1. The document discusses several essential hormones for life including growth hormone, parathyroid hormone, mineralocorticoids like aldosterone, and glucocorticoids like cortisol. 2. Growth hormone stimulates tissue growth directly and indirectly by stimulating somatomedines in the liver. Parathyroid hormone regulates blood calcium and phosphate levels and is secreted in response to calcium levels. 3. Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid and regulates sodium and potassium levels through its effects on ion transport in the kidneys and sweat glands. Cortisol has various metabolic effects and also affects immune function and inflammation.

1. Essential hormones for life

2. Under supervision of:
prof:Nermeen Mady
Students (287__294):
1-rowan ayman
2-rowan samir
3-rowan Adel
4-rawda el kady
5-rawnaa el deeb
6-reem el genedy
7-reem ashour
8-reem el amrousy

3. Essential hormones for life
1. Growth Hormone (GH)
2. ParaThormone Hormone (PTH)
3. Minralocorticoids (aldosterone)
4. Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

4. 1-Growth hormone
-It Is a Polypeptide hormone containing 191 amino
acids Unlike the other anterior Pituitary hormones,
it exerts its effects directly on almost all tissues of
the body to promote tissue growth

5. Direct effect of GH Indirect effect
• Stimulate the release
of somatomedines
from the liver
• Somatomedines have
insulin-like effect
GH
Surface
membrane
receptor
RECEPTOR
WITH
TYROSIN
KINASE
ACTIVITY

12. 2-parathormone
This hormone is secreted from the chief (chromophobe *
.cells)of the parathyroid glands
Parathyroid glands are small four endocrine glands. they *
are embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid
.gland
.The parathyroid glands are essential for life*
PTH is a polypeptide hormone
It contains 84 amino acids

13. Cellular mechanism of action
PTH
Surface
membrane
receptor

15. Hypoparathyrodism:results from surgical removal of
parathyroid glands during thyroidectomy
it cause hypoglycemia and consequently tetany

16. :Control of parathormone secretion
.parathormone is not under the pituitary control
:the following factors control PTH secretion
1- :the blood Ca level
.by the negative feedback mechanism
:2-the blood Po4 level
the PTH secretion is direct proportional to Po4 level
the effect of Po4 is excreted via the Ca to maintain the constant solubility --
.)product)
3-the blood Mg level:inversly proportional
4-sympathetic stimulation &catechoalmines
stimulate the parathormone secretion via the B-adrenergic receptors.--
b)increase the blood glucose level
•

17. aldosterone
aldosterone exerts about 90%
60%.of aldosterone is bound to albumin
40%of aldosterone is present in free form

18. cellular mechanism of action

19. induced proteins have the following
effects
1-increase the activity of sodium channels (rapid effect
2-increase the synthesis of sodium channels(slow
)effect
3-increase the activity of membrane NA+ k+ ATPase
.enzyme

20. : functions of aldosterone-
1-it increase NA+ &decrease K+ concentration in (ECF)
by
a)it increases the NA+ reabsorption &stimulates K+ excretion
.by distal convoluted tubules & collecting ducts of kidneys
b) it increases the NA+ reabsorption from the sweat glands ,
.salivary glands and GIT especially the colon
2- increases the tubular secretion of H+
3-it has an antidiuretic action
4-it increases the blood volume & the ABP due to Na+
.and water retention

24. Pineal gland
Adrenoglomerulation & serotonin are secreted from the pineal
gland lead to stimulation of the adrenal cortex
afferent impulses
A)from the cardiovascular system:e.g.
- Impulses from the volume receptors of the right side & pressure
receptors of the left side are inhibitory to aldosterone secretion
Impulses from the chemoreceptors of the left side are
stimulatory to aldosterone secretion.
B) Pain produced from physical trauma or anxiety are
stimulatory to aldosterone secretion.

25. hyperaldosteronism
Types
1-primary(conn’s syndrome)
because of a tumor of zona glomerulosa
2-secondary hyperaldosteronism
a-heart failure or renal failure :stimulation of renin
angiotensin system
b-hepatic failure :decrease degradation of aldosterone
in liver

26. Manifestations of hyperaldosteronism
1-cardiovascular
hypertension due to Na retention
2-Blood
a-increase plasma Na thus increase blood volume
b-decrease plasma K “hypokalemia”
c-alkalosis due to excess H secretion

27. Glucocorticoids
cortisol is the principle glucocorticoid •
Its amounts for about 95% of all •
glucocorticoids activity

30. Function of glucocorticoids:
•
1-Mineralocorticoids action:
It have weak mineralocorticoid activity
2-Water balance:
a) promote water excretion in the urine as a result of inhibition
secretion of ADH lead to diuresis.
b)Antidiuretic action by their mineralocorticoids effects

31. 3-Metabolic effect:
a)On carbohydrate metabolism:
diabetogenic effect, due to:
i)stimulation of gluconeogrnrsis in the liver.
ii)Decrease glucose utilization by tissues.
b)on protein metabolism:
i) Cortisol decrease protein synthesis & increase protein catabolism in all tissues
except the liver ,so it increase blood amino acids
ii) in the liver it increase the uptake of amino acid & their conversion into
carbohydrate (i.e. gluconeogenesis )
c) On fat metabolism:
i)cortisol increase mobilization of fat from adipose tissue & decrease hepatic
lipogenesis increase plasma level of free fatty acid.
ii)it affects the distribution of fat in the body.

32. 4-Blood cells & immunity:
i)increase the number of RBCs, platelets & neutrophils.
ii)It decrease number of eosinophils & lymphocytes in the
blood.
5-Anti-inflammatory effect:
It suppresses the inflammatory reaction.
6-Anti-allergic effect:
It suppresses all manifestation of allergy (prevent release of
histamine from the mast cells)

35. Thank you