This document provides an overview of osteosarcoma, including its definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, evaluation, classification, investigations, treatment, and prognosis. Some key points are: - Osteosarcoma is a highly malignant bone tumor arising from bone-forming cells. It produces malignant bone and most commonly affects adolescents and young adults. The most common sites are the distal femur, proximal tibia, and proximal humerus. - Evaluation involves imaging like X-rays, CT, MRI and bone scans. Biopsy is needed to confirm diagnosis. Staging uses the Enneking system. Treatment typically involves neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgical resection with wide margins, and reconstruction with

1. Osteo = bone/osteoid tissue
Sarcoma = malignant tumor of connective tissue
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2. Overview
Definition
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Skeletal distribution
Clinical presentation
Evaluation
Classification
Investigations
Treatment
Prognosis
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3. What is osteosarcoma ?
 Highly malignant tumor arising from primitive
mesenchymal bone-forming cells.
Histologic hallmark is production of malignant
osteoid.
Mc histological form of primary bone cancer .
2nd
most common primary malignant bone tumor after
MM.
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4. • Any bone can be involved but the Mc sites are – distal
femur, proximal tibia, proximal humerus.
• Mc metastasis to the lungs through blood stream.
INCIDENCE:
More prevalent in males than female.
Involves any age but highest occurrence in adolescence
i.e. 12-25yrs.
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5. Distal femur
Proximal tibia
Proximal humerus
(sites of rapid bone growth)
 others
Metaphyseal(89%)>diaphyseal(10%)>epiphyseal(1%)
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Skeletal distribution

6. Etiology
Rapid bone growth – adolescence growth spurt in the
metaphyseal area near the growth plate.
Radiation exposure – mostly causes secondary forms.
Genetic predisposition :
 - hereditary form of retinoblastoma( RB gene
mutation)
 - Li-Fraumeni syndrome (p53 gene mutation)
 - Rothmund – Thomson syndrome ( autosomal
recessive)
Paget's disease of bone – mostly secondary forms.
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7. Classification
PRIMARY or SECONDARY
PRIMARY OSTEOSARCOMAS (15 – 25 yrs)
 Conventional /classic osteosarcoma (high
grade, intra medullar y)
 Low-grade intramedullary osteosarcoma
 Paraosteal osteosarcoma
 Periosteal osteosarcoma
 High-grade surface osteosarcoma
 Telangiectatic osteosarcoma, and
 Small cell osteosarcoma.
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8. Classification
SECONDARY OSTEOSARCOMAS
 Osteosarcoma occurring at the site of another disease
process.
 more common in >50 years of age
most commonly a/w premalignant condition like
- Paget disease
- Previous radiation treatment
- endochondromatosis
- Fibrous dysplasia
- Osteochondromas
- Osteogenesis imperfecta
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9. 1. Conventional type: osteoblastic, chondroblastic &
fibroblastic OS
2. Telangiectatic or osteolytic type OS
3. Small cell OS
4. Low grade central OS
5. Periosteal OS
6. Paraosteal OS
7. Secondary OS
8. High grade surface OS
9. Extra skeletal OS
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HISTOPATHOLOGIC VARIENTS:

10. Gross pathology
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Osteoblastic tumor – grayish white hard & gritty
feeling when cut.
Chondroid type – opalescent & bluish grey.
Fibroblastic – typical fish flesh sarcomatous
appearance.
Telangiectatic – areas of tumor necrosis & blood
filled spaces.

11. Histologic appearance
Stroma - Malignant
connective tissue with
anaplastic spindle cells in
mesenchymal parenchyma.
Tumor cells surrounded by
osteoid matrix c/f
Osteoblastic – lot of new
bone
 fibrous – fibroblasts
Chondroid - cartilaginous
tissue
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12. Clinical Presentation
Pain– progressive pain particularly with activity.
Swelling - Palpable mass in the region of metaphysis.
- skin over the swelling shiny with prominent veins.
- swelling may be warm & tender.
Decreased range of motion of the involved joint.
Lymphadenopathy – unusual focal & regional lymph node
involvement.
Respiratory finding – late stage with lung metastasis.
Fever & night sweats are rare. 12

13. Investigations:
Radiological examination
- plain X-rays
- MRI
- CT scan
- bone scan
• Laboratory studies – serum alkaline phosphatase.
• Biopsy – core biopsy, FNAC
• Angiogram
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14. Plain X-ray
scleroticLytic
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Mixed (most
common)

15. Plain X-ray
Irregular destruction in metaphysis.
New bone formation.
Periosteal reaction.
Sunray appearance or hair on end
- tumor grows into the overlying soft tissue.
Codman’s triangle – area off sub periosteal new
bone formation seen at the area of
tumor -host cortex junction.
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16. 16
Codman triangle is a term
used to describe the
triangular area of
subperiosteal bone that is
created when a lesion, often
a tumor, raises the
periosteum away from the
bone.

17. MRI :
• used to know the soft tissue extant.
CT:
• Not of much use in osteosarcoma.
 CT chest to detect lung metastasis
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18. Angiogram
• Determine vascularity of the tumour
• Detect vascular displacement
• Relationship of vessels to the tumour
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19. Bone scan
A bone scan to look for skeletal
metastases or multi focal disease
Thallium scan - Monitor effects of
chemotherapy & Detect local recurrence
of tumor
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20. laboratory studies
Full blood count, ESR, CRP.
LDH (elevated level is associated with
poor prognosis)
ALP (highly osteogenic)
Platelet count
Electrolyte levels
Liver function tests
Renal function tests
Urinalysis
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21. Biopsy
to conform the diagnosis.
Types
 Fine needle aspiration
 Core needle biopsy
 Open incisional biopsy
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22. Enneking staging system
The staging system is typically depicted as follows
Stage I: Low grade tumors
I-A intra compartmental
I-B extra compartmental
Stage II: High grade tumors
II-A intra compartmental
II-B extra compartmental
Stage III: Any tumors with evidence of
metastasis
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23. Differential Dx
Giant Cell Tumor
Chondrosarcoma
Fibrosarcoma
Aneursymal Bone Cyst
Ewings sarcoma
Osteoblastoma
Metastasis
Lymphoma
Osteomyelitis
Chondroblastoma
Post traumatic callus
Other variants 23

24. Telangiectatic OS
Painful radiologically lytic mass
lesion in the metaphyseal portion
of long bones.
Mc site – distal femur.
Histology - Blood filled vascular
spaces lined by osteoblasts.
Presents with local pain, soft tissue
mass & fractures.
d/d aneurysmal bone cyst.
Mets through hematogenous route
to bones & lung.
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25. Parosteal OS
Arise from the periosteum.
Mc occurrence in adults.
Mc site Posterior metaphysis of
distal femur.
slow growing & late to metastasize.
Better prognosis.
Large ossified mass in centre.
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26. Periosteal OS
Arises from diaphysis of long bones.
Mc femur & tibia
Presents with swelling & tenderness.
25% pathological fractures.
X-ray shows sunburst or hair on end
periosteal reaction.
Histology – lobular & chondroblastic
matrix.
Intermediate prognosis.
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27. Prognostic Factors
Extent of the disease
Pts with pulmonary, non pulmonry (bone) or skip metastasis have
poor prognosis
Grade of the tumor
High grade tumor have poor prognosis
Size of the primary lesion
Large size tumors have worse prognosis then small size tumors
Skeletal location
proximal tumors do worse than distal tumors.
Secondary osteosarcoma: Poor prognosis
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28. Treatment
Radiological staging
Biopsy to confirm diagnosis
Preoperative chemotherapy
Repeat radiological staging (access chemo response, finalize surgical
treatment plan)
Surgical resection with wide margin
Reconstruction using one of many
techniques
Post op chemo based on preop response
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29. Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy given preoperatively -Neoadjuvant
Given postoperatively - Adjuvant
Advantages of neoadjuvant chemotherapy -
 regression of the primary tumor, making a successful limb
salvage operation easier.
 may decrease the spread of tumor cells at the time of surgery
 Effectively treating micro metastases at the earliest time possible.
 It avoid tumor progression, which may occur during any delay
before surgery.
 Given for about 3-4 weeks before definitive procedure
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30. Chemotherapy
The drugs used most often to treat
osteosarcoma are:
Methotrexate with leucovorin (folinic acid)
Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)
Cisplatin or carboplatin
Citrovorum factor.
Etoposide
Cyclophosphamide
Actinomycin D
Bleomycin
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31. Surgery
The main goal of surgery is to safely and
completely remove the tumor.
Historically – amputation.
Over the past few years - limb-sparing
procedures have become the standard, mainly due
to advances in chemotherapy and sophisticated
imaging techniques
Limb salvage procedures now can provide rates of
local control and long-term survival equal to
amputation.
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32. Limb salvage surgery
Removing the tumor with a wide margin of
normal tissue surrounding it while preserving
vascular and nerve supply to the extremity.
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33. The skeletal defect after limb salvage procedure must be
reconstructed by :
Autologous bone graft.
Allograft
 Endoprosthesis (most common)– replacing the removed
bone with a metal implant.
Rotationoplasty- after tumor rresection the distal portion of
the leg is rotated 180dgrees & reattached to the thigh at the
proximal edge of resection.
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34. Rotationplasty
compromise between amputation and limb salvage
mc used for osteosarcoma of the distal femur in
skeletally immature patients.
It is a procedure where the neurovascular
structures and distal aspect of the limb (leg) are
retained, and re-attached to the proximal portion
after the tumor has been removed.
For e.g. the distal segment is turned 180 degrees so
that the ankle joint functions as a knee joint, thus
converting an above-knee to a below-knee
amputation in order for prosthetic use to be
maximized. 34

35. 35

36. Radiotherapy
Radiation therapy has no major role in
osteosarcoma
Radiation therapy may be useful in some cases
where the tumor cannot be completely removed
by surgery. E.g. in pelvic bones or in the bones of
the face.
Megavoltage (upto 6000-8000 rads)
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37. Immunotherapy
Portion of the tumour is implanted in sarcoma
survivor & is removed after 14 days.
The sensitised lymphocytes from the survivor are
infused into the patient.
These cells selectively kill the cancer cells.
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38. Follow up and Prognosis
Signs of recurrence, metastasis and treatment
related complications
Physical examination,radiographs of the primary
site, serial chest imaging,bone scans and
laboratory examinations
50 % cases with high grade osteosarcoma have
some type of relapse in 5 months
If recurrence is detected, additional surgery
(radical amputation)and chemotherapy may be
warranted.
5 year survival rate is 5% - 23%
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39. THANK YOU !
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