Glucose reabsorption
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
1 like•3,223 views
Glucose reabsorption in the renal tubules normally ensures that all 180g of glucose filtered by the kidneys each day is reabsorbed back into circulation. This occurs via a two-step process - sodium-glucose cotransporters in the tubule's apical membrane use active transport to bring glucose into tubule cells, followed by facilitated diffusion and active sodium extrusion to return glucose to the bloodstream. Two sodium-coupled carriers have been identified for this process, one with high capacity but low affinity and one with low capacity but high affinity.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Autoregulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate
The basics of autoregulation of Gloemrular filtration rate. This ppt deals with basic renal physiology, tubuloglomerular feedback, myogenic reflex, juxtaglomerular apparatus and renin angiotensin aldosterone system in brief. P.S.- The ppt has animations so kindly view in slide/presentation mode
Renal physiology, renal blood flow, autoregulation, golmerular filtration. hu...
This document discusses renal physiology, including renal blood flow, oxygen consumption, regulation of blood flow, glomerular filtration, and factors affecting glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Some key points:
- Renal blood flow is approximately 1/4 of cardiac output, or 1200 ml/min. Blood flow to the cortex is higher than to the medulla.
- Glomerular filtration is determined by the net filtration pressure and filtration coefficient. Forces increasing filtration are glomerular hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure in Bowman's space. Forces decreasing filtration are plasma oncotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space.
- GFR is regulated through autoregulation mechanisms like tub
Glomerular filtration
This document discusses glomerular filtration and its regulation. It begins with an introduction to the kidney and nephron. There are three main processes involved in urine formation: glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. Glomerular filtration is governed by the filtration coefficient and Starling forces, including hydrostatic and oncotic pressures. The glomerular filtration rate can be measured and is regulated by various intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms, including the myogenic response, tubuloglomerular feedback, neural inputs, and hormones like angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic peptide. Conditions like exercise, pregnancy, posture, and disease states can influence glomerular filtration rate.
Gastric secretion
This document discusses gastric secretion and the physiology of stomach acid production. It covers the following key points:
1. The stomach lining contains various cell types that secrete substances like mucus, hydrochloric acid, and the enzyme pepsin. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid through a mechanism involving hydrogen-potassium ATPase pumps.
2. Gastric acid secretion is regulated through neural and hormonal mechanisms in three phases: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal. The cephalic phase begins with eating cues, while the gastric phase responds to food in the stomach through gastrin and vagal stimulation.
3. Experiments like Pavlov's pouch and sham feeding helped
Mechanism of formation of urine
Mechanism of Formation of Urine involves 4 key processes:
1. Glomerular filtration where plasma is filtered in the nephrons at a normal rate of 125 ml/min. Approximately 178 liters/day are reabsorbed in the renal tubules and only 1-2 liters/day are excreted as urine.
2. Tubular reabsorption where approximately 99% of the filtered load is reabsorbed, mainly through active transport of sodium in the proximal convoluted tubule.
3. Tubular secretion where certain substances like protons and drugs are actively secreted into the tubular fluid.
4. Concentration and acidification of urine where urine becomes concentrated through
urine concentration and dilution
The document discusses the formation of concentrated urine through a countercurrent system and urea recycling in the kidneys. It explains that concentrated urine is formed through (1) high levels of ADH hormone and (2) development and maintenance of a hyperosmotic renal medullary interstitium. This gradient is established through a countercurrent system using the loop of Henle and vasa recta blood vessels, as well as urea recycling back into the medulla. Sodium and other solutes are deposited in the medulla through these mechanisms to draw water out of the urine as it passes through the kidneys, resulting in highly concentrated urine.
RENAL PHYSIOLOGY REVISION NOTES
LAST MINUTE REVISION NOTES OF PHYSIOLOGY BASED ON LECTURE NOTES AND HIGH YIELD TOPICS
BASED ON PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
IMAGE BASED QUESTIONS
Gastric secretion &and its regulation
Gastric secretion is produced by epithelial cells in the stomach's gastric glands. These cells include parietal cells, chief cells, mucus-secreting cells, and hormone-producing cells. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. Chief cells secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to the protease pepsin by hydrochloric acid. Mucus-secreting cells produce a bicarbonate-rich mucus that protects the stomach lining. Hormone-producing cells secrete gastrin, somatostatin, and histamine, which help regulate acid secretion.
Recommended
Autoregulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate
The basics of autoregulation of Gloemrular filtration rate. This ppt deals with basic renal physiology, tubuloglomerular feedback, myogenic reflex, juxtaglomerular apparatus and renin angiotensin aldosterone system in brief. P.S.- The ppt has animations so kindly view in slide/presentation mode
Renal physiology, renal blood flow, autoregulation, golmerular filtration. hu...
This document discusses renal physiology, including renal blood flow, oxygen consumption, regulation of blood flow, glomerular filtration, and factors affecting glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Some key points:
- Renal blood flow is approximately 1/4 of cardiac output, or 1200 ml/min. Blood flow to the cortex is higher than to the medulla.
- Glomerular filtration is determined by the net filtration pressure and filtration coefficient. Forces increasing filtration are glomerular hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure in Bowman's space. Forces decreasing filtration are plasma oncotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space.
- GFR is regulated through autoregulation mechanisms like tub
Glomerular filtration
This document discusses glomerular filtration and its regulation. It begins with an introduction to the kidney and nephron. There are three main processes involved in urine formation: glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. Glomerular filtration is governed by the filtration coefficient and Starling forces, including hydrostatic and oncotic pressures. The glomerular filtration rate can be measured and is regulated by various intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms, including the myogenic response, tubuloglomerular feedback, neural inputs, and hormones like angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic peptide. Conditions like exercise, pregnancy, posture, and disease states can influence glomerular filtration rate.
Gastric secretion
This document discusses gastric secretion and the physiology of stomach acid production. It covers the following key points:
1. The stomach lining contains various cell types that secrete substances like mucus, hydrochloric acid, and the enzyme pepsin. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid through a mechanism involving hydrogen-potassium ATPase pumps.
2. Gastric acid secretion is regulated through neural and hormonal mechanisms in three phases: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal. The cephalic phase begins with eating cues, while the gastric phase responds to food in the stomach through gastrin and vagal stimulation.
3. Experiments like Pavlov's pouch and sham feeding helped
Mechanism of formation of urine
Mechanism of Formation of Urine involves 4 key processes:
1. Glomerular filtration where plasma is filtered in the nephrons at a normal rate of 125 ml/min. Approximately 178 liters/day are reabsorbed in the renal tubules and only 1-2 liters/day are excreted as urine.
2. Tubular reabsorption where approximately 99% of the filtered load is reabsorbed, mainly through active transport of sodium in the proximal convoluted tubule.
3. Tubular secretion where certain substances like protons and drugs are actively secreted into the tubular fluid.
4. Concentration and acidification of urine where urine becomes concentrated through
urine concentration and dilution
The document discusses the formation of concentrated urine through a countercurrent system and urea recycling in the kidneys. It explains that concentrated urine is formed through (1) high levels of ADH hormone and (2) development and maintenance of a hyperosmotic renal medullary interstitium. This gradient is established through a countercurrent system using the loop of Henle and vasa recta blood vessels, as well as urea recycling back into the medulla. Sodium and other solutes are deposited in the medulla through these mechanisms to draw water out of the urine as it passes through the kidneys, resulting in highly concentrated urine.
RENAL PHYSIOLOGY REVISION NOTES
LAST MINUTE REVISION NOTES OF PHYSIOLOGY BASED ON LECTURE NOTES AND HIGH YIELD TOPICS
BASED ON PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
IMAGE BASED QUESTIONS
Gastric secretion &and its regulation
Gastric secretion is produced by epithelial cells in the stomach's gastric glands. These cells include parietal cells, chief cells, mucus-secreting cells, and hormone-producing cells. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. Chief cells secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to the protease pepsin by hydrochloric acid. Mucus-secreting cells produce a bicarbonate-rich mucus that protects the stomach lining. Hormone-producing cells secrete gastrin, somatostatin, and histamine, which help regulate acid secretion.
JUXTA GLOMERULAR apparatus
The document summarizes the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. The JGA is located near the glomerulus and is formed by macula densa cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells. The primary function of the JGA is secretion of hormones like renin and prostaglandins. The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism regulates glomerular filtration rate through detection of NaCl concentration by the macula densa cells, which signals the release of adenosine to constrict or dilate the afferent arteriole accordingly.
MECHANISM OF CONCENTRATION OF URINE
The document discusses the mechanism of urine concentration in the kidney through countercurrent flow. It explains how the loop of Henle acts as a countercurrent multiplier and the vasa recta acts as a countercurrent exchanger to generate and maintain an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla. This gradient allows water to be reabsorbed in the collecting ducts under the influence of ADH, resulting in concentrated urine when water intake is low. The kidney thus regulates urine concentration through countercurrent mechanisms to maintain water homeostasis.
Structure and function of kidney & Renal Circulation (2).pptx
This document provides information on the structure and function of the kidney and renal circulation. It discusses the basic anatomy of the nephron and its parts including the glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. It also describes the juxtaglomerular apparatus and its role in regulating blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin system. Regarding renal circulation, it notes the kidney receives a high blood flow and has a unique portal system, as well as features like autoregulation and high oxygen consumption.
Pancreatic juice...
The pancreatic juice is a transparent, isotonic fluid secreted by the pancreas. It has both endocrine and exocrine functions. The exocrine secretions contain digestive enzymes like amylase, lipase, and proteases that aid in digestion. Bicarbonate ions secreted in pancreatic juice neutralize the acidic chime from the stomach and provide an optimal pH for the enzymes. The secretions occur in three phases regulated by both the autonomic nervous system and hormones like secretin and cholecystokinin. Secretin increases the secretion of bicarbonate-rich fluid while cholecystokinin stimulates enzyme secretion after eating. Disorders like pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis can impair pancreatic function and digestion.
URINE FORMATION
This document provides an overview of urine formation and glomerular filtration rate. It discusses the key parts of nephron involved including glomerulus, Bowman's capsule and different segments of nephron. The three main steps in urine formation are glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion. Glomerular filtration is the process by which plasma is filtered into Bowman's space to form primary urine. The rate of glomerular filtration is regulated by various factors like hydrostatic and oncotic pressures in the glomerular capillaries. Glomerular filtration rate can be measured by using clearance of substances like inulin, creatinine and urea that are freely filtered but neither re
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
This document discusses glomerular filtration and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). It defines glomerular filtration as the process where plasma filters through the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule, the first step in urine formation. The GFR is the rate at which plasma is filtered and is an important measurement of kidney function. Normal GFR is about 125 mL/min. The kidneys filter the plasma around 60 times per day. Renal blood flow to the kidneys is high at around 1200 mL/min and is regulated by the afferent and efferent arterioles. Glomerular filtration is governed by the filtration coefficient and Starling forces of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures
Autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate and renal blood
The document summarizes the autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal blood flow. It describes two main mechanisms - tubuloglomerular feedback and myogenic autoregulation. Tubuloglomerular feedback senses sodium chloride concentration at the macula densa and controls afferent and efferent arteriole diameter to maintain GFR. Myogenic autoregulation involves the vascular smooth muscle sensing changes in arterial pressure to resist vessel stretching and regulate resistance. These mechanisms help keep GFR and renal blood flow relatively constant despite changes in blood pressure, preventing extreme fluctuations in renal excretion.
Salivary secretion-BPT.pptx
The document summarizes salivary secretion and regulation. It discusses that saliva is secreted by three major salivary glands and contains water, electrolytes, and enzymes. Salivary secretion is regulated by both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. The functions of saliva include lubrication, taste perception, digestion of starch, and maintenance of oral health. Disorders of salivation can include hypo-salivation, hyper-salivation, and xerostomia.
Renal transport of glucose
This Medicoapps Masterclass discusses about Renal Transport of Glucose. Various Questions / Topics Discussed are given Below
11. Renal Transport of Glucose in PCT
2. What is SGLT ?
3. Where is SGLT-1 Found ?
4. Why is Renal Transport of Glucose Secondary Transport ?
5. What is Transport Maximum for Glucose ?
6. What is Renal Threshold for Glucose ?
7. What is Splay Effect ?
8. What is the Cause of Splay Effect ?
9. What are Glifozins ?
10. What are the Effects of Glifozins ?
11. What are the Adverse Effects of Glifozins ?
INTESTINAL GLANDS AND SECRETIONS
This document summarizes intestinal glands and secretions, and the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and water in the small intestine. It discusses the roles of pancreatic enzymes, bile, and brush border enzymes in breaking down nutrients into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. Carbohydrates are digested into monosaccharides like glucose, proteins into dipeptides and amino acids, and fats into fatty acids and monoglycerides. Absorption occurs via active transport, facilitated diffusion, or simple diffusion depending on the molecule. Malabsorption can cause deficiencies if digestion or absorption is impaired.
Counter current mechanism in kidney
The document discusses countercurrent exchange systems in various organs and tissues of the body including the kidney. It describes how the countercurrent multiplier system in the loop of Henle establishes a gradient that is maintained by the countercurrent exchanger system of the vasa recta, allowing the kidney to produce concentrated urine through the medullary countercurrent system. It also discusses how diuretics work by targeting different sites along the nephron to increase urine output.
Proximal renal tubule physiology
The proximal tubule reabsorbs approximately 60-65% of the filtered load, including sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, potassium, glucose, and amino acids. Transport occurs through both transcellular and paracellular pathways. Glucose is actively transported across the apical membrane via sodium-glucose co-transporters and exits across the basolateral membrane. Sodium is reabsorbed primarily via the sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Bicarbonate is reabsorbed through secretion of hydrogen ions via sodium-hydrogen exchange and reabsorption of bicarbonate. The proximal tubule also plays an important role in reabsorption of other substances like phosphate, calcium, magnesium and
Neuromuscular junction and Neuromuscular transmission
The document summarizes the structure and function of the neuromuscular junction. It describes the key components of the presynaptic axon terminal, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane. It then explains the series of events that occur during neuromuscular transmission, including the propagation of the action potential, release of acetylcholine, binding to nicotinic receptors, and generation of the endplate potential. It concludes by discussing acetylcholine degradation and reuptake, neuromuscular blockers and stimulators, and the pathology of myasthenia gravis.
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (The Guyton and Hall physiology)
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a specialized organ located near the glomerulus of each nephron. It consists of four main parts: the macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells, glomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells. The juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes two important hormones, renin and prostaglandin. Renin plays a key role in regulating blood pressure as part of the renin-angiotensin system. The secretion of renin is stimulated by decreases in arterial blood pressure, extracellular fluid volume, sodium chloride levels at the macula densa, and increased sympathetic activity.
Renal blood flow & jga
1. Renal blood flow is tightly regulated to maintain a constant rate of around 1200 mL/min despite wide changes in blood pressure, through mechanisms like autoregulation and tubuloglomerular feedback.
2. The kidneys receive a high blood flow of around 20-30% of cardiac output despite their small size, and oxygen consumption in the kidneys is very high, second only to the heart.
3. Blood enters the kidneys through the renal artery and is distributed through a branching network of arteries before entering the glomerular capillaries and surrounding the nephron tubules, with the renal veins collecting the blood and returning it to circulation.
GIT Physiology I
The document discusses the structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract, including the layers of the GI wall, innervation by the enteric and autonomic nervous systems, and hormonal control of GI functions. It covers topics like the roles of motility, digestion, secretion and absorption in the GI system. Key hormones that control GI processes like gastric acid secretion, pancreatic enzyme release and gallbladder contraction are also explained.
creatinine clearance test
The document discusses kidney functions and urine formation. The kidney removes waste, regulates electrolytes and water, and maintains acid-base balance. Urine is formed in nephrons through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. Tests like creatinine clearance and inulin clearance are used to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as an indicator of kidney function. Proper collection and preservation of urine samples is important for accuracy in clearance and other renal function tests.
TUBULAR REABSORPTION
This document provides an overview of tubular reabsorption in the kidney. It discusses the general principles of renal tubular transport, including transport across cell membranes and between epithelial cells. It describes transport across the different segments of the renal tubule, including the proximal tubule, Loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct. Key solutes discussed are sodium, chloride, potassium, bicarbonate, glucose and water. The mechanisms of action of diuretics and the renal handling of these solutes are also summarized.
Physiology (electrocardiography ecg)
An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart over time using electrodes placed on the skin. An ECG is used to detect abnormalities in heart rhythm and function by measuring the heart's electrical signals through 12 leads that include 6 chest leads and 6 limb leads. The heart rate can be calculated from an ECG by counting the number of big squares between two R waves in a cycle and dividing 300 by that number.
Micturition reflex / Neural control of Urination
The document discusses the micturition reflex, which is the reflex by which the urinary bladder empties when full. It describes the physiological anatomy of the bladder, its innervation by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, and the normal pathway of the reflex from bladder filling to emptying. It also discusses some abnormalities in micturition that can occur due to deafferentation, denervation, or lesions disrupting control by higher brain centers.
Renal handling of glucose and proteins & amino
Glucose is reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) along with sodium via sodium-glucose co-transporters (SGLT). Glucose absorption is dependent on the active transport of sodium by the Na-K ATPase pump. SGLT1 and SGLT2 in the kidney tubules transport glucose and sodium similarly to transport in the intestine. Glucose then moves from tubular cells into the interstitium via GLUT-2 transporters. There is a maximum transport rate (Tm) for glucose, above which it will appear in the urine. The normal Tm for glucose is 375 mg/min for males and 300 mg/min for females.
Renal handling of glucose and proteins & amino
Glucose is reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) along with sodium via sodium-glucose co-transporters (SGLT). Glucose enters tubular cells and reaches the interstitium via GLUT-2 transporters. There is a maximum transport rate (Tm) for glucose, above which it appears in the urine. The normal Tm for glucose is 375 mg/min for males and 300 mg/min for females. In diabetes mellitus, the increased glucose load exceeds the Tm, causing glucose to remain in the tubules and be excreted in the urine.
More Related Content
What's hot
JUXTA GLOMERULAR apparatus
The document summarizes the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. The JGA is located near the glomerulus and is formed by macula densa cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells. The primary function of the JGA is secretion of hormones like renin and prostaglandins. The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism regulates glomerular filtration rate through detection of NaCl concentration by the macula densa cells, which signals the release of adenosine to constrict or dilate the afferent arteriole accordingly.
MECHANISM OF CONCENTRATION OF URINE
The document discusses the mechanism of urine concentration in the kidney through countercurrent flow. It explains how the loop of Henle acts as a countercurrent multiplier and the vasa recta acts as a countercurrent exchanger to generate and maintain an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla. This gradient allows water to be reabsorbed in the collecting ducts under the influence of ADH, resulting in concentrated urine when water intake is low. The kidney thus regulates urine concentration through countercurrent mechanisms to maintain water homeostasis.
Structure and function of kidney & Renal Circulation (2).pptx
This document provides information on the structure and function of the kidney and renal circulation. It discusses the basic anatomy of the nephron and its parts including the glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. It also describes the juxtaglomerular apparatus and its role in regulating blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin system. Regarding renal circulation, it notes the kidney receives a high blood flow and has a unique portal system, as well as features like autoregulation and high oxygen consumption.
Pancreatic juice...
The pancreatic juice is a transparent, isotonic fluid secreted by the pancreas. It has both endocrine and exocrine functions. The exocrine secretions contain digestive enzymes like amylase, lipase, and proteases that aid in digestion. Bicarbonate ions secreted in pancreatic juice neutralize the acidic chime from the stomach and provide an optimal pH for the enzymes. The secretions occur in three phases regulated by both the autonomic nervous system and hormones like secretin and cholecystokinin. Secretin increases the secretion of bicarbonate-rich fluid while cholecystokinin stimulates enzyme secretion after eating. Disorders like pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis can impair pancreatic function and digestion.
URINE FORMATION
This document provides an overview of urine formation and glomerular filtration rate. It discusses the key parts of nephron involved including glomerulus, Bowman's capsule and different segments of nephron. The three main steps in urine formation are glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion. Glomerular filtration is the process by which plasma is filtered into Bowman's space to form primary urine. The rate of glomerular filtration is regulated by various factors like hydrostatic and oncotic pressures in the glomerular capillaries. Glomerular filtration rate can be measured by using clearance of substances like inulin, creatinine and urea that are freely filtered but neither re
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
This document discusses glomerular filtration and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). It defines glomerular filtration as the process where plasma filters through the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule, the first step in urine formation. The GFR is the rate at which plasma is filtered and is an important measurement of kidney function. Normal GFR is about 125 mL/min. The kidneys filter the plasma around 60 times per day. Renal blood flow to the kidneys is high at around 1200 mL/min and is regulated by the afferent and efferent arterioles. Glomerular filtration is governed by the filtration coefficient and Starling forces of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures
Autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate and renal blood
The document summarizes the autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal blood flow. It describes two main mechanisms - tubuloglomerular feedback and myogenic autoregulation. Tubuloglomerular feedback senses sodium chloride concentration at the macula densa and controls afferent and efferent arteriole diameter to maintain GFR. Myogenic autoregulation involves the vascular smooth muscle sensing changes in arterial pressure to resist vessel stretching and regulate resistance. These mechanisms help keep GFR and renal blood flow relatively constant despite changes in blood pressure, preventing extreme fluctuations in renal excretion.
Salivary secretion-BPT.pptx
The document summarizes salivary secretion and regulation. It discusses that saliva is secreted by three major salivary glands and contains water, electrolytes, and enzymes. Salivary secretion is regulated by both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. The functions of saliva include lubrication, taste perception, digestion of starch, and maintenance of oral health. Disorders of salivation can include hypo-salivation, hyper-salivation, and xerostomia.
Renal transport of glucose
This Medicoapps Masterclass discusses about Renal Transport of Glucose. Various Questions / Topics Discussed are given Below
11. Renal Transport of Glucose in PCT
2. What is SGLT ?
3. Where is SGLT-1 Found ?
4. Why is Renal Transport of Glucose Secondary Transport ?
5. What is Transport Maximum for Glucose ?
6. What is Renal Threshold for Glucose ?
7. What is Splay Effect ?
8. What is the Cause of Splay Effect ?
9. What are Glifozins ?
10. What are the Effects of Glifozins ?
11. What are the Adverse Effects of Glifozins ?
INTESTINAL GLANDS AND SECRETIONS
This document summarizes intestinal glands and secretions, and the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and water in the small intestine. It discusses the roles of pancreatic enzymes, bile, and brush border enzymes in breaking down nutrients into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. Carbohydrates are digested into monosaccharides like glucose, proteins into dipeptides and amino acids, and fats into fatty acids and monoglycerides. Absorption occurs via active transport, facilitated diffusion, or simple diffusion depending on the molecule. Malabsorption can cause deficiencies if digestion or absorption is impaired.
Counter current mechanism in kidney
The document discusses countercurrent exchange systems in various organs and tissues of the body including the kidney. It describes how the countercurrent multiplier system in the loop of Henle establishes a gradient that is maintained by the countercurrent exchanger system of the vasa recta, allowing the kidney to produce concentrated urine through the medullary countercurrent system. It also discusses how diuretics work by targeting different sites along the nephron to increase urine output.
Proximal renal tubule physiology
The proximal tubule reabsorbs approximately 60-65% of the filtered load, including sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, potassium, glucose, and amino acids. Transport occurs through both transcellular and paracellular pathways. Glucose is actively transported across the apical membrane via sodium-glucose co-transporters and exits across the basolateral membrane. Sodium is reabsorbed primarily via the sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Bicarbonate is reabsorbed through secretion of hydrogen ions via sodium-hydrogen exchange and reabsorption of bicarbonate. The proximal tubule also plays an important role in reabsorption of other substances like phosphate, calcium, magnesium and
Neuromuscular junction and Neuromuscular transmission
The document summarizes the structure and function of the neuromuscular junction. It describes the key components of the presynaptic axon terminal, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane. It then explains the series of events that occur during neuromuscular transmission, including the propagation of the action potential, release of acetylcholine, binding to nicotinic receptors, and generation of the endplate potential. It concludes by discussing acetylcholine degradation and reuptake, neuromuscular blockers and stimulators, and the pathology of myasthenia gravis.
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (The Guyton and Hall physiology)
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a specialized organ located near the glomerulus of each nephron. It consists of four main parts: the macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells, glomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells. The juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes two important hormones, renin and prostaglandin. Renin plays a key role in regulating blood pressure as part of the renin-angiotensin system. The secretion of renin is stimulated by decreases in arterial blood pressure, extracellular fluid volume, sodium chloride levels at the macula densa, and increased sympathetic activity.
Renal blood flow & jga
1. Renal blood flow is tightly regulated to maintain a constant rate of around 1200 mL/min despite wide changes in blood pressure, through mechanisms like autoregulation and tubuloglomerular feedback.
2. The kidneys receive a high blood flow of around 20-30% of cardiac output despite their small size, and oxygen consumption in the kidneys is very high, second only to the heart.
3. Blood enters the kidneys through the renal artery and is distributed through a branching network of arteries before entering the glomerular capillaries and surrounding the nephron tubules, with the renal veins collecting the blood and returning it to circulation.
GIT Physiology I
The document discusses the structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract, including the layers of the GI wall, innervation by the enteric and autonomic nervous systems, and hormonal control of GI functions. It covers topics like the roles of motility, digestion, secretion and absorption in the GI system. Key hormones that control GI processes like gastric acid secretion, pancreatic enzyme release and gallbladder contraction are also explained.
creatinine clearance test
The document discusses kidney functions and urine formation. The kidney removes waste, regulates electrolytes and water, and maintains acid-base balance. Urine is formed in nephrons through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. Tests like creatinine clearance and inulin clearance are used to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as an indicator of kidney function. Proper collection and preservation of urine samples is important for accuracy in clearance and other renal function tests.
TUBULAR REABSORPTION
This document provides an overview of tubular reabsorption in the kidney. It discusses the general principles of renal tubular transport, including transport across cell membranes and between epithelial cells. It describes transport across the different segments of the renal tubule, including the proximal tubule, Loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct. Key solutes discussed are sodium, chloride, potassium, bicarbonate, glucose and water. The mechanisms of action of diuretics and the renal handling of these solutes are also summarized.
Physiology (electrocardiography ecg)
An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart over time using electrodes placed on the skin. An ECG is used to detect abnormalities in heart rhythm and function by measuring the heart's electrical signals through 12 leads that include 6 chest leads and 6 limb leads. The heart rate can be calculated from an ECG by counting the number of big squares between two R waves in a cycle and dividing 300 by that number.
Micturition reflex / Neural control of Urination
The document discusses the micturition reflex, which is the reflex by which the urinary bladder empties when full. It describes the physiological anatomy of the bladder, its innervation by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, and the normal pathway of the reflex from bladder filling to emptying. It also discusses some abnormalities in micturition that can occur due to deafferentation, denervation, or lesions disrupting control by higher brain centers.
What's hot (20)
Structure and function of kidney & Renal Circulation (2).pptx
Structure and function of kidney & Renal Circulation (2).pptx
Autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate and renal blood
Autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate and renal blood
Neuromuscular junction and Neuromuscular transmission
Neuromuscular junction and Neuromuscular transmission
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (The Guyton and Hall physiology)
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (The Guyton and Hall physiology)
Similar to Glucose reabsorption
Renal handling of glucose and proteins & amino
Glucose is reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) along with sodium via sodium-glucose co-transporters (SGLT). Glucose absorption is dependent on the active transport of sodium by the Na-K ATPase pump. SGLT1 and SGLT2 in the kidney tubules transport glucose and sodium similarly to transport in the intestine. Glucose then moves from tubular cells into the interstitium via GLUT-2 transporters. There is a maximum transport rate (Tm) for glucose, above which it will appear in the urine. The normal Tm for glucose is 375 mg/min for males and 300 mg/min for females.
Renal handling of glucose and proteins & amino
Glucose is reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) along with sodium via sodium-glucose co-transporters (SGLT). Glucose enters tubular cells and reaches the interstitium via GLUT-2 transporters. There is a maximum transport rate (Tm) for glucose, above which it appears in the urine. The normal Tm for glucose is 375 mg/min for males and 300 mg/min for females. In diabetes mellitus, the increased glucose load exceeds the Tm, causing glucose to remain in the tubules and be excreted in the urine.
Renal physiology and its anesthetic implications
This document discusses renal anatomy, physiology, and function testing. It begins with an overview of renal anatomy including kidney location, blood supply, nephron structure, and juxtaglomerular apparatus. It then covers renal physiology such as blood flow, glomerular filtration, regulation of GFR, tubular reabsorption and secretion, and urine concentration and dilution. Finally, it discusses renal function testing including tests of glomerular filtration rate like creatinine clearance and measures of tubular function like the concentration and dilution tests.
Tubular-functions-of-kidney
The renal tubules perform three main functions: reabsorption, secretion, and synthesis. Reabsorption transports substances from the tubule lumen back into the blood. Secretion adds substances to the glomerular filtrate from the blood. Synthesis produces new substances added to the filtrate, such as ammonia.
The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) reabsorbs the majority of the glomerular filtrate. Key reabsorption in the PCT includes glucose, amino acids, sodium, and proteins. Glucose and amino acids are fully reabsorbed via co-transport with sodium. Proteins are reabsorbed through endocytosis. Sodium is reabsorbed primarily through the
Renal function test biochem bl.11.6 .ppt
Biochemistry slide .containing information on renal function tests ,kidney function test
Functions of kidney
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, which filters blood to form urine. The nephron contains a glomerulus that filters the blood and a renal tubule that reabsorbs most of the filtered water and solutes. Key functions of the nephron include filtering the blood at the glomerulus and reabsorbing various substances like water, glucose, amino acids, salts, and urea along different portions of the renal tubule under hormonal control. The kidney plays an important role in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance, excreting wastes, and producing hormones.
Hyperkalemia&hypokalemia by dr vijitha
This document discusses hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. It begins by covering physiology of potassium including distribution between intracellular and extracellular spaces and homeostasis mechanisms. It then defines and describes causes and treatment of hyperkalemia including shifting potassium intracellularly or removing it. For hypokalemia it discusses increased losses, decreased intake and intracellular shifts as causes and emphasizes replacing losses. Clinical features and management focus on symptom relief and returning potassium to normal range.
PCT- Renal physiology
Proximal convoluted tubules
functions, resorption, secretion
SGLT2 channels, the renal threshold of glucose, tubular fluid to plasma ratio, obligatory water resorption, urine formation.
Hydrogen ion secretion and bicarbonate absorption
renal glycosuria, diabetes mellitus
magnesium.pdf
The document provides an overview of magnesium homeostasis and reviews hereditary causes of hypomagnesemia. It discusses magnesium transport mechanisms in the kidney and intestine and how they are regulated. Regarding hereditary causes, it identifies several genetic disorders that cause hypomagnesemia by impairing renal magnesium reabsorption or intestinal magnesium absorption. These include familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis, Gitelman syndrome, Bartter syndrome, and others linked to mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in magnesium transport like TRPM6.
Presentation1 final
The document discusses the role of the kidney in glucose regulation. The kidney releases glucose into the bloodstream via gluconeogenesis in the renal cortex and takes up glucose from the blood for energy in the renal medulla. The kidney also reabsorbs glucose from the proximal convoluted tubule. SGLT2 inhibitors like canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin work by inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the kidney, thereby increasing glucose excretion and lowering blood glucose levels. They provide glycemic control with a low risk of hypoglycemia when used alone but a higher risk when combined with insulin or insulin secretagogues. Side effects include genital infections, urinary
MAGNESIUM JYOTHIBOSE.pptx deficiency disorder
This document discusses electrolyte imbalances related to magnesium. It begins by describing magnesium's role in over 300 enzyme reactions and its importance for muscle and nerve function. It then details normal magnesium distribution and regulation, factors that increase or decrease magnesium levels, signs of hypermagnesemia and hypomagnesemia, and treatment approaches for correcting magnesium imbalances.
GFR ,plasma load,clearence,ACR,CCR,eGFR by dr.Tasnim
This document discusses various renal function tests and concepts related to glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and tubular handling of substances. It defines GFR and factors affecting it. It also defines related concepts like plasma load, tubular load, transport maximum, and renal threshold. It discusses the importance of plasma clearance and defines osmolar clearance and free water clearance. It also discusses methods of measuring GFR including creatinine clearance (CCR) and estimated GFR (eGFR). It concludes by defining albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) and its significance in evaluating kidney function.
Renal anatomy and physiology in relation.pptx
The kidneys are a pair of highly vascular organs located in the lower back that filter waste from the blood and regulate fluid balance. They each contain around 1-1.5 million nephrons, the functional units of the kidney. The kidneys receive a high blood flow and precisely regulate glomerular filtration rate, reabsorption, and secretion to produce urine with the proper electrolyte and water content. Various tests can evaluate renal function by measuring glomerular filtration rate, tubular handling, or the levels of substances such as creatinine, urea, and electrolytes. Acute kidney injury is characterized by a sudden deterioration of renal function over hours to days that impairs waste excretion and fluid/electro
Paracetamol poisoning
Paracetamol is metabolized in the liver and can cause toxicity at high doses by producing the toxic metabolite NAPQI. Symptoms of paracetamol poisoning occur in four stages from less than 24 hours to 2 weeks after ingestion. The toxic dose is over 150mg/kg. Management involves using the Modified Rumack-Matthew nomogram to determine risk and treat with N-acetylcysteine, typically via a 20 hour IV protocol or 70 hour oral protocol, to prevent liver injury from NAPQI.
Proteinuria lecture
This document provides an overview of proteinuria and the nephrotic syndrome. It discusses normal renal handling of proteins and the mechanisms of proteinuria, including glomerular restriction of protein filtration, tubular reabsorption, and causes of proteinuria such as glomerular disease and tubulointerstitial disease. It also covers the classification, measurement, significance, and complications of proteinuria.
3. physiology of renal tubules(1).ppt
1. The proximal tubule reabsorbs most of the filtered sodium, glucose, and amino acids via active transport mechanisms. Water follows osmotically.
2. The loop of Henle plays a key role in urine concentration. The thin descending limb is water permeable while the thin ascending limb reabsorbs NaCl passively. The thick ascending limb actively transports NaCl but is impermeable to water, creating the osmotic gradient.
3. Later segments fine tune urine composition. The distal tubule and collecting duct reabsorb sodium, chloride and water under hormonal control like ADH, with the collecting duct permeability to water regulating final urine concentration.
Pitfalls in estimating renal failure in the elderly by eGFR
The document discusses methods of estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) including direct and indirect assessments. Direct assessments involve clearance tests using exogenous or endogenous substances like inulin, iohexol, creatinine, and cystatin C. Indirect assessments utilize estimating equations like Cockcroft-Gault, MDRD, and CKD-EPI which take factors like age, sex, and creatinine levels into account. The CKD-EPI equation is currently recommended for GFR estimation in adults. Age-related declines in GFR are also discussed.
Digestion & absorption of CHO
Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth through the action of salivary amylase on starches. Further digestion occurs in the small intestine by pancreatic amylase and brush border membrane enzymes which break down starches and disaccharides into monosaccharides like glucose, fructose and galactose. Monosaccharides are absorbed into the bloodstream via active transport mediated by SGLUT1 or facilitative transport via GLUT transporters. Glucose is transported to the liver via the portal vein and converted to glycogen for storage or distributed to body cells, regulated by insulin which stimulates GLUT4 transporter expression.
Metabolism of Protein and Amino Acids
Metabolism of Protein and Amino Acids following the curriculum of medical biochemistry of MBBS course
Blood glucose regulation
This document summarizes blood glucose regulation and diabetes. It explains that insulin decreases blood glucose by stimulating glucose uptake and glycogenesis, while glucagon and epinephrine increase it by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) measures blood glucose levels after consuming glucose to diagnose diabetes, where abnormally high post-meal levels indicate the condition. Fasting plasma glucose levels between 100-125 mg/dL signal impaired fasting glucose, and over 126 mg/dL indicate diabetes.
Similar to Glucose reabsorption (20)
GFR ,plasma load,clearence,ACR,CCR,eGFR by dr.Tasnim
GFR ,plasma load,clearence,ACR,CCR,eGFR by dr.Tasnim
Pitfalls in estimating renal failure in the elderly by eGFR
Pitfalls in estimating renal failure in the elderly by eGFR
More from SanjogBam
Antimicrobial
this slides includes overview of antimicrobial drugs, their classifications, antimicrobial resistance, adverse effects and toxicity, choice of antimicrobial drugs and its uses
Neural regulation of_respiration
IT INCLUDES ALL THE RESPIRATORY CENTER IDENTIFIED TILL NOW AND THEIR MODULATION VIA DIFFERENT FACTORS. OVERALL IT EMPHASIS ON HOW CNS CAN ALTER THE FREQUENCY OF RESPIRATION
Physiology of nutrition
The document discusses nutrition and a balanced diet. It outlines the objectives of good nutrition, essential nutrients including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals. Carbohydrates provide the main source of energy and come in monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides forms. Proteins are needed for growth, development and tissue repair. Fats also provide energy and essential fatty acids. Vitamins and minerals are required as cofactors for metabolic reactions. A balanced diet meets daily requirements from various food groups to maintain health.
Esophageal motility
This document summarizes esophageal motility and the neural control of the esophagus. It discusses:
1) The esophagus has striated muscles proximally and smooth muscles distally. Primary peristalsis involves both central and peripheral mechanisms, while secondary peristalsis is controlled peripherally.
2) The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) prevents backflow of gastric contents and maintains higher pressure than the stomach and esophagus. It exhibits tonic contraction mediated by myogenic properties rather than neural responses.
3) Swallowed-induced LES relaxation is mediated by vagal inhibitory pathways releasing nitric oxide, while transient LES relaxations are stimulated by gastric distension
PHARMACOKINETIC
This document discusses various pharmacokinetic concepts including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. It describes how drugs are absorbed through various routes and distributed throughout the body. Factors that influence bioavailability such as drug properties, formulation, and first-pass metabolism are examined. The document also explores drug metabolism through phase I and II reactions in the liver and how metabolites are excreted primarily through the kidneys or feces. Teratogenic drugs and drugs contraindicated during pregnancy or breastfeeding are highlighted.
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
- Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their interaction with living systems. It deals with the effects of drugs and how the body affects drugs.
- The two main divisions of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics, which is what drugs do to the body, and pharmacokinetics, which is what the body does to drugs.
- There are several routes of drug administration including oral, injection, topical, inhalation, and rectal. The choice depends on factors like the drug properties, desired effects, and patient condition.
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF DRUGS
Adverse drug reactions can be harmful or unpleasant effects that occur even at normal therapeutic doses. They are classified as either type A, which are augmented and dose-related effects based on the drug's known pharmacological properties, or type B, which are unpredictable reactions based on patient peculiarities like allergies or idiosyncrasies. Adverse effects range from minor to severe/life-threatening and can be side effects, toxic effects, secondary effects, intolerances, idiosyncrasies, allergies, or cause teratogenicity or drug-induced diseases. Understanding adverse reactions through pharmacovigilance helps prevent them by rational drug use and monitoring.
BER
The document discusses the basal electric rhythm of the gastrointestinal tract. It notes that the GI tract generates constant, rhythmic depolarizations called pacemaker potentials or slow waves. These slow waves are generated by specialized pacemaker cells called interstitial cells of Cajal. The frequency of the slow waves determines the rhythm and rate of contractions in different parts of the GI tract and although the enteric nervous system is independent of the autonomic nervous system, the ANS can influence GI function through neurotransmitters like acetylcholine.
Antigen antibody reaction
This document summarizes ABO blood grouping and the Rh factor. It discusses how Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1900. It describes antigens and antibodies related to ABO blood types and the Rh factor. Specifically, it explains that ABO antibodies are IgM antibodies that cannot cross the placenta, while Rh antibodies are IgG antibodies that can. The document also outlines the antigen-antibody reaction process and notes how optimal concentrations are required for agglutination.
Stretch reflex
The stretch reflex is an involuntary muscle contraction that occurs when a muscle is stretched. It plays an important role in maintaining posture and control of movement. There are two types of muscle fibers: extrafusal fibers that provide muscle contraction and intrafusal fibers encapsulated in muscle spindles that act as proprioceptors. Muscle spindles contain specialized intrafusal fibers innervated by sensory Ia afferents and motor γ efferents. When a muscle is stretched, the Ia afferents are activated, triggering a monosynaptic reflex that contracts the muscle via α motor neurons, as well as reciprocal inhibition of antagonist muscles. This phasic stretch reflex acts rapidly to correct movement. The tonic
Fibrinolysis system
This document discusses fibrinolysis, the process by which fibrin clots are broken down. It notes that plasminogen is activated to form plasmin, the main enzyme that degrades fibrin clots. Plasminogen activators such as tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) activate plasminogen on fibrin clot surfaces. Fibrin degradation products are formed that provide markers of fibrinolysis and inhibit thrombin. The process is regulated by inhibitors such as plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.
Metabolic acidosis
This document summarizes metabolic acidosis, characterized by low arterial pH or reduced plasma bicarbonate levels. Common causes include lactic acid accumulation from shock, ketone bodies from diabetes, or renal failure preventing sufficient hydrogen ion secretion. Respiratory compensation occurs through hyperventilation to decrease arterial carbon dioxide levels and bring the bicarbonate-carbon dioxide ratio closer to normal. Renal compensation involves increased hydrogen ion secretion in the kidneys, allowing more bicarbonate reabsorption to help correct the acid-base imbalance.
Cerebellum
The document provides information about the cerebellum, including its functional divisions, histology, input and output pathways, and connections. It discusses how the cerebellum is divided into the cerebrocerebellum, vestibulocerebellum, and spinocerebellum based on their connections. It also describes the layers of the cerebellar cortex including the molecular layer, Purkinje cell layer, and granular layer. The input pathways to the cerebellum are the corticopontocerebellar pathway, olivocerebellar tract, vestibulocerebellar fibers, and reticulocerebellar fibers. The output of the cerebellum projects to all descending pathways
Transport across cell membrane i and ii
This document summarizes various modes of transport across cell membranes, including passive and active transport. Passive transport includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Active transport involves primary active transport via pumps like the sodium-potassium pump and secondary active transport using ion gradients. The document also discusses vesicular transport, which moves materials via endocytosis and exocytosis using vesicles. It provides examples and characteristics of different transport mechanisms, as well as factors that influence rates of diffusion and osmosis.
High altitude physiology01
This document discusses physiology adaptations to high altitudes. It begins with an introduction on how decreasing barometric pressure with increased altitude causes hypoxic conditions. It then discusses how alveolar PO2 and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin decrease with altitude. The body acclimates to low PO2 through increased pulmonary ventilation, erythropoiesis, diffusing capacity, tissue capillarization, and cellular adaptations. Chronic mountain sickness can occur if exposed too long at high altitudes. Natives at high altitudes have genetic adaptations like increased chest sizes and cardiac outputs that allow them to tolerate low oxygen environments.
Cell
The document provides information about cell structure and organelles. It discusses that the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life, and can be unicellular or multicellular. It describes eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, and notes that human cells fall under the category of eukaryotic cells. The document then focuses on cell membrane structure, including the fluid mosaic model. It discusses various cell organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes and their structure and functions.
More from SanjogBam (16)
Recently uploaded
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Swisschem Dermacare has mentioned the List of The Best Antifungal Soap In India 2022. All of these soaps are trusted by various Dermatology Experts.
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
Learn about body grief and ways to cope with it. We will also explore methods to heal from this challenging experience.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
The Best Ayurvedic Antacid Tablets in India
Treat the symptoms of indigestion, heartburn and stomach reflux with the 10 Best Ayurvedic Antacid Tablets in India.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic Approach
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptx
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
It includes regulation of combination products and medical devices. FDA and industry liaisons.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest VersionAdhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.com
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
A Classical Text Review on Basavarajeeyam
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Recently uploaded (20)
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic Approach
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic Approach
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Glucose reabsorption
- 1. Glucose reabsorption in renal tubules Department Of Physiology SMSR, Sharda University 10.01.2019 Sanjog Bam HUMAN BIOLOGIST MSc. Medical physiology
- 2. Glucose reabsorption • Kidney filter 180gm/day of glucose • Normally all glucose gets reabsorbed from renal tubules. • Occurs in two step Carrier mediated, Na+/glucose cotransport (apical membrane) Followed by glucose transport by facililated diffusion and active sodium extrusion. • Two specific sodium coupled carrier have been identified in the apical membrane
- 3. High capacity Low affinity Low capacity High affinity
- 4. - In adult human, the transport maximum for glucose(TmG) average about 375mg/min - filtered at a rate of approx. 100mg/min (80mg/dl x 125ml/min) - actual renal threshold is about 200mg/dl of arterial plasma and180 mg/dl of venous plasma
- 5. THANK YOU