The document discusses the endocrine system and conditions related to abnormal hormone levels. It describes the major endocrine glands like the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas and gonads. It explains disorders that can occur when hormone levels are too high or low, such as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, and diabetes. It also discusses conditions of abnormal hair growth like hirsutism and hypertrichosis that can be caused by endocrine disorders.

1. Endocrinology

2. Objectives
• Understand the basic functions of the
endocrine system, including the endocrine
glands and the hormones they stimulate
or are stimulated by
• Identify the main diseases and disorders
caused by any malfunctioning of the
endocrine system that relate to the hair
removal specialist

3. • The endocrine system is important to us
because it is the system that regulates /
stimulates hair growth
• Understanding the endocrine system is
key to the requirement of referring a
patient to a physician.

4. • The endocrine system relates to the
glands that secrete hormones into the
lymph or bloodstream

5. Hormones
• Substances produced by the endocrine
glands which have a regulatory function
– Growth
– Sexual Development
– Digestive System
– Metabolism
– Overall Health

6. Glands of the Endocrine System
• There are two types
– Exocrine (secrete through a duct)
– Endocrine (directly into bloodstream)

7. Exocrine Glands
• Sebaceous Glands
• Mammary Glands
• Excrete waste material

8. Endocrine Glands
• Secrete hormones into the bloodstream to
either stimulate the target organ or inhibit
the organ.
• These hormones can be called chemical
messangers

10. The Brain
• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary Gland
– Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)
– Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)
• Pineal Gland

11. What’s Important????
• Hypothalamus - The hypothalamus links our
endocrine and nervous systems together. The
hypothalamus drives the endocrine system.
• Pituitary gland - The pituitary gland receives
signals from the hypothalamus. This gland has
two lobes, the posterior and anterior lobes. The
posterior lobe secretes hormones that are made
by the hypothalamus. The anterior lobe
produces its own hormones, several of which act
on other endocrine glands.

12. Posterior Lobe
• Secretes two hormones
– Oxytocin – stimulates muscles of the uterus to
contract during childbirth and to expel milk
during lactation
– ADH (antidiuretic hormone) – causes water
retention which concentrates urine
*diabetes insipidus

13. Anterior Lobe
• “Master Gland”
• Produces 7 Hormones
1. ACTH
2. TSH
3. GH
4. MSH
5. FSH
6. LH
7. LTH

14. ACTH
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone, as its name
implies, stimulates the adrenal cortex.
More specifically, it stimulates secretion of
glucocorticoids such as cortisol, and has
little control over secretion of aldosterone,
the other major steroid hormone from the
adrenal cortex

16. TSH
• Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
– Controls the thyroid gland

17. GH
• Growth Hormone
– Affects skeletal development

18. MSH
• Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
– Stimulates melanocyte production in the
epidermis

19. FSH
• Follicle Stimulating Hormone
– Affects the ovarian follicles in women and
seminiferous tissue in men

20. LH
• Luteinizing Hormone
– Stimulates ovulation

21. LTH
• Lactogenic Hormone
– Causes mammary glands to produce milk

23. Thryoid Gland
• The thyroid gland is a soft, butterfly
shaped gland that lies wrapped around
the windpipe below the Adam's Apple. Its
job is to secrete thyroid hormones that
help regulate metabolism – in other words,
the many chemical processes that keep
our bodies ticking over.

24. • The thyroid gland manufactures two essential hormones
– thyroxine (also referred to as T4) and tri-iodothyronine
(also referred to as T3)
• There's not much difference between T3 and T4. The
numbers refer to the amount of atoms of iodine
contained in the hormones. T3 is the more powerful
while T4 is released by the thyroid in larger amounts, but
is mostly converted to T3 in the liver and kidneys.
• The effect of T3 and T4 is to
– increase the basal metabolic rate of almost all the cells in the
body
– increase the fat and carbohydrate metabolism
– boost protein synthesis
– increase heart rate and blood flow to other organs.

25. Hyperthyroidism
• Hyperthyroidism is when the thyroid becomes overactive
and releases too much T3 and T4 into the blood.
Another name for it is thyrotoxicosis. A person with too
much circulating thyroid hormone finds they are living
with a metabolism that is continually 'revved up'. That
person notices the following symptoms:
– weight loss, despite an increased appetite
– nervousness, agitation and anxiety
– tiredness
– rapid pulse
– tremor (shaking) of the hands
– sweating and sensitivity to heat
– diarrhea.

26. Goiter
• A goiter is a descriptive term rather than an actual
condition. It refers to the enlargement of the thyroid.
• Someone with Graves' or Hashimoto's disease may
have a diffuse goiter, which is one that has spread
throughout the thyroid gland. A goiter can also be a
localized lump or nodule, caused by a single thyroid
nodule or a cancer (although cancers are rare in the
thyroid). And the term multinodular goiter is used when
many lumps have spread throughout the gland.
• Another cause of a diffuse goiter is a shortage of iodine
in the diet. Too little iodine means that the thyroid can't
make enough thyroid hormone. In response, the
hypothalamus and pituitary release TRH and TSH, and
as a consequence of stimulation, the size of the gland
increases. If the gland still can't make enough thyroid
hormone, goiter and hypothyroidism are the result.

27. Hypothyroidism
• Hypothyroidism is the opposite condition. In
hypothyroidism, the thyroid fails to make and release
enough T3 and T4 into the bloodstream and the
metabolism slows to a crawl. This produces a range of
physical and emotional changes, including:
– lethargy and tiredness
– feeling cold (even on warm days)
– difficulty concentrating
– unusual weight gain
– depression
– puffiness of the face
– hair loss
– dry skin
– constipation

28. • Cretinism - hypothyroidism in children
(physical stunting and mental retardation)
• Myxedema – hypothyroidism in adults
(sluggishness and/or weight gain)

29. Parathyroid Glands
• Embedded in the thyroid gland
• Secrete para-thormone or PTH
(parathyroid hormone)
• PTH maintains the calcium level in the
blood by acting on the bones, intestines
and kidneys

31. Thymus
• Its located in the chest
• Importance: before birth it is major source
of lymphocytes
• Involved with the development of immune
system cells

32. Adrenal Glands
• Sit on top of kidneys
• Two Sections
– Adrenal Cortex
– Adrenal Medulla

33. Adrenal Cortex
• Produce more than 50 adrenal cortical
hormones – STEROIDS
– Mineralocorticoids
– Glucocorticoids
– Sex Steroids

34. Adrenal Medulla
• Secretes two substances
– Epinephrine
– Norepinephrine

35. Cushings Syndrome
• An excess of cortisol is released.
• Often caused by a tumor on the adrenal
cortex.
• Results in muscle weakness, puffy face,
obesity, hirtuism, and Diabetes

41. The Pancreas
• Lies behind the stomach
• Contains Islets of Langerhans
– Secrete insulin and glucagons
Insulin lowers blood sugar
Glucagon raises blood sugar
*Diabetes – lack of insulin

42. The Female Gonads
• The ovaries secrete sex steroids known as
estrogen and progesterone
• Females produce androgens as well but in
lesser quantities

43. The Male Gonads
• The hypothalmus releases GnRH which
stimulates the pituitary to produce FSH
and LH which stimulate their targets in the
testes.
• FSH stimulates seminiferous tubules
• LH stimulates Leydig Cells to secrete
testosterone

44. DISCUSSION
• 1. Difference between an exocrine gland and an
endocrine gland
• 2. Which gland is known as the master gland?
• 3. Hypothyroidism causes what condition in
adults?
• 4. Which two main substances does the
adrenal medulla secrete?
• 5. Does FSH cause the hair follicles to produce
terminal hair?

45. Hirsuitism and Hypertrichosis

46. Learning Objectives
• Identify the basic causes of hirsutism
• Explain the basic causes of hypertrichosis
• Differentiate between the two conditions of
hypertrichosis
• Recognize when a condition may signal
the need for further medical evaluation

47. Hypertrichosis
• Excessive hair growth on any part of the
body that is abnormal for the age, sex,
race and culture of the individual
• This type of hair is usually terminal and is
not associated with stimulated male
androgens and does not follow male hair
growth pattern.

48. Causes
• Genetic
• Natural Occurrences
• Reactions to medical procedures
• Resulting of some cancer treatments
• Reaction to certain medications

50. • Severe hypertrichosis is quite rare, almost
certainly due to unknown genetic defects,
and can result in excessive or animal-like
hair on both face and body. Some of these
people have been displayed in carnival
sideshows with names such as "dog-boy"
or the "bearded lady." Fedor Jeftichew,
Stephan Bibrowski and Annie Jones are
well known examples

51. Hirsutism
• Terminal hair growth in women that is
caused by excessive male androgens in
the blood.
• Hair does grow in adult male hair growth
pattern.

52. Causes
• Stimulation of male androgens at puberty
• Drugs affecting the endocrine system,
increasing the % of male androgens
• Diseases and disorders of the endocrine
system

53. Hair Growth Diseases, Disorders,
and Syndromes
• Acromegaly
• Adrenogenital Syndrome
• Archard-Thiers Syndrome
• Cushings Syndrome
• Stein-Leventhal Syndrome

54. Acromegaly
• Caused by excessive GH
• In Children it can cause gigantism
• In adults can result in enlarged hands, feet
and face, and excessive androgen
production resulting in hirsutism

56. Adrenogenital Syndrome
• aka “virilism”
• Results from a blockage of cortisol at the
adrenal cortex resulting in overproduction
of androgens causing outward signs of
overdevelopment of sex organs, deep
voices, and excessive hair growth.

57. Archard-Thiers Syndrome
• Rare condition
• Combination of Cushings and
Adrenogenital Syndrome

58. Cushings Syndrome
• Chronic excess of adrenocortical
androgens or glucocorticoid hormones
which raise the blood sugar level resulting
in hyperglycemia.
• Physical Signs
– “moon face”
– Rounded abdomen
– Striae
– hirsutism

60. Stein-Leventhal Syndrome
• Now known as Polycystic Ovary
Syndrome (PCOS)
• Secrete excess androgens
• Signs : irregular or absent menstruation
• Physical Signs: small breasts, sometimes
obesity, and often hirsutism of face, neck,
chest, and thighs.

61. Discussion
• 1. Three causes of hypertrichosis
• 2. Two main causes of hirsutism
• 3. Three common syndromes that cause
hirsutism
• 4. What is the more common name for
Stein-Leventhal Syndrome?
• 5. List 3 inward and 2 outward signs of
PCOS