The pituitary gland has two lobes - the posterior and anterior pituitary. The posterior pituitary stores and secretes neuropeptides like oxytocin and ADH. The anterior pituitary is controlled by the hypothalamus via releasing and inhibiting hormones and secretes tropic hormones that control other endocrine glands. The hypothalamus regulates the pituitary and target tissues through releasing and inhibiting hormones.
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system and its glands. It discusses the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, pineal gland and thymus gland. For each gland it describes the hormones produced and their functions in regulating processes like growth, metabolism, and sexual development. The mechanisms of hormonal secretion and action are also summarized.
The pituitary gland located at the base of the brain secretes several hormones that control other glands. It has an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe secretes hormones like growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone under control of the hypothalamus. The posterior lobe secretes anti-diuretic hormone and oxytocin under control of the hypothalamus. Growth hormone promotes growth of tissues, increases protein synthesis and breaks down fat. It is regulated by growth hormone releasing hormone and somatostatin from the hypothalamus.
The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions. Key glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas and gonads. Hormones control processes like metabolism, growth, development, reproduction and mood. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland work together to control hormone release from other glands and maintain homeostasis.
Introduction to endocrine system and pituitary glanddina merzeban
This document provides information about endocrine glands and hormones. It discusses that endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate biochemical reactions and body processes. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas and gonads. The hypothalamus controls endocrine activity through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal system. Hormones can be proteins, steroids or amino acid derivatives. They act through receptors on or inside target cells to initiate biochemical reactions. The secretion of hormones is regulated by feedback loops and factors like blood glucose levels. Disorders of growth hormone secretion can cause dwarfism or gigantism.
The document provides an overview of the endocrine system. It describes that the endocrine and nervous systems work together to coordinate body functions. The endocrine system releases hormones to control activities, unlike the nervous system which uses neurotransmitters. There are two types of glands - exocrine glands which secrete through ducts, and endocrine glands which secrete directly into blood. Key endocrine glands and tissues discussed include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes and others. The roles, secretions and regulations of various hormones are explained in detail.
This document provides an overview and introduction to anatomy and physiology II. It discusses key topics that will be covered such as homeostasis, feedback loops, the endocrine system, hormones, and specific endocrine glands and hormones including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and others. The relationship between the nervous and endocrine systems is also examined.
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system and its glands. It discusses the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, pineal gland and thymus gland. For each gland it describes the hormones produced and their functions in regulating processes like growth, metabolism, and sexual development. The mechanisms of hormonal secretion and action are also summarized.
The pituitary gland located at the base of the brain secretes several hormones that control other glands. It has an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe secretes hormones like growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone under control of the hypothalamus. The posterior lobe secretes anti-diuretic hormone and oxytocin under control of the hypothalamus. Growth hormone promotes growth of tissues, increases protein synthesis and breaks down fat. It is regulated by growth hormone releasing hormone and somatostatin from the hypothalamus.
The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions. Key glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas and gonads. Hormones control processes like metabolism, growth, development, reproduction and mood. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland work together to control hormone release from other glands and maintain homeostasis.
Introduction to endocrine system and pituitary glanddina merzeban
This document provides information about endocrine glands and hormones. It discusses that endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate biochemical reactions and body processes. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas and gonads. The hypothalamus controls endocrine activity through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal system. Hormones can be proteins, steroids or amino acid derivatives. They act through receptors on or inside target cells to initiate biochemical reactions. The secretion of hormones is regulated by feedback loops and factors like blood glucose levels. Disorders of growth hormone secretion can cause dwarfism or gigantism.
The document provides an overview of the endocrine system. It describes that the endocrine and nervous systems work together to coordinate body functions. The endocrine system releases hormones to control activities, unlike the nervous system which uses neurotransmitters. There are two types of glands - exocrine glands which secrete through ducts, and endocrine glands which secrete directly into blood. Key endocrine glands and tissues discussed include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes and others. The roles, secretions and regulations of various hormones are explained in detail.
This document provides an overview and introduction to anatomy and physiology II. It discusses key topics that will be covered such as homeostasis, feedback loops, the endocrine system, hormones, and specific endocrine glands and hormones including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and others. The relationship between the nervous and endocrine systems is also examined.
Endocrine glands and Adrenal (suprarenal) glandAmany Elsayed
The document summarizes key information about endocrine glands and hormones. It discusses the adrenal gland, which has an outer cortex that produces mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens, and an inner medulla that produces catecholamines. It also describes the regulation and functions of growth hormone, sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen, and the roles of the thymus and pineal glands. Measurement of hormone concentrations can provide information about endocrine physiology and diagnose endocrine diseases.
This document provides an overview of endocrine physiology and the study of hormones. It discusses the different types of hormones, how they are classified, their mechanisms of action, and sites of receptor interaction. Specific endocrine glands are examined in depth, including the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and parathyroid glands. Disorders of hormone excess and deficiency are also summarized, such as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, and hypoparathyroidism.
The document discusses the functions and regulation of thyroid hormones. Some key points:
- Thyroid hormones increase metabolic rate, promote growth, and stimulate tissue activity throughout the body.
- Their secretion is regulated by TSH from the pituitary gland, which is stimulated by TRH from the hypothalamus.
- Hyperthyroidism causes increased metabolic rate and symptoms like weight loss, tremors, and anxiety. Hypothyroidism decreases metabolic rate and causes fatigue, weight gain, and mental sluggishness.
- Conditions like Graves' disease and thyroiditis can lead to autoimmune hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism if the thyroid is destroyed. Treatment depends on the condition
The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine system. It describes how the endocrine system consists of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate distant target cells. The endocrine and nervous systems are both regulatory systems that utilize different mechanisms - the endocrine system provides longer-term control of things like metabolism and development through hormones, while the nervous system provides faster responses. The major glands of the endocrine system and their hormones are also outlined.
The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine system, including:
1. The major endocrine glands that secrete hormones like the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes.
2. How hormones function through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signaling to regulate processes in target cells and tissues.
3. The roles of the anterior and posterior pituitary glands in secreting hormones that regulate other endocrine glands and processes like metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" because:
8. It controls and regulates the functions of other endocrine glands like the thyroid, adrenals, ovaries and testes through the hormones it secretes.
9. The pituitary gland is regulated by the hypothalamus which controls hormone synthesis and secretion from the pituitary through releasing and inhibiting hormones.
10. Damage or dysfunction of the pituitary gland can lead to disorders in other glands and various body processes since it plays a central role in the endocrine system.
The endocrine system controls physiology through chemical signals secreted by glands and received by target cells. The major endocrine glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes. Hormones act through autocrine, paracrine or endocrine signaling to regulate processes like metabolism, growth, and reproduction. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland form the hypothalamic-pituitary axis which controls other endocrine glands.
Glucocorticoids bind to cytoplasmic receptors in cells and form complexes that enter the nucleus and bind to DNA, activating transcription of genes that alter cell function. Glucocorticoids are secreted in a diurnal rhythm regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and have wide-ranging metabolic effects including increasing blood glucose, breaking down proteins and fats, and affecting bone, muscle, immune cells and more. They also have anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular effects and are essential for survival in stress and fasting states.
Adrenocortical hormones by Dr Prafull TureraoPhysiology Dept
The adrenal glands produce three main classes of hormones - glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and adrenal sex steroids. Glucocorticoids such as cortisol are produced in the zona fasciculata and have wide-ranging metabolic effects throughout the body. Their production is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Mineralocorticoids like aldosterone are produced in the zona glomerulosa and regulate sodium and potassium balance primarily through their actions in the kidneys. Hyperaldosteronism can result from tumors or other causes that overstimulate aldosterone production.
The document provides an overview of endocrinology and various endocrine disorders. It discusses the pituitary gland and its role in regulating other endocrine glands. It also summarizes disorders of the thyroid gland including hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and goiter. Disorders of the parathyroid glands including hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism are also outlined. Finally, it briefly discusses the adrenal glands and diabetes mellitus.
The document discusses the structure and function of the thyroid gland. It describes the gland's lobes and isthmus, as well as the follicles that contain colloid and thyroid hormones like T3 and T4. The process of thyroid hormone production, secretion, and regulation by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is explained in detail. The actions of thyroid hormones on metabolism, growth, and various organ systems are also outlined.
This document summarizes the major endocrine glands and hormones in the human body. It describes the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, gonads and other minor endocrine tissues. For each endocrine organ, it lists the key hormones produced and their major functions in maintaining homeostasis, growth, metabolism, and reproduction. In total, it discusses 24 major hormones and their roles in coordinating and regulating various physiological processes.
The document summarizes several endocrine glands and their functions. It describes the pituitary gland as the "master gland" that controls many other glands. It regulates the thyroid, adrenals, ovaries and testes. The thyroid gland regulates metabolism through thyroid hormones. The parathyroids regulate blood calcium levels via parathyroid hormone. The pancreas regulates blood sugar through insulin and glucagon. The adrenals regulate stress response and metabolism through cortisol and other hormones. The ovaries and testes produce sex hormones like estrogen, progesterone and testosterone. The thymus and pineal gland also have roles in immunity and reproduction.
The document discusses the endocrine system and cell-to-cell communication via hormones. There are three main types of chemical signals used: 1) peptide hormones that bind to cell membrane receptors and use secondary messengers; 2) steroid hormones that enter cells and directly affect gene expression; and 3) amino acid-derived hormones that use secondary messengers. The hypothalamus monitors conditions and signals the pituitary gland if changes are needed, and the pituitary signals other endocrine glands. Major glands discussed include the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, pancreas, gonads, and others. Hormones maintain homeostasis by regulating processes such as metabolism, growth, stress response, reproduction, and more.
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system. It describes that the endocrine system uses hormones to regulate body functions more slowly than the nervous system. The key endocrine glands discussed are the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes. For each gland, the document outlines the hormones produced, their actions in the body, and how their secretion is controlled by feedback mechanisms in the endocrine and nervous systems.
The document discusses chemical signaling within the body via the nervous and endocrine systems. The nervous system mediates short-term, specific responses using neurotransmitters, while the endocrine system regulates longer-term metabolic processes throughout the body using hormones. Key endocrine glands discussed include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and reproductive organs.
The document discusses the endocrine system and hypothalamic-pituitary regulation. It defines the endocrine system as composed of cells and organs that synthesize and secrete hormones into the bloodstream to act on distant target cells. It describes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, noting that the hypothalamus regulates the anterior pituitary by secreting releasing and inhibiting hormones via the portal system. The anterior pituitary then secretes six hormones that target various endocrine glands.
in this slide u are able to well known about the introduction of hormones.
categories, classification, function, structure, regulation, location, mechanism of action, how hormone regulates our body function, how it maintains the homeostasis condition.
structure of hormones.
Endocrine glands and Adrenal (suprarenal) glandAmany Elsayed
The document summarizes key information about endocrine glands and hormones. It discusses the adrenal gland, which has an outer cortex that produces mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens, and an inner medulla that produces catecholamines. It also describes the regulation and functions of growth hormone, sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen, and the roles of the thymus and pineal glands. Measurement of hormone concentrations can provide information about endocrine physiology and diagnose endocrine diseases.
This document provides an overview of endocrine physiology and the study of hormones. It discusses the different types of hormones, how they are classified, their mechanisms of action, and sites of receptor interaction. Specific endocrine glands are examined in depth, including the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and parathyroid glands. Disorders of hormone excess and deficiency are also summarized, such as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, and hypoparathyroidism.
The document discusses the functions and regulation of thyroid hormones. Some key points:
- Thyroid hormones increase metabolic rate, promote growth, and stimulate tissue activity throughout the body.
- Their secretion is regulated by TSH from the pituitary gland, which is stimulated by TRH from the hypothalamus.
- Hyperthyroidism causes increased metabolic rate and symptoms like weight loss, tremors, and anxiety. Hypothyroidism decreases metabolic rate and causes fatigue, weight gain, and mental sluggishness.
- Conditions like Graves' disease and thyroiditis can lead to autoimmune hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism if the thyroid is destroyed. Treatment depends on the condition
The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine system. It describes how the endocrine system consists of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate distant target cells. The endocrine and nervous systems are both regulatory systems that utilize different mechanisms - the endocrine system provides longer-term control of things like metabolism and development through hormones, while the nervous system provides faster responses. The major glands of the endocrine system and their hormones are also outlined.
The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine system, including:
1. The major endocrine glands that secrete hormones like the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes.
2. How hormones function through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signaling to regulate processes in target cells and tissues.
3. The roles of the anterior and posterior pituitary glands in secreting hormones that regulate other endocrine glands and processes like metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" because:
8. It controls and regulates the functions of other endocrine glands like the thyroid, adrenals, ovaries and testes through the hormones it secretes.
9. The pituitary gland is regulated by the hypothalamus which controls hormone synthesis and secretion from the pituitary through releasing and inhibiting hormones.
10. Damage or dysfunction of the pituitary gland can lead to disorders in other glands and various body processes since it plays a central role in the endocrine system.
The endocrine system controls physiology through chemical signals secreted by glands and received by target cells. The major endocrine glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes. Hormones act through autocrine, paracrine or endocrine signaling to regulate processes like metabolism, growth, and reproduction. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland form the hypothalamic-pituitary axis which controls other endocrine glands.
Glucocorticoids bind to cytoplasmic receptors in cells and form complexes that enter the nucleus and bind to DNA, activating transcription of genes that alter cell function. Glucocorticoids are secreted in a diurnal rhythm regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and have wide-ranging metabolic effects including increasing blood glucose, breaking down proteins and fats, and affecting bone, muscle, immune cells and more. They also have anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular effects and are essential for survival in stress and fasting states.
Adrenocortical hormones by Dr Prafull TureraoPhysiology Dept
The adrenal glands produce three main classes of hormones - glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and adrenal sex steroids. Glucocorticoids such as cortisol are produced in the zona fasciculata and have wide-ranging metabolic effects throughout the body. Their production is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Mineralocorticoids like aldosterone are produced in the zona glomerulosa and regulate sodium and potassium balance primarily through their actions in the kidneys. Hyperaldosteronism can result from tumors or other causes that overstimulate aldosterone production.
The document provides an overview of endocrinology and various endocrine disorders. It discusses the pituitary gland and its role in regulating other endocrine glands. It also summarizes disorders of the thyroid gland including hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and goiter. Disorders of the parathyroid glands including hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism are also outlined. Finally, it briefly discusses the adrenal glands and diabetes mellitus.
The document discusses the structure and function of the thyroid gland. It describes the gland's lobes and isthmus, as well as the follicles that contain colloid and thyroid hormones like T3 and T4. The process of thyroid hormone production, secretion, and regulation by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is explained in detail. The actions of thyroid hormones on metabolism, growth, and various organ systems are also outlined.
This document summarizes the major endocrine glands and hormones in the human body. It describes the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, gonads and other minor endocrine tissues. For each endocrine organ, it lists the key hormones produced and their major functions in maintaining homeostasis, growth, metabolism, and reproduction. In total, it discusses 24 major hormones and their roles in coordinating and regulating various physiological processes.
The document summarizes several endocrine glands and their functions. It describes the pituitary gland as the "master gland" that controls many other glands. It regulates the thyroid, adrenals, ovaries and testes. The thyroid gland regulates metabolism through thyroid hormones. The parathyroids regulate blood calcium levels via parathyroid hormone. The pancreas regulates blood sugar through insulin and glucagon. The adrenals regulate stress response and metabolism through cortisol and other hormones. The ovaries and testes produce sex hormones like estrogen, progesterone and testosterone. The thymus and pineal gland also have roles in immunity and reproduction.
The document discusses the endocrine system and cell-to-cell communication via hormones. There are three main types of chemical signals used: 1) peptide hormones that bind to cell membrane receptors and use secondary messengers; 2) steroid hormones that enter cells and directly affect gene expression; and 3) amino acid-derived hormones that use secondary messengers. The hypothalamus monitors conditions and signals the pituitary gland if changes are needed, and the pituitary signals other endocrine glands. Major glands discussed include the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, pancreas, gonads, and others. Hormones maintain homeostasis by regulating processes such as metabolism, growth, stress response, reproduction, and more.
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system. It describes that the endocrine system uses hormones to regulate body functions more slowly than the nervous system. The key endocrine glands discussed are the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes. For each gland, the document outlines the hormones produced, their actions in the body, and how their secretion is controlled by feedback mechanisms in the endocrine and nervous systems.
The document discusses chemical signaling within the body via the nervous and endocrine systems. The nervous system mediates short-term, specific responses using neurotransmitters, while the endocrine system regulates longer-term metabolic processes throughout the body using hormones. Key endocrine glands discussed include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and reproductive organs.
The document discusses the endocrine system and hypothalamic-pituitary regulation. It defines the endocrine system as composed of cells and organs that synthesize and secrete hormones into the bloodstream to act on distant target cells. It describes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, noting that the hypothalamus regulates the anterior pituitary by secreting releasing and inhibiting hormones via the portal system. The anterior pituitary then secretes six hormones that target various endocrine glands.
in this slide u are able to well known about the introduction of hormones.
categories, classification, function, structure, regulation, location, mechanism of action, how hormone regulates our body function, how it maintains the homeostasis condition.
structure of hormones.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...
Specific Endocrine Glands.ppt
1. 18-1
I. Structure of the Pituitary Gland
• 1. Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis):
• a. extension of the nervous system via the infundibulum
• b. Secretes and stores neuropeptides like oxcytocin
• 2. Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
• a. Connected to hypothalamus by portal vein running through the infundibulum
• b. Hypothalamus controls the adenohypophysis by release of releasing hormone
or inhibiting hormone
• c. Example would be GHRH or GHIH (somatostatin)
4. 18-4
III. Hormones of Posterior Pituitary
A. ADH
• 1. Also called vasopressin.
• 2. Osmoreceptors (specialized neurons of hypothalamus monitor
changes in intercellular osmolality (relative concentrations of
electrolytes and water).
• 3. If the concentration of electrolytes increases or if the
concentration of water decreases, then ADH secretion is stimulated.
• 4. Baroreceptors (specialized neurons found in walls of atria of
heart, large veins, carotid arteries, aortic arch) sense changes in
blood pressure (BP). If BP decreases, then ADH secretion is
stimulated.
• 5. ADH works on the collecting ducts of the kidneys to produce a
more concentrated urine as water is reabsorbed into the body
5. B. Oxcytocin
• 1. produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior or
neurohypophysis
• 2. target tissues include myometrium and muscle cells around milk
ducts of mammary glands
• 3. stimuli bringing about release of oxcytocin stretching of the uterus,
cervix, sexual intercourse, and stimulation of nipple during nursing
• 4. functions:
• a. Onset of delivery
• b. Expulsion of uterine lining during menses
• c. Sperm transport during intercourse
• d. Milk letdown
• 5. special cases
• a. Nursing mothers and uterine shape
• b. Neural input to oxcytocin release
18-5
9. B. Generalized traits
• 1. controlled by releasing and inhibiting hormones from
the hypothalamus
• 2. the hormones are proteins, glycoproteins, or
polypeptides-generally too large to pass through the
membrane
• 3. bind to receptors on the target cell membrane
• 4. short half life and generally quick acting
• 5. many of the hormones are tropic hormones-stimulate
other endocrine glands to produce hormones
• 6. therefore sometimes called the master gland
18-9
10. 18-10
C. Specific Anterior Pituitary Hormones
1.Growth Hormone (GH or somatotropin)
• a. Stimulates uptake of amino acids; protein synthesis
• b. Stimulates breakdown of fats (lipolysis) to be used as an
energy source but stimulates synthesis of glycogen
(glycogenesis)
• c. glucose sparing
• d. Promotes bone, muscle and cartilage growth by bringing
about the release of somatomedins (insulin-like growth factors)
• e. Regulates blood levels of nutrients after a meal and during
periods of fasting
• f. Produced by biotech
• g. Potentials for abuse-acromegaly
12. 18-12
2. TSH (tropic hormone) and Thyroid Hormones
• a. TRH from hypothalamus causes the release of TSH
from anterior pituitary which causes secretion and storage
of hormones T3 and T4 within the thyroid gland
• b. T3 and T4 inhibit TRH and TSH secretion in a negative
feedback pattern.
13. 18-13
3. Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)
• a. CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) from
hypothalamus causes release of ACTH from anterior
pituitary
• b. ACTH causes cortisol secretion from the adrenal
cortex (a glucocorticoid from the zona fasciculata)
• c. Causes aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex
(a mineralocorticoid from the zona glomerulosa)
• d. If adrenal cortex is diseased and malfunctional, ACTH
levels rise and
• e. Binds directly to melanocytes of the skin; causes
increase in production of melanin.
• f. ACTH, lipotropins, B endorphins and MSH are
manufactured from the same precursor
14. 18-14
4. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone, Endorphins,
and Lipotropins
• a. ACTH, MSH, endorphins and lipotropins all derived from the
same large precursor molecule when stimulated by CRH
• b. MSH causes melanocytes to produce more melanin
• -plays a role in appetite
• -sexual behavior??
• c. Endorphins act as an analgesic; produced during times of stress.
• d. Lipotropins cause adipose cells to catabolize fat, lipolysis
15. 18-15
5. LH, FSH, Prolactin
• a. Gonadotropins: glycoprotein hormones that promote
growth and function of the gonads
• b. LH and FSH
– Both hormones regulate production of gametes and
reproductive hormones
• Testosterone in males
• Estrogen and progesterone in females
• c. GnRH from hypothalamus stimulates LH and FSH secretion
• d. Prolactin: role in milk production
– Regulation of secretion: prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
and prolactin-inhibiting hormones (PIH)
17. 18-17
IV. Thyroid Gland
• A. One of largest endocrine
glands;
• 1. Highly vascular.
• 2. appears dark red
• 3. Iodine enters follicular
cells by active transport.
• 4. low levels of iodine
thryroid hypertrophies called
goiter
• B. Composed of follicles:
• 1. follicular cells surrounding
thyroglobulin/thyroid hormone
• 2. Parafollicular cells:
between follicles secrete
calcitonin
• 3. calcitonin reduces blood
calcium levels by stimulating
activity of osteoblasts in bone
18. C. Thyroid hormones
• 1. two major iodine based hormones produced- triodothyronine (T3) and
thyroxine (T4)
• 2. more thyroxine is produced than the T3 which is physiologically more
active
• 3. these hormones are carried in the blood connected to globulin molecules
which protects them from breakdown-gives them a very long half life
• 4. a lot of these hormones are stored in the thyroid gland which also helps to
maintain very stable levels of these two hormones in the blood
• 5. when thyroid function is being measured by blood work, it is the TSH
which is measured
• 6. it is a more direct barometer of thyroid activity
• 7. these two hormones elevate metabolic rate
• 8. Increase rate of glucose, fat, protein metabolism in many tissues thus
increasing body temperature
• 9. Normal growth of many tissues dependent on presence of thyroid hormones
• 10. hypothyroidism vs. hyperthyroidism
18-18
20. 18-20
D. Regulation of Calcitonin Secretion
• 1. Produced by parafollicular
cells
• 2. Secretion triggered by high
Ca2+ concentration in blood;
acts to decrease Ca2+
concentration
• 3. Primary target tissue: bone.
Decreases osteoclast activity,
lengthens life span of
osteoblasts.
• 4. calcitonin concentrations
decrease with age more in
females than males
• 5. postmenopausal women
and calcitonin nasal sprays
21. 18-21
V. Parathyroid Glands
• 1. Embedded in thyroid
• 2. Historical surgery story
• 3. Two glands on each side
• 4. Secrete PTH: target tissues are bone,
kidneys and intestines.
– Increases blood calcium and phosphate
levels
– Stimulates osteoclasts
– Promotes calcium reabsorption by
kidneys and PO4 excretion because rise
of both causes bone deposition in wrong
amounts
– Increases synthesis of vitamin D which,
in turn, increases absorption of Ca and
PO4 by intestines. Net loss of PO4 under
influence of PTH.
• 5. Regulation depends on calcium levels.
• 6. inactive parathormone-hypocalcemia-
open voltage-gated sodium ion channels
23. 18-23
VI. Adrenal Glands A. Anatomy
• 1. Near superior poles of
kidneys; retroperitoneal
• 2. Inner medulla; outer
cortex
• 3. Medulla: formed from
neural crest; sympathetic.
Secretes epinephrine and
norepinephrine
• 4. Cortex: three zones
from superficial to deep
– Zona glomerulosa
– Zona fasciculata
– Zona reticularis
24. 18-24
B. Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
• 1. Secretory products are neuropeptides: epinephrine and
norepinephrine
• 2. Combine with adrenergic membrane-bound receptors
• 3. Secretion of hormones prepares body for physical activity
• 4. Effects are short-lived; hormones rapidly metabolized; half-life is
minutes
• 5. Epinephrine
– Increases blood levels of glucose via glycogenolysis
– Increases fat breakdown in adipose tissue
– Causes dilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscles and cardiac
muscles.
• 6. Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase heart rate and force of
contraction; cause blood vessels to constrict in skin, kidneys,
gastrointestinal tract, and other viscera
25. 18-25
C. Hormones of Adrenal Cortex
• 1. Mineralocorticoids: Zona glomerulosa
– Aldosterone produced in greatest
amounts. Increases rate of sodium
reabsorption by kidneys increasing
sodium blood levels
– Stimulus for production is low blood
pressure
– Increases water reabsorption and
therefore blood volume
• 2. Glucocorticoids: Zona fasciculata
– Cortisol is major hormone. Increases
fat and protein breakdown, increases
glucose synthesis(gluconeogenesis),
promotes the increased use of fats and
proteins by muscles, decreases
inflammatory response
• 3. Androgens: Zona reticularis
– Weak androgens secreted then
converted to testosterone by peripheral
tissues. Stimulate pubic and axillary
hair growth and sexual drive in females
27. 18-27
VII. Pancreas
• A. Located along small intestine and stomach;
retroperitoneal
• B. Exocrine gland
– Produces pancreatic digestive juices
• C. Endocrine gland
– Consists of pancreatic islets
– Composed of
• Alpha cells; secrete glucagon
• Beta cells; secrete insulin
• Delta cells; secrete somatostatin
29. E. Effects of insulin
• 1. direct effect is to reduce blood glucose
• 2. acts on a number of different target tissues
• 3. muscle-causes uptake of glucose to promote glycogenesis
• 4. adipose tissue-lipogenesis
• 5. liver-glycogenesis and increased use of glucose to drive ATP
production
• 6. also acts to increase uptake of amino acids and stimulates protein
synthesis
• 7. insulin is a protein hormone-therefore binds to a membrane receptor
• 8. increases the number of glucose carrier molecules
• 9. low levels of insulin lead to a very rapid increase of blood glucose
18-29
30. G. Effects of glucagon
• 1. Affects of glucagon are antagonistic to insulin
• 2. acts to increase blood glucose levels
• 3. secreted from pancreas alpha cells and enters hepatic portal
circulation
• 4. travels directly to liver where it stimulates the liver to break down
glycogen stores-glycogenolysis
• 5. also stimulates glucose sparing and encourages the use of alternate
fuels for energy source
• 6. important to maintain adequate glucose levels as the nervous
system is an obligate consumer of glucose
• 7. promotes gluconeogenesis in liver from amino acids
• 8. glucagon does not affect many other target tissues as the liver
breaks down glucagon before it can pass on to other organs
18-30
31. H. Diabetes mellitus
• 1. normal range fasting blood sugar is 70-100 mg./deciliter
• 2. low insulin activity raises this level drastically-diabetes usually
confirmed with reading of 200mg/deciliter
• 3. two types of diabetes
• a. Type I
• -individuals don’t produce sufficient insulin
• -usually children
• - approximately 10% of diabetic population
• -insulin dependent
• b. Type II
• -individuals don’t respond to insulin normally produced
• -faulty receptors or enzymes produced after insulin combines
• -majority
• -adult onset
• -meds taken to increase insulin production
• -exercise 18-31
32. 4. Symptoms of diabetes type I
• a. Frequent urination –due to high osmotic pressures of glucose in
urine
• b. Unusual thirst –replacing fluid loss in the high urine production
• c. Extreme hunger-satiety center in hypothalamus insulin dependent
• d. Unusual weight loss- low fuel source availability
• e. Extreme fatigue and irritability
18-32
40. IX. Hormones of the Pineal Gland
A. Main hormone is melatonin
B. Melatonin inhibits GnRH and
therefore inhibits reproductive
function
C. Also may help sleep cycles by
stimulating sleep
D. Some animals pineal regulates
breeding cycles
1. light inhibits pineal secretion of
melatonin
2. dark stimulates pineal’s secretion
of melatonin
3. animals that breed in spring
experience increased day length and
decreased melatonin secretion-
reproductive structures hypertrophy
4. repurcussion-
-use as a sleep aid
-earlier onset of puberty
18-40
41. 18-41
X. Thymus gland
• A. Location-superior
mediastinum
• B. Produces hormone
thymosin
• C. Activity-
maturation and
development of the
immune system
• D. Culinary-sweet
breads