The document summarizes the adrenal gland and its hormones. It describes that the adrenal gland has two zones - the adrenal cortex and medulla. The cortex secretes mineralocorticoids like aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa and glucocorticoids like cortisol from the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels while cortisol regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. Diseases associated with excess or deficiency of these hormones include Cushing's syndrome seen with excess cortisol and Addison's disease seen with cortisol deficiency.
The document discusses the adrenal glands and their hormones. It describes that the adrenal glands are composed of the adrenal cortex and medulla. The cortex secretes corticosteroids like mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol) and androgens. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels while cortisol regulates carbohydrate and protein metabolism and helps in stress response. The secretion of aldosterone and cortisol is regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis respectively.
10.laboratory aspects of adrenal disordersmonayuliari1
The document summarizes key aspects of adrenal disorders, including the anatomy and physiology of the adrenal cortex and its secretion of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex hormones. It also discusses various adrenal disorders that can cause hyperfunction or hypofunction, such as Cushing's syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), hyperaldosteronism, and adrenal insufficiency. Laboratory testing methods and reference intervals are provided for examining glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid function.
Adrenal_Cortex by_ Subham Panja, Asst. professor, Department of B.Sc MLT,Dr. ...Subham Panja
The adrenal glands consist of an outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex is made up of three layers that secrete different hormones: the zona glomerulosa secretes mineralocorticoids like aldosterone; the zona fasciculata secretes glucocorticoids like cortisol; and the zona reticularis secretes sex hormones. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels through its effects on the kidneys, while cortisol regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. The secretion of aldosterone is regulated by potassium levels and angiotensin II, while cortisol secretion is regulated by ACTH from the pituitary gland.
The adrenal glands are composed of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids like mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone), glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol), and androgens. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels in the body. Cortisol increases blood glucose levels and has anti-inflammatory effects. The secretion of cortisol and aldosterone is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis through ACTH and angiotensin II. Diseases of the adrenal cortex can result in either hypoadrenalism like Addison's disease or hyperadrenal
The adrenal gland is located on top of each kidney and is composed of an outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex secretes three main types of hormones: mineralocorticoids like aldosterone, glucocorticoids like cortisol, and androgens. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels while cortisol regulates carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism and has anti-inflammatory effects. Both aldosterone and cortisol secretion are regulated by the renin-angiotensin system and ACTH from the pituitary gland.
Biochemistry of Kidney-5 and 6.pdthfjdfhrtfSriRam071
The kidney regulates homeostasis through filtration and reabsorption. Each kidney contains approximately one million nephrons, the functional units of the kidney. During filtration, 120-125 mL of plasma is filtered into the glomerular filtrate per minute. Over 99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed by the renal tubules. Tests of kidney function include clearance tests to assess glomerular filtration rate (GFR) such as creatinine clearance, which estimates the volume of plasma cleared of creatinine per minute based on creatinine levels in a 24-hour urine collection and plasma sample.
The document discusses adrenocortical hormones and their synthesis and secretion. It covers the following key points:
1. The adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids including mineralocorticoids like aldosterone and glucocorticoids like cortisol.
2. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels while cortisol regulates glucose levels and has anti-inflammatory effects.
3. Corticosteroid synthesis occurs in the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciulata, and zona reticularis layers of the adrenal cortex from cholesterol.
4. ACTH stimulates cortisol secretion which is regulated by a negative feedback loop with the hypothalamus and
The document discusses adrenocortical hormones and their synthesis and secretion. It covers the following key points:
1. The adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids including mineralocorticoids like aldosterone and glucocorticoids like cortisol.
2. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels while cortisol regulates glucose levels and has anti-inflammatory effects.
3. Corticosteroid synthesis occurs in the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciulata, and zona reticularis layers of the adrenal cortex from cholesterol.
4. ACTH stimulates cortisol secretion which is regulated by a negative feedback loop with the hypothalamus and
The document discusses the adrenal glands and their hormones. It describes that the adrenal glands are composed of the adrenal cortex and medulla. The cortex secretes corticosteroids like mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol) and androgens. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels while cortisol regulates carbohydrate and protein metabolism and helps in stress response. The secretion of aldosterone and cortisol is regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis respectively.
10.laboratory aspects of adrenal disordersmonayuliari1
The document summarizes key aspects of adrenal disorders, including the anatomy and physiology of the adrenal cortex and its secretion of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex hormones. It also discusses various adrenal disorders that can cause hyperfunction or hypofunction, such as Cushing's syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), hyperaldosteronism, and adrenal insufficiency. Laboratory testing methods and reference intervals are provided for examining glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid function.
Adrenal_Cortex by_ Subham Panja, Asst. professor, Department of B.Sc MLT,Dr. ...Subham Panja
The adrenal glands consist of an outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex is made up of three layers that secrete different hormones: the zona glomerulosa secretes mineralocorticoids like aldosterone; the zona fasciculata secretes glucocorticoids like cortisol; and the zona reticularis secretes sex hormones. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels through its effects on the kidneys, while cortisol regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. The secretion of aldosterone is regulated by potassium levels and angiotensin II, while cortisol secretion is regulated by ACTH from the pituitary gland.
The adrenal glands are composed of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids like mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone), glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol), and androgens. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels in the body. Cortisol increases blood glucose levels and has anti-inflammatory effects. The secretion of cortisol and aldosterone is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis through ACTH and angiotensin II. Diseases of the adrenal cortex can result in either hypoadrenalism like Addison's disease or hyperadrenal
The adrenal gland is located on top of each kidney and is composed of an outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex secretes three main types of hormones: mineralocorticoids like aldosterone, glucocorticoids like cortisol, and androgens. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels while cortisol regulates carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism and has anti-inflammatory effects. Both aldosterone and cortisol secretion are regulated by the renin-angiotensin system and ACTH from the pituitary gland.
Biochemistry of Kidney-5 and 6.pdthfjdfhrtfSriRam071
The kidney regulates homeostasis through filtration and reabsorption. Each kidney contains approximately one million nephrons, the functional units of the kidney. During filtration, 120-125 mL of plasma is filtered into the glomerular filtrate per minute. Over 99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed by the renal tubules. Tests of kidney function include clearance tests to assess glomerular filtration rate (GFR) such as creatinine clearance, which estimates the volume of plasma cleared of creatinine per minute based on creatinine levels in a 24-hour urine collection and plasma sample.
The document discusses adrenocortical hormones and their synthesis and secretion. It covers the following key points:
1. The adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids including mineralocorticoids like aldosterone and glucocorticoids like cortisol.
2. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels while cortisol regulates glucose levels and has anti-inflammatory effects.
3. Corticosteroid synthesis occurs in the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciulata, and zona reticularis layers of the adrenal cortex from cholesterol.
4. ACTH stimulates cortisol secretion which is regulated by a negative feedback loop with the hypothalamus and
The document discusses adrenocortical hormones and their synthesis and secretion. It covers the following key points:
1. The adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids including mineralocorticoids like aldosterone and glucocorticoids like cortisol.
2. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels while cortisol regulates glucose levels and has anti-inflammatory effects.
3. Corticosteroid synthesis occurs in the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciulata, and zona reticularis layers of the adrenal cortex from cholesterol.
4. ACTH stimulates cortisol secretion which is regulated by a negative feedback loop with the hypothalamus and
The adrenal glands are essential endocrine glands that secrete hormones that regulate fluid balance and the body's stress response. They consist of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids including mineralocorticoids like aldosterone and glucocorticoids like cortisol. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels in the body to control blood pressure and volume. Cortisol regulates carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism and helps the body respond to stress. Dysfunction of the adrenal cortex can cause hypo- or hypersecretion of hormones with signs and symptoms like hypertension, hypokalemia, and adrenal crisis.
The document summarizes the synthesis and functions of adrenocortical hormones. It describes that the adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids like aldosterone, glucocorticoids like cortisol, and small amounts of sex hormones. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels while cortisol impacts carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism and has anti-inflammatory effects. Secretion of these hormones is controlled by the renin-angiotensin system and ACTH from the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis.
The document provides an overview of the urinary system, including the anatomy and functions of the kidneys and other components. The kidneys filter blood to remove waste and regulate fluid balance. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and reabsorbs water and nutrients while secreting wastes. Urine is stored in the bladder and eliminated through the urethra under voluntary control.
The adrenal glands secrete different types of hormones. The adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids like aldosterone and glucocorticoids like cortisol. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels in the body while cortisol regulates carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. Conditions like Cushing's syndrome can result from excessive cortisol secretion and cause obesity, high blood pressure, and thinning skin. Conn's syndrome is caused by excessive aldosterone and leads to hypokalemia, high blood pressure, and potentially muscle paralysis. The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine which assist the sympathetic nervous system.
The adrenal glands secrete three main types of hormones: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. Mineralocorticoids like aldosterone are secreted by the zona glomerulosa and regulate sodium and potassium levels in the body by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the kidneys. Glucocorticoids like cortisol are secreted by the zona fasciculata and are involved in glucose regulation and immune function. Androgens are secreted by the zona reticularis. Aldosterone specifically plays key roles in blood pressure regulation and electrolyte balance. Too little or too much aldosterone can disrupt these processes and cause health issues
The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys and have two parts - the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex. The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to sympathetic stimulation. The adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids including mineralocorticoids like aldosterone and glucocorticoids like cortisol. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels in extracellular fluids by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys. Cortisol regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism to increase blood glucose levels and help the body respond to stress.
The patient has type 1 diabetes mellitus, as evidenced by his insulin dependence and diabetic ketoacidosis symptoms of excessive thirst, frequent urination, high blood glucose, and metabolic acidosis. Insulin deficiency leads to lipolysis and ketogenesis, causing metabolic acidosis. Hyperglycemia leads to dehydration through osmotic diuresis, depleting water and electrolytes lost in urine along with ketones. While total body potassium is low, serum levels are initially normal or high due to acidosis but may fall dangerously with treatment without monitoring and replacement.
Structure and function of adrenal glandsMoses Kayungi
Structure and function of adrenal glands
• Anatomically, the adrenal glands (suprarenal) are located in the thoracic abdomen situated 'on' top of the kidneys one on each side, specifically on their anterosuperior aspect.
• They are surrounded by the adipose capsule and the renal fascia
• They consist of two parts,
The outer cortex
The inner medulla.
Adrenal Cortex
• The adrenal cortex is devoted to the synthesis of corticosteroid hormones from cholesterol.
It completes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
The source of cortisol and corticosterone hormones
• The cortex is divided into three zones, or layers.
• This division is sometimes referred to as ‘functional zonation”
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Adrenal Medulla
• The adrenal medulla is the core of the adrenal gland, and is surrounded by the adrenal cortex.
• The chromaffin cells of the medulla are the body's main source of the circulating catecholamines, adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine
Blood supply to Adrenal Gland
• Although variations of the blood supply to the adrenal glands (and indeed the kidneys themselves) are common, there are usually three arteries that supply each adrenal gland:
The superior suprarenal artery is provided by the inferior phrenic artery.
The middle suprarenal artery is provided by the abdominal aorta.
The inferior suprarenal artery is provided by the renal artery
• Venous drainage of the adrenal glands is achieved via the suprarenal veins:
The right suprarenal vein drains into the inferior vena cava.
The left suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein or the left inferior phrenic vein
The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and produce urine. The urine passes through the ureters to the bladder for storage and then exits the body through the urethra. Key functions of the kidneys include filtering blood to remove wastes and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and reabsorbs necessary molecules while secreting wastes into urine.
The document discusses the adrenal glands and their hormones. It describes that the adrenal glands sit above the kidneys and contain an adrenal cortex and medulla. The cortex secretes corticosteroids like mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid produced in the zona glomerulosa, while cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid from the zona fasciculata. Cortisol regulates blood glucose and sodium/potassium balance. The document also outlines the functions of aldosterone in increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the kidneys.
The document discusses the adrenal glands and their hormones. It describes that the adrenal glands sit above the kidneys and contain an adrenal cortex and medulla. The cortex secretes corticosteroids like mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid produced in the zona glomerulosa, while cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid from the zona fasciculata. Cortisol regulates blood glucose and its secretion is controlled by ACTH. The document also outlines the functions of aldosterone in regulating sodium, potassium, and blood pressure.
Adrenal gland & Cushing's Disease - Seminar August 2015Arun Vasireddy
A condition that occurs from exposure to high cortisol levels for a long time.
Fewer than 1 million cases per year (India)
Treatable by a medical professional
Requires a medical diagnosis
Lab tests or imaging always required
Chronic: can last for years or be lifelong
The most common cause is the use of steroid drugs, but it can also occur from overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands.
Signs are a fatty hump between the shoulders, a rounded face and pink or purple stretch marks.
Treatment options include reducing steroid use, surgery, radiation and medication.
A small gland that makes steroid hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenalineRuvarasheMutadza1
A small gland that makes steroid hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenaline. These hormones help control heart rate, blood pressure, and other important body functions. There are two adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney. Also called suprarenal gland.
The document provides an overview of kidney anatomy and physiology. It describes the functions of the kidney which include regulating fluid balance, electrolytes, acid-base balance, and excreting waste. It details the structures of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, and its role in filtering blood to form urine through processes like filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and the countercurrent multiplier system. Key hormones involved in osmoregulation like renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, and ADH are also discussed.
Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate with production of energy. It occurs in the cytoplasm and can proceed with or without oxygen. Glycolysis is regulated by energy requirements of the cell and key enzymes. The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for oxidation of acetyl CoA derived from carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. It occurs in mitochondria and produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP and NADH. Glycogen is the storage form of glucose and its synthesis and breakdown are regulated by hormones to maintain blood glucose levels. Gluconeogenesis produces new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources in the liver. Hormones like insulin and glucagon
They have a higher capacity than chemical buffer systems and can eliminate excess acids or bases from the body over longer periods of time. The respiratory system eliminates carbon dioxide to indirectly remove carbonic acid from the blood. The kidneys eliminate fixed acids and bases to regulate acid-base balance in the blood and prevent metabolic acidosis.
The document discusses steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex and gonads. The adrenal cortex is divided into three zones, each producing different classes of steroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids like aldosterone. The zona fascicularis produces glucocorticoids like cortisol and the zona reticularis produces androgens and estrogens. Cholesterol is the precursor for all steroid hormones and is converted to pregnenolone, the common precursor. Pregnenolone is then converted through various steps to produce glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and sex hormones. Glucocorticoids regulate glucose metabolism while mineralocortico
The adrenal glands produce important hormones including cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenal androgens. Each gland is composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex is divided into three zones producing different hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids like aldosterone. The zona fasciculata produces glucocorticoids like cortisol. The zona reticularis produces small amounts of sex hormones. Disorders of the adrenal glands can cause too little or too much production of these hormones, leading to diseases like Addison's disease or Cushing's syndrome with their associated signs and symptoms.
The document discusses the adrenal cortex and its hormones. It notes that the adrenal cortex is made up of three layers that secrete different hormones. The outer layer secretes mineralocorticoids like aldosterone which regulate sodium and potassium levels. The middle layer secretes glucocorticoids like cortisol which regulate carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. The inner layer secretes small amounts of sex hormones. The hormones have various effects and their secretion is regulated through feedback mechanisms between the hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal cortex.
This document provides an overview of adrenal gland physiology, focusing on the functional anatomy and hormone production and regulation of the adrenal cortex and medulla. It describes the adrenal cortex as producing three classes of steroid hormones - mineralocorticoids like aldosterone, glucocorticoids like cortisol, and androgens. It explains how these hormones are synthesized and regulated via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. It also covers the adrenal medulla's production of catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are released in response to sympathetic nervous system stimulation. Disorders resulting from under- or over-production of these hormones are briefly mentioned.
The adrenal glands are essential endocrine glands that secrete hormones that regulate fluid balance and the body's stress response. They consist of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids including mineralocorticoids like aldosterone and glucocorticoids like cortisol. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels in the body to control blood pressure and volume. Cortisol regulates carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism and helps the body respond to stress. Dysfunction of the adrenal cortex can cause hypo- or hypersecretion of hormones with signs and symptoms like hypertension, hypokalemia, and adrenal crisis.
The document summarizes the synthesis and functions of adrenocortical hormones. It describes that the adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids like aldosterone, glucocorticoids like cortisol, and small amounts of sex hormones. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels while cortisol impacts carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism and has anti-inflammatory effects. Secretion of these hormones is controlled by the renin-angiotensin system and ACTH from the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis.
The document provides an overview of the urinary system, including the anatomy and functions of the kidneys and other components. The kidneys filter blood to remove waste and regulate fluid balance. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and reabsorbs water and nutrients while secreting wastes. Urine is stored in the bladder and eliminated through the urethra under voluntary control.
The adrenal glands secrete different types of hormones. The adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids like aldosterone and glucocorticoids like cortisol. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels in the body while cortisol regulates carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. Conditions like Cushing's syndrome can result from excessive cortisol secretion and cause obesity, high blood pressure, and thinning skin. Conn's syndrome is caused by excessive aldosterone and leads to hypokalemia, high blood pressure, and potentially muscle paralysis. The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine which assist the sympathetic nervous system.
The adrenal glands secrete three main types of hormones: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. Mineralocorticoids like aldosterone are secreted by the zona glomerulosa and regulate sodium and potassium levels in the body by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the kidneys. Glucocorticoids like cortisol are secreted by the zona fasciculata and are involved in glucose regulation and immune function. Androgens are secreted by the zona reticularis. Aldosterone specifically plays key roles in blood pressure regulation and electrolyte balance. Too little or too much aldosterone can disrupt these processes and cause health issues
The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys and have two parts - the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex. The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to sympathetic stimulation. The adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids including mineralocorticoids like aldosterone and glucocorticoids like cortisol. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels in extracellular fluids by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys. Cortisol regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism to increase blood glucose levels and help the body respond to stress.
The patient has type 1 diabetes mellitus, as evidenced by his insulin dependence and diabetic ketoacidosis symptoms of excessive thirst, frequent urination, high blood glucose, and metabolic acidosis. Insulin deficiency leads to lipolysis and ketogenesis, causing metabolic acidosis. Hyperglycemia leads to dehydration through osmotic diuresis, depleting water and electrolytes lost in urine along with ketones. While total body potassium is low, serum levels are initially normal or high due to acidosis but may fall dangerously with treatment without monitoring and replacement.
Structure and function of adrenal glandsMoses Kayungi
Structure and function of adrenal glands
• Anatomically, the adrenal glands (suprarenal) are located in the thoracic abdomen situated 'on' top of the kidneys one on each side, specifically on their anterosuperior aspect.
• They are surrounded by the adipose capsule and the renal fascia
• They consist of two parts,
The outer cortex
The inner medulla.
Adrenal Cortex
• The adrenal cortex is devoted to the synthesis of corticosteroid hormones from cholesterol.
It completes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
The source of cortisol and corticosterone hormones
• The cortex is divided into three zones, or layers.
• This division is sometimes referred to as ‘functional zonation”
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Adrenal Medulla
• The adrenal medulla is the core of the adrenal gland, and is surrounded by the adrenal cortex.
• The chromaffin cells of the medulla are the body's main source of the circulating catecholamines, adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine
Blood supply to Adrenal Gland
• Although variations of the blood supply to the adrenal glands (and indeed the kidneys themselves) are common, there are usually three arteries that supply each adrenal gland:
The superior suprarenal artery is provided by the inferior phrenic artery.
The middle suprarenal artery is provided by the abdominal aorta.
The inferior suprarenal artery is provided by the renal artery
• Venous drainage of the adrenal glands is achieved via the suprarenal veins:
The right suprarenal vein drains into the inferior vena cava.
The left suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein or the left inferior phrenic vein
The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and produce urine. The urine passes through the ureters to the bladder for storage and then exits the body through the urethra. Key functions of the kidneys include filtering blood to remove wastes and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and reabsorbs necessary molecules while secreting wastes into urine.
The document discusses the adrenal glands and their hormones. It describes that the adrenal glands sit above the kidneys and contain an adrenal cortex and medulla. The cortex secretes corticosteroids like mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid produced in the zona glomerulosa, while cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid from the zona fasciculata. Cortisol regulates blood glucose and sodium/potassium balance. The document also outlines the functions of aldosterone in increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the kidneys.
The document discusses the adrenal glands and their hormones. It describes that the adrenal glands sit above the kidneys and contain an adrenal cortex and medulla. The cortex secretes corticosteroids like mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid produced in the zona glomerulosa, while cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid from the zona fasciculata. Cortisol regulates blood glucose and its secretion is controlled by ACTH. The document also outlines the functions of aldosterone in regulating sodium, potassium, and blood pressure.
Adrenal gland & Cushing's Disease - Seminar August 2015Arun Vasireddy
A condition that occurs from exposure to high cortisol levels for a long time.
Fewer than 1 million cases per year (India)
Treatable by a medical professional
Requires a medical diagnosis
Lab tests or imaging always required
Chronic: can last for years or be lifelong
The most common cause is the use of steroid drugs, but it can also occur from overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands.
Signs are a fatty hump between the shoulders, a rounded face and pink or purple stretch marks.
Treatment options include reducing steroid use, surgery, radiation and medication.
A small gland that makes steroid hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenalineRuvarasheMutadza1
A small gland that makes steroid hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenaline. These hormones help control heart rate, blood pressure, and other important body functions. There are two adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney. Also called suprarenal gland.
The document provides an overview of kidney anatomy and physiology. It describes the functions of the kidney which include regulating fluid balance, electrolytes, acid-base balance, and excreting waste. It details the structures of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, and its role in filtering blood to form urine through processes like filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and the countercurrent multiplier system. Key hormones involved in osmoregulation like renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, and ADH are also discussed.
Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate with production of energy. It occurs in the cytoplasm and can proceed with or without oxygen. Glycolysis is regulated by energy requirements of the cell and key enzymes. The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for oxidation of acetyl CoA derived from carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. It occurs in mitochondria and produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP and NADH. Glycogen is the storage form of glucose and its synthesis and breakdown are regulated by hormones to maintain blood glucose levels. Gluconeogenesis produces new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources in the liver. Hormones like insulin and glucagon
They have a higher capacity than chemical buffer systems and can eliminate excess acids or bases from the body over longer periods of time. The respiratory system eliminates carbon dioxide to indirectly remove carbonic acid from the blood. The kidneys eliminate fixed acids and bases to regulate acid-base balance in the blood and prevent metabolic acidosis.
The document discusses steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex and gonads. The adrenal cortex is divided into three zones, each producing different classes of steroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids like aldosterone. The zona fascicularis produces glucocorticoids like cortisol and the zona reticularis produces androgens and estrogens. Cholesterol is the precursor for all steroid hormones and is converted to pregnenolone, the common precursor. Pregnenolone is then converted through various steps to produce glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and sex hormones. Glucocorticoids regulate glucose metabolism while mineralocortico
The adrenal glands produce important hormones including cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenal androgens. Each gland is composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex is divided into three zones producing different hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids like aldosterone. The zona fasciculata produces glucocorticoids like cortisol. The zona reticularis produces small amounts of sex hormones. Disorders of the adrenal glands can cause too little or too much production of these hormones, leading to diseases like Addison's disease or Cushing's syndrome with their associated signs and symptoms.
The document discusses the adrenal cortex and its hormones. It notes that the adrenal cortex is made up of three layers that secrete different hormones. The outer layer secretes mineralocorticoids like aldosterone which regulate sodium and potassium levels. The middle layer secretes glucocorticoids like cortisol which regulate carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. The inner layer secretes small amounts of sex hormones. The hormones have various effects and their secretion is regulated through feedback mechanisms between the hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal cortex.
This document provides an overview of adrenal gland physiology, focusing on the functional anatomy and hormone production and regulation of the adrenal cortex and medulla. It describes the adrenal cortex as producing three classes of steroid hormones - mineralocorticoids like aldosterone, glucocorticoids like cortisol, and androgens. It explains how these hormones are synthesized and regulated via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. It also covers the adrenal medulla's production of catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are released in response to sympathetic nervous system stimulation. Disorders resulting from under- or over-production of these hormones are briefly mentioned.
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3. INTRODUCTION
• The body has two adrenal ( supra renal)
glands, each located on the superior pole of
each kidney. Each adrenal gland is structurally
and functionally differentiated into two
regions or zones:
1. Adrenal cortex:
This is the outer or peripheral zone of the
adrenal gland, which makes up the bulk of
gland.
2. Adrenal medulla:
This is the inner zone of the adrenal gland.
4. ADRENAL CORTEX
• The adrenal cortex is divided into three zones.
Each zone has a different cellular arrangement
and secretes different groups of steroid
hormones.
• The layers/zones of the adrenal cortex.
Formula for remembering layers. (GFR)
1. Zona-Glomerulosa:
This is the outer most zone of the adrenal
cortex which secretes mineralocorticoids.
5. ADRENAL CORTEX
2. Zona-Fasciculata:
This is the middle zone of the adrenal cortex
which secretes glucocorticoids and adrenal
androgens.
3. Zona-Reticularis:
This is the inner most zone of the adrenal cortex
which secretes glucocorticoids and adrenal
androgen, but in a small quantities.
6. HORMONES OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX
• The adrenocortical hormones and their
functions in the body are classified into:
1. Mineralocorticoids
2. Glucocorticoids
3. Adrenal androgens
7.
8. 1. MINERALOCORTICOIDS
• These hormones help to control the water and
electrolyte homeostasis, particularly the
concentration of Na+ and K+ ions.
Mineralocorticoids include the following
hormones:
a) Aldosterone ( principal hormone).
b) Deoxy corticsterone.
c) Corticosterone.
d) 9-alpha-Fluorocortisol.
e) Cortisol.
f) Cortisone.
9. 2. GLUCOCORTICOIDS
• The glucocorticoids are group of hormones
concerned with normal organic metabolism
and resistance to stress. Glucocorticoids
include the following hormones:
a) Cortisol.
b) Corticosterone.
c) Cortisone.
d) Prednisone.
e) Mythyl prednisone.
10. 3. ADRENAL ANDROGENS
• These are steroids which exhibit actions similar to
testosterone.
Biosynthesis of adrenocortical hormones:
Acetate
|
Cholesterol
|
Pregnenolone 17-OH-pregnenolone
| /
Progesterone Cortisol Androgen
|
Aldosterone
11.
12. 1.ALDOSTERONE
• INTRODUCTION:
This is a hormone of the adrenal cortex,
secreted by the outermost layer called the zone
glomerulosa.
Daily secretion = 150 ug/day.
Normal plasma level : 6 ng/100 ml.
13. MCQ
• The secretion of aldosterone is caused by?
• a) angiotensin II
• b) ACTH
• c) epinephrine
• d) insulin
14. MCQ
• Aldosterone secretion is regulated by the
following except?
• a) ACTH
• b) calcium
• c) blood volume
• d) potassium
15. • HALF-LIFE:
The half-life of aldosterone is short, about 20
minutes.
• TRANSPORT:
Most of the secreted aldosterone is bound to
albumin, with a lesser amount bound to
corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG). The
transport is as follows:
I. 60% bound with plasmaproteins (mostly
albumin).
II. 40% transported in free form.
16. • METABOLISM:
Most aldosterone is converted in the liver to a
tetra hydroglucronide derivative, but some is
changed in the liver and kidneys to an 18
glucronide. The glucronide which is unlike the
breakdown products of other steroids. It is
converted to free aldosterone by hydrolysis at a
pH of 1.0 and is therefore referred to as the “
acid-labile conjugate”.
17. • METABOLISM:
Less than 1% of the secreted aldosterone
appears in the urine in free form. 5% is in
the form of “acid labile conjugate” and
upto 40% is in the form of the
tetrahydroglucronide.
18.
19.
20. • REGULATION OF ALDOSTERONE SECRETION:
A. Factors increasing aldosterone secretion:
a) Increased K+ ions.
b) Decreased Na+ ions.
c) Undefined pituitary factors.
d) ACTH.
e) Hypovolemia.
f) Hypotension.
g) Increased renin angiotensin.
h) Stress.
i) Adrenal adenoma (Conn’s Syndrome)
j) Idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia.
21.
22. Factors stimulating aldosterone release from
the adrenal cortex:
Angiotensin II is the most
important trophic factor for the zona glomerulosa
and one of the two most important stimulators of
aldosterone release. Even a 0.5 mM increase in
plasma [K] stimulates aldosterone release. In turn,
aldosterone regulates plasma [K] by promoting K
secretion in the collecting ducts. Angiotensin III
has 100% aldosterone releasing activity but only
40% of the pressor activity of aldosterone. ACTH
as well as a decrease in plasma [Na] stimulate
aldosterone release but the stimulatory effects of
acute administration of pharmacologic doses of
ACTH on aldosterone release are transient if at all.
23. ALDOSTERONE ESCAPE
• When excess aldosterone is administered, it
causes excess Na+ and water absorption
increasing ECF volume, in turn increasing
blood volume. Increased blood volume causes
increased cardiac output and blood pressure.
Pressure diuresis and pressure natriuresis
cause a secondary loss of Na+ and water. This
process is called aldosterone escape.
24. EFFECTS OF ALDOSTERONE
• A. Effects on renal tubules:
The main action of aldosterone is to maintain
balance of the electrolyte contents of the body
fluid. The sites of action are the ascending limb,
loop of Henle, and distal and collecting tubules.
i) Aldosterone causes increased tubular
reabsorption of Na+ in exchange for K+ and H+
ions. The lack of aldosterone causes an excess
loss of Na+ in urine.
25. ii) Aldosterone increases K+ secretion into
the distal and collecting tubules of the
kidneys. This may be due to ionic exchange
with Na+ reabsorption. Excess aldosterone
causes hypokalemia and muscle paralysis.
iii) Aldosterone causes water absorption
due to the concentration gradient created
by Na+ absorption, increasing EFC volume.
26. B. General effects on:
i. Circulation: increases blood volume and
cardiac output.
ii. Blood pressure: increases blood
pressure due to increased cardiac
output, blood volume and venous
return.
27. iii. Sweat glands and salivary glands:
aldosterone causes increases Na+ and Cl-
reabsorption. And at the same time, it
increases K+ secretion.
iv. GIT: causes increased Na+ and Cl-
absorption from the intestine,
simultaneously increasing water
reabsorption from GIT.
28. CORTISOL
• INTRODUCTION:
Cortisol is also known as hydrocortisone. This
hormone is most abundunt and essential for life.
It is responsible for about 90% of glucocorticoid
activity.
• Site of formation:
Cortisol is secreted by the zona fasiculata and
zona reticularis layers of the adrenal cortex of
the adrenal gland
29. • Bio-synthesis:
This hormone is a 21 carbon atom steroid which
is synthesized from acetyl-CoA cholesterol.
Daily secretion rate = 15 mg/day
Half-life = 90 – 100 minutes
Normal plasma level = 94% bound with cortisol
binding protein, 6% in
free form.
30. • Regulation of cortisol:
The secretion of glucocorticoids is
regulated by hormone of anterior pituitary
gland called adrenocortcotropic hormone
(ACTH).
The control of glucocorticoid secretion is
under a typical negative feedback
mechanism. The two principle stimuli are
stress and low blood level of
glucocorticoids.
31. • Regulation of cortisol:
Both conditions stimulate the
hypothalamus to secrete a regulating
hormone called corticotropin releasing
hormone(CRH). This secretion initiates the
release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary
gland. ACTH is carried through blood to the
adrenal cortex where it stimulates glucocorticoid
secretion.
32.
33. • Effects of cortisol:
A. Metabolic effects:
1. Carbohydrate metabolism:
a) Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis in
the liver by mobilizing amino acids from
extra hepatic tissues (muscles) and by
increasing the enzymes of
gluconeogenesis.
34. b) It decreases the utilization of glucose by
cells by decreasing oxidation of NADH2,
which is needed for glycolysis, and by
decreasing glucose transport into the cells.
c) It increases blood glucose levels due to
increased gluconeogenesis and decreases
glucose utilization. This condition is called
adrenal diabetes.
35. 2. Protein metabolism:
a) The principle effects of cortisol on the
metabolic systems of the body is reduction of
protein stores in all body cells except those of
the liver. This is caused by both decreased
protein synthesis and increases catabolism of
protein in the cells.
b) It inhibits amino acid entry into all cells
except the liver.
c) It increases amino acid concentration in
blood.
d) It increases urea level in blood.
36. 3. Fat metabolism:
a) It mobilizes fatty acids from adipose tissues.
b) It increases free fatty acid concentrations in
blood.
c) It increases utilization of free fatty acids for
energy.
d) It causes ketosis due to increased conversion
of free fatty acids into acetyls-CoA.
37. 4. Electrolyte metabolism:
a) It promotes Na+ and Cl- retention from the
renal tubules.
b) It increases excretion of K+ by kidneys.
5. Water metabolism:
It causes diuresis by suppressing ADH secretion
or by increasing destruction of ADH by the liver
cells.
38. B. General effects:
1.On C.V.S.
a) Cortisol increases blood pressure
because of increased production of
angiotensionogen.
b) Increased sensibility of vascular smooth
muscle to nor-adrenaline and
adrenaline.
39. 2. On blood cells:
a) Increases the platelet count.
b) Decreases blood clotting time.
c) Increases total WBCs.
d) Decreases lymphocytes, eosinophils and
basophils.
e) Increases neutrophils, monocytes and RBC
count.
40. 3. On C.N.S. :
a) Low cortisol levels cause restlessness,
insomnia, and inability to concentrate.
b) Causes excitation of the CNS.
4. On GIT:
a) Increases gastric acidity and may cause a
peptic ulcer.
41. 5. On bone:
a) Excess cortisol may cause a defect in the
synthesis of protein matrix.
b) It decreases the deposition of calcium.
c) It increases the loss of calcium in urine.
d) It decreases absorption of calcium from
the GIT.
42. 6. On infection, inflammation, and trauma:
a) Large doses of cortisol decrease the
formation of antibodies due to its destructive
effect on lymphoid tissues.
b) It decreases tissue response to bacteria.
c) It is anti- inflammatory.
d) It is anti- allergic.
e) It delays wound healing.
45. PATHOLOGY OF ADRENAL CORTEX
• ADDISON’S DISEASE:
This disease results from failure of adrenal cortex to
produce adrenocortical hormones.
Causes:
1. Atrophy of the adrenal cortex.
2. Tuberculosis.
3. Surgical removal of adrenal gland.
4. Tumor.
5. Deficiency of enzymes (responsible for the formation
of aldosterone).
6. Hemorrhage and infarction.
7. Meningococal septicaemia.
8. Amyloidosis.
9. Schilder’s disease.
46. Clinical features of Addison's disease:
a) Symptoms:
Weight loss, anorexia, malaise, fever,
depression, impotence, abdominal pain, nausea,
vomiting, diarrhoea, syncope, constipation etc.
b) Signs:
General wasting, loss of weight, loss of body
hair, buccal pigmentation, postural hypotension,
dehydration, vitiligo etc.
47. Investigations:
• Blood cortisol level.
• The short ACTH stimulation test.
• Plasma ACTH level.
• Electrolytes and urea ( classically shows
hyponatremia, hyperkalemia and high
urea levels).
• Blood glucose levels may be low.
48. Investigations:
• Adrenal antibodies are present.
• Chest X-rays may show evidence of
tuberculosis.
• Serum aldosterone level is increased.
• Hypercalcemia.
Treatment:
Long term treatment is replacement with
glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids.
49. MCQ
• In Addison’s disease, the following is
seen?
• a) hyperkalemia
• b) increase in ECF volume
• c) hyperglycemia
• d) high blood pressure
50.
51. CUSHING’S SYNDROME
• Introduction:
This syndrome is characterized by a clinical state
of increased free circulating glucocortcoid.
• Causes:
Adrenal cortex tumor that secretes excess
cortisol. (20%)
Anterior pituitary gland tumor that secretes
excess ACTH.(80%)
53. • Clinical features of Cushing’s syndrome:
A. Symptoms:
Central obesity.
Fat accumulates the face, neck and trunk.
Depression, insomnia, psychosis.
Amenorrhea, oligomenorrhoea.
Decreased libido.
Thin skin, easy bruising.
Hair growth on face, acne.
Muscular weakness.
Back pain.
Polyurea and polydipsia.
54. B. Signs :
Acne, thin skin, bruising, hirsutism, striae (purple),
pigmentation.
Moon face, buffalo hump, central obesity
(pendulous abdomen, tomato head, potato body
and four match stick limbs).
Kyphosis, rib fractures.
Poor wound healing.
Hypertension, glucosuria.
Proximal muscle wasting, proximal myopathy.
Edema.
55. • Diagnosis: ( diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome
is based on the following investigations).
Clinical features = buffalo hump, moon face,
masculinizing effect.
Blood glucose level increases.
Blood cortisol level increases.
Urinary secretion of the 17 hydroxysteroids
increases.