Endocrine Glands are called ductless glands
– Release hormones directly into the bloodstream
– Blood transports hormones throughout the body
– Each hormone acts on only a certain kind of tissue
called its target tissue
5. Human Endocrine Glands
• Pituitary
• Thyroid
• Parathyroid
• Adrenal
• Pancreas (Islets of
Langerhans)
• Gonads (Testes and Ovaries)
• Tymus gland
• Pineal gland
6. Pituitary
• Pituitary gland is situated at the base of brain in
hallow called sella turcica of sphenoid bone.
• It consists of two main lobes.
1. Anterior lobe {Anterior Pituitary}
2.Posterior lobe {Posterior Pituitary}
8. Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Hormone Function
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to Synthesise
its hormones
Luteotrophic Hormone (LTH)
Growth Hormone (GH) It is necessary for the normal growth
and development of the body
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) To stimulate the thyroid to produce
thyroxin
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone
(ACTH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Overy in female to Synthesise Oestrogen
Testes in male to Synthesise
Spermatozoa
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Stimulates the production of
Progesterone and testosterone
Stimulates the milk production in
females
9. Disorder of Anterior Pituitary
Hormone
• Over secretion of growth hormone:
– Gigantism in childhood and Acromegaly in adults
(bones of face, hands and feet enlarge)
• Under secretion of growth hormone:
– Dwarfism in childhood
10. Posterior Pituitary
Hormone
• The posterior lobe of pituitary secretes 2 types of
hormones.
• 1.Oxytocin.
• 2.Vasopressin(ADH)
• Function of Oxytocin:-
• Contraction of uterus during labour.
• Ejaculation of milk from breast.
• Function of Vasopressin(ADH):-
• Decreasing urine output by increasing tubular reabsorption in kidney.
• Increasing BP by constricting capillaries and arterioles.
11. Thyroid gland
• Thyroid gland is situated in lower part of neck on the thyroid
cartilage.
• Releases hormone thyroxin
• Function is to regulate rates of metabolism in the body
– Essential for normal physical and mental development
• Oversecretion of thyroxin:
– Results in nervousness and weight loss
• Undersecretion of thyroxin:
– Results in cretinism (mental retardation, small size) in
children
12. Secretion of thyroid hormone
• The thyroid gland synthesizes and secretes 2 hormones
• 1.Thyroxine
• 2.Tri-iodothyronine
The synthesis of these hormones occurs in the
following 4 stages.
1.Iodide is removed from plasma and conc. In the thyroid
gland.
2.Iodide is oxidised to iodine
3. Iodide combines with the amino acid tyrosine and forms .
A. monoiodotyrosine.(MIT) B. Diiodotyrosine(DIT)
13. • 4. Two molecules of DIT combine to form Thyroxine.
(TETRAIODOTHYRONINE)
• One molecule each of DIT and MIT unite to form Thyroxine
(TRIIODOTHYRONINE)
Regulation of secretion:
• The secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by thyroid
stimulating hormone(TSH).
Functions of thyroid hormone.
• This hormone influences growth and metabolism.
• The major Functions are
1. Increase in oxygen consumption and heat production in
tissues.
2. Increases in BMR
3. Increases the absorption and utilisation of glucose.
14. • 4. Anabolic effects like growth promotion and protein
synthesis.
• 5. Increase in the rate of cholesterol synthesis in liver.
• 6. Myelination of CNS.
• 7.Storage of Iodine
15. Disordes of Thyroid
Hypothyroidism
1.Critinism: Leads to mental retardation in fetus.
2.Myxoedema: Leads to physical retardation after birth.
3.Endemic goiter: Due to deficiency of iodine in food leads to
enlargement of thyroid
gland.
Hyperthyroidism
1. Grave`s desease: It produces protrusion of eyeball,
rapid pulse and nervousness.
16. Parathyroid
• The parathyroid glands are 4 in number
• They are embedded on the posterior surface
• Located in back of thyroid gland (in neck)
• Hormone released is parathormone
• It is composed of 2 types of cells namely
• a]Chief cells b]Oxyphillcells
17. Functions
• To control metabolism of calcium
– Necessary for normal nerve and muscle
function, blood clotting, healthy bones and
teeth
18. Disorder of parathyroid
hormone
1. Hyperparathyroidism of parathormone results
in nerve disorders, brittle bones and clotting
problems this condition is called as ostetis
fibrosa.
2. Hypoparathyroidism leads to lower calcium
which can cause tetany.
19. Adrenal Glands (Supra
renal gland)
• Located at the top of each kidney
• Adrenal gland can be divided into 2 parts
they are
1.Medulla(inner)
2. Cortex(outer)
20. Medulla
• It secrets Adrenaline and Nor-Adrenaline
Cortex
• It has 3 distinct layers
LAYERS HARMONES
1.Outer layer Zona glomerulosa Mineralo corticoid
2.Middle layer Zona faciculata Gluco corticoid
3.Inner layer Zona reticularis Sex steroid
21. Functions of Adrenal gland
• Mineral corticoids regulates mineral and water
balance in body
• Glucocorticoids regulates Carbohydrate,
protein and fat metabolism.
Promotes conversion of fats and proteins to glucose
• Sex steroids regulates the sex hormone like testosterone
in male and estrogen in female
• Adrenaline raises the blood sugar levels and increases
heartbeat and breathing rates.
22. Disorder of Adrenals
1. Cushing`s syndrome:
This is Due to hyper secretion of cortisol.
2. Addison`s diseases:
This is due to hypo secretion of
Glucocorticoids.
3. Pheochromocytoma:
This is due to hyper secretion of adrenalin
and nor adrenaline.
23.
24. Pancreas
• pancreas lies on the posterior abdominal wall
• It extends between the C shaped curvature of duodenum
and spleen.
25. Islets of Langerhans(Pancreatic
cells)
Cells Hormones functions
Alfa cells Glucagon It promotes Glycogenolysis in liver
Beta cells Insulin It maintenance blood glucose level
Delta cells Somatostatine It inhibits the excess secretion of
Glucose and Glucagon
Gamma cells Pancreatic polypeptide It promotes the secretion of
pancreatic digestive enzymes
26. Disorders of Pancreas
• Oversecretion of insulin results in low blood
sugar
• Undersecretion of insulin results in high blood
sugar
– This can lead to a condition known as
diabetes
27. Diabetes-Type 1
• Type 1- Usually found in children and young
adults; the body doesn’t make enough insulin
– Symptoms:
• Frequent urination
• Unusual thirst
• Extreme hunger
• Unusual weight loss
• Extreme fatigue and Irritability
28. Diabetes- Type 2
• Type 2- Either the body doesn’t produce
enough insulin, or the cells ignore it.
– If you consume too much sugar over a long
period of time, your body has to release large
amounts of insulin. This can result in your
cells building up a tolerance for insulin,
which means they won’t be affected by it.
– Symptoms:
• Any of the type 1 symptoms
• Frequent infections
• Blurred vision
• Cuts/bruises that are slow to heal
• Tingling/numbness in the hands/feet
• Recurring skin, gum, or bladder infections
29. Gonads (Testes and
Ovaries)
There are 2 types of sex glands
1.Ovaries: It secrets oestrogen and
progesterone in females.
2.Testis: It secrets testosterone in males.
30. Functions of gonads(sex glands)
1. Oestrogen :
It regulates the menstrual cycle.
It involves in the development of secondary sex
characters.
The secretion of oestrogen is controlled by FSH
2. Progesterone:
Maturation and development of breast and uterus
Preaparation of uterus to receive the fertilised ovum.
3. Testostterone:
Stimulation of spermatogenesis`
Growth of penis, Scrotum and Prostate.
Development of secondary sex characters.
Secretion of gonads is controlled by LH
31. Tymus gland
This gland is present in upper chest cavity on the trachea.
It is located between the sternum and heart.
It consists of two lobes.
Each lobe consists of number of lobules.
Thymus is bigger in size at birth.
It grows in size until puberty. Later it gradually decreases
in size
32. Functions of Thymus gland
It involves in the production of
lymphocytes.
It plays some role in sexual development.
33. Pineal gland
It is the smallest gland which is situated
in the brain.
It is reddish gray in colour and measures
10 mm in length.
34. Function of pineal gland
It secretes hormone known as melotonine at
night
Which controls the CNS functions like sleep-
wake cycle.
It act as biological clock because it prevents
sleeplessness (Insomnia).