Tissue is group of cells, which have similar in origin, structure and function are called as “Tissues”.

1. Chapter # 02
TISSUE
Amjad Khan Afridi

2. • Tissue is group of cells, which have similar in
origin, structure and function are called as
“Tissues”.
• Tissue is the groups of cells which perform
specialized activity of the body.
• The word tissue comes from a form of an old
French verb meaning “to weave ‫ننا‬ُ‫ب‬ ”.
• The study of tissue is called “Histology”.
• In plants, tissues are divided into three types:
vascular, ground, and epidermal.

3. According to the structure and function the body tissues can be
grouped .
Fundamental types of tissues – there are 4 types of human tissues
 In plants, tissues are divided into three types: vascular, ground, and
epidermal.

5. Epithelial tissue
• Epithelial tissue, or epithelium, covers the surfaces of organs
including the skin, the trachea, the reproductive tract, and the
digestive tract’s inner lining.
• Function:
• Protection: It creates a barrier that helps protect the underlying
organs from friction and injury.
• Secretion: it also has roles in absorbing water and nutrients,
secreting enzymes or hormones and removal of waste,.

6.  All of the body’s glands are formed from ingrowths of
epithelium.
 Some common epithelial tissue diseases are skin diseases
like eczema and psoriasis, which both cause rashes.
 When cancer develops from epithelial tissue, it is called
a carcinoma.
 Epithelial cells in the airways are also responsible for
asthma, which is characterized by inflammation of the
airways that leads to shortness of breath.

7. Epithelial Tissue can further classified as;
A. Simple epithelium
B. Compound epithelium
A. Simple Epithelium
• Its made of a single layers of cell
• Its subdivided into 4 types
i. Squamous epithelium
ii. Cuboidal epithelium
iii. Columnar epithelium
iv. Ciliated epithelium

8. I. Squamous epithelium
The squamous epithelium is composed of epithelial cells that are
particularly flat, cells are wider than tall, and appear polygonal when
viewed atop. It gives a smooth, low-friction surface, which allows easy
movement of fluids over it.

9. II. Cuboidal epithelium
This type of epithelium consists of a single layer of cuboidal (cube-like)
cells which have large, spherical and central nuclei.

10. III. Columnar epithelium
The columnar epithelium is composed of epithelial cells that are
column-shaped. The cell comprising the columnar epithelium is taller
than it is wide. Its height is approximately four times its width.

11. IV. Ciliated epithelium
Ciliated epithelium is a thin tissue that has hair-like structures on it. These
hairs, called cilia, move back and forth to help move particles out of our
body. We find ciliated epithelial tissue in our respiratory tract and in the
fallopian tubes of women.

13. I. Stratified squamous epithelium
 Composed of more than one layer of epithelial cells.
 Stratified squamous epithelium is a type of tissue found
covering and lining parts of the body.
 In this tissue, cells are flattened, joined tightly
together, and stacked.
 Found in the outermost layer of the skin and the linings
of esophagus, mouth, and female reproductive organ.

14. I. Stratified squamous epithelium

15. I. Stratified squamous epithelium
 The stratified squamous epithelium provides protection
against;
o Mechanical stress,
o Chemical abrasions,
o Pathogens,
o Desiccation and even radiation.
 The keratinized epithelium present on the surface of the
skin blocks out the harmful radiation and prevents the
exposure of internal tissues and organs to the radiation.

16. Its composed of multi layers of cells (4 to 6 layers)
These cells are called transitional because they can undergo a
change in their shape and structure
Also called urothelium because it lines urinary ducts, urethra,
urinary bladder and renal calyxes
Its variable in appearance
In relaxed state its looks like stratified cuboidal epithelium, while
when stretched the cells become squamous shaped.
Location:
• Found urinary ducts, urethra, urinary bladder and renal calyxes
II. Transitional epithelium

17. Columnar /
Cuboidal cells
Polyhedral Cells /
Intermediate cells
Umbrella cells

18. 2. Connective
Connective tissue connects or separates groups of
other tissues.
It is found in between all the other tissues and
organs in the body.
• Connective tissue is made up of cells and
ground substance, which is a gel that surrounds
cells.
• Most connective tissue, except
for lymph and blood, also contains fibers,
which are long, narrow proteins.

19. • Fibers can be collagenous, which bind bones to
tissues;
– Elastic fiber, which allow organs like the lungs to
move;
– or reticular fiber, which provide physical support
to cells.
• Connective tissue also allows oxygen to diffuse from
blood vessels into cells.
• About 1 in 10 people are have a disorder involving
connective tissue.
• Some connective tissue disorders include sarcomas,
Marfan syndrome, lupus, and scurvy, which is a
Vitamin C deficiency that leads to fragile connective
tissue.

21. Major functions of connective tissue include:
1) Binding and supporting,
2) Protecting,
3) Insulating,
4) Storing reserve fuel, and
5) Transporting substances within the body

22. Types of connective tissue
1. Connective tissue proper
2. Cartilage
3. Bone
4. Blood

23. 3. Muscle Tissues
• Muscle tissue comprises all the muscles in the body
• Have the special ability to shorten or contract in order
to produce movement of the body parts
• There are three types of muscle tissue:
1. Skeletal muscle,
2. Cardiac muscle, and
3. Smooth muscle.

24. • Skeletal muscle anchors tendons to bones and
allows the body to move.
• Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and
contracts to pump blood.
• Smooth muscle is found in the intestines, where
it helps move food through the digestive tract, and
it is also found in other organs like blood vessels,
the uterus, and the bladder.

25. 4. Nervous Tissue
• Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal
cord, and peripheral nerves, which are all parts
of the nervous system.
• It is made up of neurons, which are nerve cells,
and neuroglia, which are cells that help nerve
impulses travel.
• Nervous tissue is grouped into four types:
– gray matter and white matter in the brain, and
nerves and ganglia in the peripheral nervous
system.

26. • The main difference between gray and white matter is
that axons of the neurons in gray matter are
unmyelinated, while white matter is myelinated.
• Myelin is a white, fatty substance that insulates
neurons and is vital for nervous system functioning.

27. Functions of the Nervous Tissue
•Memory and learning
•Voluntary movement control
•Regulates & controls body functions
•Generates & transmits nerve impulses
•Supports and protects impulse generating neurons.

28. Thank You
2nd December, 2021