This document summarizes different types of piles used in construction foundations including friction piles, end bearing piles, sheet piles, load piles, and more. It describes how piles can be made of timber, steel, concrete, or composites. The document also outlines various pile driving methods such as drop hammers, single/double acting steam hammers, diesel hammers, vibratory drivers, and safety procedures for pile driving operations.
this presentation describes in details the sinking operation of well foundations in different conditions and situations. the content here is suitable only for basic knowledge and educational purposes.
construction equipment and agreegate production equipmentkonagallasrivardhan
The document provides information on concreting equipment and aggregate production equipment. It discusses the various steps in concrete production, including batching, mixing, transporting, placing, compacting and curing. It describes different types of batching, mixing equipment, and methods for transporting and compacting concrete. Common concreting equipment mentioned include mixers, conveyors, pumps, transit mixers and various hand tools.
Power shovel is a bucket equipped constuction equipment used for excavating and transporting all classes of earth (except solicd rocks without prior loosening) to nearby trucks or other hauling equipments.
This document provides an overview of various types of construction equipment used in large construction projects. It discusses earthmoving equipment like power shovels, backhoes, draglines, clamshells and scrapers that are used for excavation and hauling. It also describes hauling equipment like dump trucks and dumpers. Further, it covers hoisting equipment such as cranes and conveying equipment used to transport materials. The document provides details on the working, applications and comparisons of different equipment types used widely in construction activities.
This document discusses clam-shell buckets and tractors used in construction. It defines a clam-shell bucket as a two-piece articulating bucket used for digging and excavation. Clam-shell buckets can be hydraulic or mechanical and are designed for durability, strength, and productivity. They are commonly used for dredging, excavation, and material handling. Tractors are multipurpose machines used mainly for pulling equipment. They can be crawler type for loose soils or wheel type for higher speeds on roads. Crawler tractors are slower but more powerful while wheel tractors are faster but handle lighter loads.
The document describes different types of earthwork equipment: wheel loaders, backhoes, excavators, scrapers, motor graders, rollers, and dump trucks. It provides details on the purpose and operation of loaders, backhoes, scrapers, excavators, graders, and various types of rollers used for soil compaction. Dump trucks are also mentioned as an alternative to scrapers for transporting excavated soil.
This document summarizes different types of piles used in construction foundations including friction piles, end bearing piles, sheet piles, load piles, and more. It describes how piles can be made of timber, steel, concrete, or composites. The document also outlines various pile driving methods such as drop hammers, single/double acting steam hammers, diesel hammers, vibratory drivers, and safety procedures for pile driving operations.
this presentation describes in details the sinking operation of well foundations in different conditions and situations. the content here is suitable only for basic knowledge and educational purposes.
construction equipment and agreegate production equipmentkonagallasrivardhan
The document provides information on concreting equipment and aggregate production equipment. It discusses the various steps in concrete production, including batching, mixing, transporting, placing, compacting and curing. It describes different types of batching, mixing equipment, and methods for transporting and compacting concrete. Common concreting equipment mentioned include mixers, conveyors, pumps, transit mixers and various hand tools.
Power shovel is a bucket equipped constuction equipment used for excavating and transporting all classes of earth (except solicd rocks without prior loosening) to nearby trucks or other hauling equipments.
This document provides an overview of various types of construction equipment used in large construction projects. It discusses earthmoving equipment like power shovels, backhoes, draglines, clamshells and scrapers that are used for excavation and hauling. It also describes hauling equipment like dump trucks and dumpers. Further, it covers hoisting equipment such as cranes and conveying equipment used to transport materials. The document provides details on the working, applications and comparisons of different equipment types used widely in construction activities.
This document discusses clam-shell buckets and tractors used in construction. It defines a clam-shell bucket as a two-piece articulating bucket used for digging and excavation. Clam-shell buckets can be hydraulic or mechanical and are designed for durability, strength, and productivity. They are commonly used for dredging, excavation, and material handling. Tractors are multipurpose machines used mainly for pulling equipment. They can be crawler type for loose soils or wheel type for higher speeds on roads. Crawler tractors are slower but more powerful while wheel tractors are faster but handle lighter loads.
The document describes different types of earthwork equipment: wheel loaders, backhoes, excavators, scrapers, motor graders, rollers, and dump trucks. It provides details on the purpose and operation of loaders, backhoes, scrapers, excavators, graders, and various types of rollers used for soil compaction. Dump trucks are also mentioned as an alternative to scrapers for transporting excavated soil.
Dredging involves excavating sediments and relocating them using specialized floating equipment called dredgers. There are several types of dredgers that differ in how they excavate and transport sediments. Mechanical dredgers use buckets and grabs to lift sediments, while hydraulic dredgers use pumps to create a slurry of sediments and water. Common dredgers include bucket ladder dredgers, grab dredgers, cutter suction dredgers, and trailing suction hopper dredgers. Dredging is used for capital projects like deepening ports, coastal engineering, and maintenance to maintain navigation depths. While necessary for development, dredging can disturb aquatic ecosystems by changing water chemistry and releasing nutrients and toxicants from sediments.
General presentation of under-reamed piles. Mainly for diploma engineers, it is really helpful as its objective, dimensions, usage, etc are shown with proper images. It will really helpful for the basic knowledge of under-reamed piles.
The document discusses various types of concrete equipment used in construction, including concrete batching plants, concrete buckets, concrete conveyors, concrete crushers, concrete cutting machines, concrete grinders, concrete mixers, concrete pavers, concrete pumps, concrete tanks, and concrete vibrators. It explains that these machines help save costs and time on construction projects by mixing, transporting, cutting, grinding, and placing concrete efficiently. China is noted as a major manufacturer of concrete equipment that is exported worldwide.
Compaction equipment includes smooth wheeled rollers, sheepfoot rollers, pneumatic tyred rollers, vibratory rollers, tampers, and vibrating plates. These equipment types are used to compact various soil types through the reduction of air voids. Erection equipment includes cranes, which can be classified as derrick cranes, mobile cranes, hydraulic cranes, overhead cranes, traveller cranes, and tower cranes. These cranes are used to lift and transport heavy loads and materials over distances during construction and erection projects.
Dewatering is the process of removing water from construction sites to allow excavation work to be done safely and efficiently below the water table. There are several reasons why dewatering is needed, including providing a dry work area, improving stability, and increasing safety. Common dewatering techniques include sump pumping, well points, deep wells, and trenches. Each method has advantages and disadvantages depending on the site conditions and depth of water lowering required. Proper planning and design of a dewatering system is important to effectively control groundwater and allow construction work to progress smoothly.
1. Plate load tests are conducted to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of soil and settlement under a given load by applying loads to circular or square steel plates embedded in an excavated pit.
2. The test setup involves excavating a pit below the depth of the proposed foundation, placing the test plate with a central hole at the bottom, and applying load using a hydraulic jack while measuring settlement.
3. The results provide the subgrade modulus, ultimate bearing capacity divided by a safety factor to determine the safe bearing capacity, and insight into foundation behavior and allowable settlement for design.
INTRODUCTION TO DRAG LINE AND THEIR WORKING PROCESS PLUS THEIR TYPE AND USES IN CONSTRUCTION SITE
THIS PRESENTATION IS OVER THE CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT USED IN DAILY BASIS
The document discusses different methods of pile driving. It describes pile driving as the operation of inserting piles into the ground using hammers. The selection of a pile driving method depends on factors like soil type, costs, pile material, length, and water level. Common pile driving methods include hammer driving using drop hammers, single-acting steam/pneumatic hammers, double-acting hammers, diesel hammers, and vibratory hammers. Other techniques involve water jetting with hammering or partial augering of piles.
This document provides information about pile foundations. Pile foundations are used when the soil cannot support building loads and piles are driven deep into the ground until they reach a bearing stratum. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, or steel. They transfer loads from the building to the stronger subsurface layer. The document discusses different types of piles including end bearing and friction piles and explains how pile caps are reinforced to resist tensile and shear forces from heavy loads. Diagrams show how pile foundations are arranged and how piles transmit loads into the ground.
Piles are deep foundations used to transfer structural loads through weak or wet soils to stronger soils below. Piles can be classified based on function (end bearing, friction, tension), material (concrete, timber, steel), or installation method (driven, cast-in-place). Key factors in pile design include soil properties, load types, and groundwater conditions. The ultimate load capacity of a pile considers end bearing and side friction, while the allowable load uses a factor of safety. Dynamic testing and soil parameters can be used to estimate pile capacities.
This document provides an overview of various types of construction equipment, including their classification and uses. It discusses earth moving equipment such as power shovels, backhoes, draglines, and clam shells. Factors affecting the selection of different earth moving equipment are outlined. Other equipment covered include motor graders, scrapers, bull dozers, tractors, rollers, pile driving equipment, and their applications in construction projects. Diagrams and pictures are included to illustrate the components and operation of the major earth moving machinery.
This document discusses various types of equipment used in concrete production and construction projects. It describes mixers like hand fed tilting drum mixers and loader fed tilting drum mixers used to mix concrete constituents. Other equipment mentioned include concrete pumps to transport liquid concrete, vibrators to compact concrete by removing air bubbles, crushers for demolishing and recycling waste concrete, and conveyors for horizontally or vertically transporting concrete. Weigh batchers, boom placers, pavers, and tanks are also briefly outlined.
Here is the some basic information regarding Tunneling & Rock Drilling Equipments which I have collected from different resources (Internet,Professors,Experts,Engineers,Companies etc). It would be very helpful for M.Tech students of Construction Engineering & Management.
-RAJARSHI
This seminar report discusses caisson foundations. Caissons are watertight structures used for deep foundations under water, such as for bridges, piers, and docks. There are three main types - open, box, and pneumatic caissons. Caissons can take various shapes and are used when foundations need to extend below riverbeds or in deep water. Advantages include ability to reach large depths, but difficulties include tilting or sinking during construction. Caisson diseases can affect workers if decompressed too quickly from pressurized conditions.
This document discusses pile foundations. It begins by listing the topics that will be covered, including types of piles, pile spacing, pile caps, load testing, and failures. It then defines a pile foundation as using slender structural members like steel, concrete or timber that are installed in the ground to transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. The document goes on to classify piles based on their function, material, and installation method. It describes common pile types such as precast concrete, driven steel, and cast-in-place piles. The document provides details on pile uses, selection factors, and installation procedures.
Grouting involves injecting a slurry or liquid into soil or rock to fill voids and fractures. There are three main modes of grouting: permeation where grout flows freely into voids, compaction where grout remains intact and exerts pressure, and hydraulic fracturing where grout rapidly penetrates fractured zones. Grouting is used for applications like seepage control, soil stabilization, and vibration control. Common grout materials include suspensions of cement and water, emulsions of asphalt and water, and chemical solutions. Injection methods include permeation, compaction, jet, and soil fracture grouting. Proper planning of the grouting process including ground investigation, hole pattern, and sequencing is
The document provides information on aggregates used in concrete, including their definition, classification, properties, grading, and tests. It defines aggregates as materials such as sand and gravel used to make concrete and mortar. Aggregates are classified by their geological origin, size, and shape. Their properties including strength, absorption, and density are described. The importance of proper grading of aggregates for density and strength of concrete is discussed. Common tests on aggregates like crushing value, impact value, and abrasion value are outlined.
A concrete batching plant combines various ingredients like sand, aggregate, water, fly ash, admixtures, and cement to produce concrete. There are two main types: ready mix plants which mix dry ingredients at the plant and add water in the truck, and central mix plants which fully mix all ingredients at the plant. A batching plant has various components like mixers, aggregate batchers, conveyors, and a control system. Common mixer types are pan, twin shaft, and tilting drum. Batching plants offer precise mixing and are used to produce concrete for large construction projects. Mobile batch plants also exist to provide on-site concrete production. Transit mixers are trucks that transport freshly mixed concrete to job sites.
This document discusses different types of excavators used in construction. It describes the history and development of excavators from the late 1700s/early 1800s. It outlines three main types of excavators - crawler excavators, wheel excavators, and shovel excavators. Crawler excavators are used in hilly areas due to their low ground pressure, while wheel excavators are used for plain ground operations. Shovel excavators include power shovel, backhoe, and front shovel excavators. The document provides details on the applications and operation of each type. It also discusses factors that affect shovel excavator production rates, such as bucket size, cycle times, fill factors, and operator efficiency.
PLATE LOAD TEST
PRESUMPTIVE SAFE BEARING CACACITY
PLATE LOAD TEST APPARATUS / EQUIPMENT
PLATE LOAD TEST PROCEDURE
CALCULATION OF BEARING CAPACITY FROM PLATE LOAD TEST
For vedo link
Https://youtu.be/BUMd7CKcBV8
Crushers to screens in aggregate productionChinnuNinan
The document discusses equipment used for aggregate production, including various types of crushers, ball mills, screens, and other handling equipment. It describes the four main procedures in aggregate production - size reduction through crushing, separation by screening, elimination of unwanted materials through washing, and material handling. Crushers are the primary equipment used and can be jaw crushers, gyratory crushers, roll crushers, cone crushers, or impact crushers. Ball mills and rod mills are used to produce fine aggregates. Screens of various types such as revolving, shaking, and vibrating are also used to separate aggregate particles by size.
Dredging involves excavating sediments and relocating them using specialized floating equipment called dredgers. There are several types of dredgers that differ in how they excavate and transport sediments. Mechanical dredgers use buckets and grabs to lift sediments, while hydraulic dredgers use pumps to create a slurry of sediments and water. Common dredgers include bucket ladder dredgers, grab dredgers, cutter suction dredgers, and trailing suction hopper dredgers. Dredging is used for capital projects like deepening ports, coastal engineering, and maintenance to maintain navigation depths. While necessary for development, dredging can disturb aquatic ecosystems by changing water chemistry and releasing nutrients and toxicants from sediments.
General presentation of under-reamed piles. Mainly for diploma engineers, it is really helpful as its objective, dimensions, usage, etc are shown with proper images. It will really helpful for the basic knowledge of under-reamed piles.
The document discusses various types of concrete equipment used in construction, including concrete batching plants, concrete buckets, concrete conveyors, concrete crushers, concrete cutting machines, concrete grinders, concrete mixers, concrete pavers, concrete pumps, concrete tanks, and concrete vibrators. It explains that these machines help save costs and time on construction projects by mixing, transporting, cutting, grinding, and placing concrete efficiently. China is noted as a major manufacturer of concrete equipment that is exported worldwide.
Compaction equipment includes smooth wheeled rollers, sheepfoot rollers, pneumatic tyred rollers, vibratory rollers, tampers, and vibrating plates. These equipment types are used to compact various soil types through the reduction of air voids. Erection equipment includes cranes, which can be classified as derrick cranes, mobile cranes, hydraulic cranes, overhead cranes, traveller cranes, and tower cranes. These cranes are used to lift and transport heavy loads and materials over distances during construction and erection projects.
Dewatering is the process of removing water from construction sites to allow excavation work to be done safely and efficiently below the water table. There are several reasons why dewatering is needed, including providing a dry work area, improving stability, and increasing safety. Common dewatering techniques include sump pumping, well points, deep wells, and trenches. Each method has advantages and disadvantages depending on the site conditions and depth of water lowering required. Proper planning and design of a dewatering system is important to effectively control groundwater and allow construction work to progress smoothly.
1. Plate load tests are conducted to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of soil and settlement under a given load by applying loads to circular or square steel plates embedded in an excavated pit.
2. The test setup involves excavating a pit below the depth of the proposed foundation, placing the test plate with a central hole at the bottom, and applying load using a hydraulic jack while measuring settlement.
3. The results provide the subgrade modulus, ultimate bearing capacity divided by a safety factor to determine the safe bearing capacity, and insight into foundation behavior and allowable settlement for design.
INTRODUCTION TO DRAG LINE AND THEIR WORKING PROCESS PLUS THEIR TYPE AND USES IN CONSTRUCTION SITE
THIS PRESENTATION IS OVER THE CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT USED IN DAILY BASIS
The document discusses different methods of pile driving. It describes pile driving as the operation of inserting piles into the ground using hammers. The selection of a pile driving method depends on factors like soil type, costs, pile material, length, and water level. Common pile driving methods include hammer driving using drop hammers, single-acting steam/pneumatic hammers, double-acting hammers, diesel hammers, and vibratory hammers. Other techniques involve water jetting with hammering or partial augering of piles.
This document provides information about pile foundations. Pile foundations are used when the soil cannot support building loads and piles are driven deep into the ground until they reach a bearing stratum. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, or steel. They transfer loads from the building to the stronger subsurface layer. The document discusses different types of piles including end bearing and friction piles and explains how pile caps are reinforced to resist tensile and shear forces from heavy loads. Diagrams show how pile foundations are arranged and how piles transmit loads into the ground.
Piles are deep foundations used to transfer structural loads through weak or wet soils to stronger soils below. Piles can be classified based on function (end bearing, friction, tension), material (concrete, timber, steel), or installation method (driven, cast-in-place). Key factors in pile design include soil properties, load types, and groundwater conditions. The ultimate load capacity of a pile considers end bearing and side friction, while the allowable load uses a factor of safety. Dynamic testing and soil parameters can be used to estimate pile capacities.
This document provides an overview of various types of construction equipment, including their classification and uses. It discusses earth moving equipment such as power shovels, backhoes, draglines, and clam shells. Factors affecting the selection of different earth moving equipment are outlined. Other equipment covered include motor graders, scrapers, bull dozers, tractors, rollers, pile driving equipment, and their applications in construction projects. Diagrams and pictures are included to illustrate the components and operation of the major earth moving machinery.
This document discusses various types of equipment used in concrete production and construction projects. It describes mixers like hand fed tilting drum mixers and loader fed tilting drum mixers used to mix concrete constituents. Other equipment mentioned include concrete pumps to transport liquid concrete, vibrators to compact concrete by removing air bubbles, crushers for demolishing and recycling waste concrete, and conveyors for horizontally or vertically transporting concrete. Weigh batchers, boom placers, pavers, and tanks are also briefly outlined.
Here is the some basic information regarding Tunneling & Rock Drilling Equipments which I have collected from different resources (Internet,Professors,Experts,Engineers,Companies etc). It would be very helpful for M.Tech students of Construction Engineering & Management.
-RAJARSHI
This seminar report discusses caisson foundations. Caissons are watertight structures used for deep foundations under water, such as for bridges, piers, and docks. There are three main types - open, box, and pneumatic caissons. Caissons can take various shapes and are used when foundations need to extend below riverbeds or in deep water. Advantages include ability to reach large depths, but difficulties include tilting or sinking during construction. Caisson diseases can affect workers if decompressed too quickly from pressurized conditions.
This document discusses pile foundations. It begins by listing the topics that will be covered, including types of piles, pile spacing, pile caps, load testing, and failures. It then defines a pile foundation as using slender structural members like steel, concrete or timber that are installed in the ground to transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. The document goes on to classify piles based on their function, material, and installation method. It describes common pile types such as precast concrete, driven steel, and cast-in-place piles. The document provides details on pile uses, selection factors, and installation procedures.
Grouting involves injecting a slurry or liquid into soil or rock to fill voids and fractures. There are three main modes of grouting: permeation where grout flows freely into voids, compaction where grout remains intact and exerts pressure, and hydraulic fracturing where grout rapidly penetrates fractured zones. Grouting is used for applications like seepage control, soil stabilization, and vibration control. Common grout materials include suspensions of cement and water, emulsions of asphalt and water, and chemical solutions. Injection methods include permeation, compaction, jet, and soil fracture grouting. Proper planning of the grouting process including ground investigation, hole pattern, and sequencing is
The document provides information on aggregates used in concrete, including their definition, classification, properties, grading, and tests. It defines aggregates as materials such as sand and gravel used to make concrete and mortar. Aggregates are classified by their geological origin, size, and shape. Their properties including strength, absorption, and density are described. The importance of proper grading of aggregates for density and strength of concrete is discussed. Common tests on aggregates like crushing value, impact value, and abrasion value are outlined.
A concrete batching plant combines various ingredients like sand, aggregate, water, fly ash, admixtures, and cement to produce concrete. There are two main types: ready mix plants which mix dry ingredients at the plant and add water in the truck, and central mix plants which fully mix all ingredients at the plant. A batching plant has various components like mixers, aggregate batchers, conveyors, and a control system. Common mixer types are pan, twin shaft, and tilting drum. Batching plants offer precise mixing and are used to produce concrete for large construction projects. Mobile batch plants also exist to provide on-site concrete production. Transit mixers are trucks that transport freshly mixed concrete to job sites.
This document discusses different types of excavators used in construction. It describes the history and development of excavators from the late 1700s/early 1800s. It outlines three main types of excavators - crawler excavators, wheel excavators, and shovel excavators. Crawler excavators are used in hilly areas due to their low ground pressure, while wheel excavators are used for plain ground operations. Shovel excavators include power shovel, backhoe, and front shovel excavators. The document provides details on the applications and operation of each type. It also discusses factors that affect shovel excavator production rates, such as bucket size, cycle times, fill factors, and operator efficiency.
PLATE LOAD TEST
PRESUMPTIVE SAFE BEARING CACACITY
PLATE LOAD TEST APPARATUS / EQUIPMENT
PLATE LOAD TEST PROCEDURE
CALCULATION OF BEARING CAPACITY FROM PLATE LOAD TEST
For vedo link
Https://youtu.be/BUMd7CKcBV8
Crushers to screens in aggregate productionChinnuNinan
The document discusses equipment used for aggregate production, including various types of crushers, ball mills, screens, and other handling equipment. It describes the four main procedures in aggregate production - size reduction through crushing, separation by screening, elimination of unwanted materials through washing, and material handling. Crushers are the primary equipment used and can be jaw crushers, gyratory crushers, roll crushers, cone crushers, or impact crushers. Ball mills and rod mills are used to produce fine aggregates. Screens of various types such as revolving, shaking, and vibrating are also used to separate aggregate particles by size.
Drilling equipments_Advanced Construction Technology (Semester-6), Civil Engi...A Makwana
Drilling is the process of using a drill to produce cylindrical holes in solid materials, such as wood or metal.
Different tools and methods are used for drilling depending on the type of material, the size of the hole, the number of holes and the time to complete the operation.
This document discusses various types of crushers used to reduce the size of materials including jaw crushers, gyratory crushers, cone crushers, hammer mills, stamp mills, sledging rolls, and spring rolls. It provides details on the basic components and operating mechanisms of different crushers like Blake and Dodge jaw crushers, gyratory crushers, cone crushers, hammer mills, stamp mills, and spring rolls. The document also compares jaw crushers with gyratory crushers and discusses factors affecting the efficiency of crushers.
The document discusses various types of size-reduction equipment, including crushers, grinders, ultrafine grinders, and cutting machines. It describes the main types of crushers as jaw crushers, gyratory crushers, smooth-roll crushers, and toothed-roll crushers. Jaw crushers use compression to break large rocks into smaller pieces, while roll crushers employ compression to crush materials between two rolls. The document also provides details on the working principles and applications of different types of crushers.
A jaw crusher uses compressive force for breaking rocks into smaller pieces by placing the rock between two surfaces, one of which moves back and forth relative to the other to crush the rock. Jaw crushers produce coarse particle size ranges from 150-250mm and can be either single toggle or double toggle designs. The crusher described in the document is a single toggle jaw crusher that uses an eccentric motion to crush rocks in a crushing chamber between the fixed jaw and swing jaw plate.
EQUIPMENT AND STEP INVOLVED IN LIBREATION AND COMMINUTION (1).pptxNishantKumarMehta
The document discusses the equipment and processes involved in liberation and comminution of ores.
It begins with an introduction to mineral processing and the two fundamental operations of liberation and concentration. It then describes the comminution process of crushing and grinding ores to reduce particle size.
The main types of crushers - jaw crushers, gyratory crushers, cone crushers, roll crushers and impact crushers - are summarized. The working principles and features of cone crushers, including types like Symons cone crushers and compound cone crushers, are explained in detail.
The document is an assignment submission for a particle technology course. It discusses various types of primary and secondary crushers as well as grinders used in mining operations. The primary crushers discussed include jaw crushers, gyratory crushers, and impact crushers. For jaw crushers, it describes the Dodge and Blake types, their components, functions, and classifications. It also discusses gyratory crushers and their crushing action. Secondary crushers mentioned include hammer mills, impactors, and roller compression machines.
This document discusses various stages and types of crushing in mineral processing. It begins by explaining that crushing is the first mechanical stage where the goal is to liberate valuable minerals from waste rock. It then describes the stages of primary, secondary, and sometimes tertiary crushing needed to reduce the ore size. The main types of primary crushers are jaw and gyratory crushers, while cone crushers are often used for secondary and tertiary crushing. The document goes on to provide detailed descriptions of how jaw, gyratory, and cone crushers work. It also briefly mentions other less common crusher types such as impact and roll crushers.
Jaw crushers are used for size reduction of hard and large lumps of ore. Crushers employ compression to break solid materials into smaller pieces. A primary crusher breaks material to 150-250mm while a secondary crusher further reduces it to about 6mm. Jaw crushers consist of two jaws, one fixed and one moving, that crush material in a wedge-shaped crushing area until small enough to escape.
This document discusses principles of comminution and crushing in mineral processing. It describes the key theories of comminution including Kick's law, Rittinger's theory, and Bond's theory. It then focuses on primary crushers, describing the main types of jaw and gyratory crushers. Details are provided on jaw crusher construction and the differences between single toggle and double toggle jaw crushers. The document also discusses secondary and tertiary crushing operations.
Bucket wheel excavators are large continuous mining machines used for soft to semi-hard materials like clay, sand, gravel, and coal. They have a large wheel with buckets that removes material in a continuous process. The largest bucket wheel excavators can be over 90 meters tall and 240 meters long, with a 21-meter diameter wheel. They are commonly used in strip mining and lignite mining to continuously remove overburden and deliver large volumes of material.
Tractor, bulldozer, scraper, ripper_Advanced Construction Technology (Semeste...A Makwana
“TRACTOR AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS”
A tractor is a versatile i.e. multipurpose machine. They convert engine energy into tractive energy.
Classification of tractors:
Wheeled Tractor
Crawler Tractor
Shanghai Long Jing heavy machinery Co., LTD produces several types of crushers:
1. Jaw crushers are used for rough crushing of materials with compressive strength up to 320MPa. They have high crushing ratios and produce uniformly sized output.
2. Impact crushers can process materials up to 500mm in size and 350MPa in strength to produce cube-shaped output. They are used in industries like construction.
3. Vertical shaft impact crushers use high-speed rotors and have features like low energy use, stable operation, and suitability for sand production. Materials are crushed through impact and grinding.
4. Cone crushers have high frequency and an optimized cavity. They
This document provides information about training on mining machinery engineering provided by Metso Mineral India Ltd. It discusses Metso's headquarters and regional offices in India. It also outlines various rock testing procedures conducted by Metso, including tests for crushability, dynamic fragmentation, Los Angeles abrasion, work index, and abrasiveness. Finally, it describes Metso's C-series jaw crushers, including specifications for different models, features such as modular construction and durable bearings, and operating principles.
The document discusses various types of size reduction equipment used in mining and manufacturing processes. It describes crushers which use compression forces to reduce large solid materials into smaller particles ranging from 150-250mm. Specific crushers covered include jaw, gyratory, and roll crushers. Grinders further reduce particle sizes down to 74-350um using different grinding mechanisms like hammer mills, ball mills, and rolling compression mills. Ultra fine grinders can process materials into micron-sized particles from 1-50um using technologies such as agitated mills or fluid energy mills. Cutting machines also aid size reduction from 2-10mm using knife, cutter, or slitter tools.
Excavating equipments_Advanced Construction Technology (Semester-6), Civil En...A Makwana
POWER SHOVELS:
Function: excavate earth and load it into tractor pulled wagons, trucks or belt conveyors
capable of excavating all types of earth except rock
Support Systems In Cut And Fill Method Of Stopingem_vishal
The document discusses support systems for cut and fill stoping mining. There are two main types of cut and fill mining: overhand and underhand methods. Overhand extracts ore from bottom upwards, while underhand extracts from the top down. Backfilling provides support and a platform for the next slice. The most satisfactory form of artificial support is backfilling with materials like waste rock, hydraulic fill, or paste fill depending on support needs. Proper support is important for safety and continuity of production. The design of support systems involves analyzing rock quality, strength, modeling, and selecting the most economical and suitable support options for the specific mining conditions.
TOOLS AND MACHINERY USE FOR THE CONCRETE PRODUCTION AND SUPPLYVj NiroSh
The document discusses various tools and machinery used in concrete construction. It describes hand mixing tools like measuring boxes, boards, shovels and buckets. It also describes different types of concrete mixers like twin shaft mixers, vertical axis mixers, and drum mixers. Transportation equipment like pans, chutes, belt conveyors, and dump trucks are mentioned. Compaction tools include internal vibrators, form vibrators, surface vibrators, and vibrating tables. Quality checking equipment includes compressive strength testing machines.
Similar to Equipments used for aggregate production_Advanced Construction Technology (Semester-6), Civil Engineering (20)
Attributes affecting success of the residential projects – a reviewA Makwana
Construction industry is complex in nature and construction projects in India face many challenges and complex issues, such as time, cost, safety, quality and stakeholder satisfaction. According to Construction scenario there are various factors that affecting the residential project. These review paper shows the selection of criteria based on by giving the importance to other researcher’s research. The criteria were curtailed down according to literature review studied in this paper, interaction with stakeholder which are Engineers, Project managers, Architects, Consultants, Developers and educational experts, of Surat and Vadodara city in Gujarat.
A Review on Thin-shell Structures: Advances and TrendsA Makwana
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Utilization of Industrial Waste in Pervious ConcreteA Makwana
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why mainly focus of this area is taken into
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ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT: NEED OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYA Makwana
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outlay of the building. Anti-termite treatment is therefore necessary so that damages are either
reduced or stopped together. Through regular inspections, a termite specialist can help
identify common hot spots for activity and warning signs for a termite infestation, plus share
tips to help keep termites at bay. Termites can fit through cracks as thin as an average business
card (1/32 inch) so proper maintenance is crucial to seal up any gaps around the foundation
and roof/eaves. To identify the termite and its uniqueness, the life cycle of termite is necessary
to understand. Anti- termites are used to combat the problem. There are combinations of
methods depending on what sort of damage is done by the termites. The treatment has to be
implemented at the time of construction for effective and permanent solution.
INTELLIGENT BUILDING NEW ERA OF TODAYS WORLDA Makwana
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managers to make buildings which are energy efficient and intelligent by its functions and as
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environment to suit the users and also to provide various means of communication or
network regardless of whether it is internal or external. At an even more fundamental level
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
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detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
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accuracy rate of 99.50%.
2. PRESENTATION
OUTLINE…
• Equipments used for the production of
aggregate
– Crushers
• Jaw crusher
• Gyratory crusher
• Roll crusher
• Cone crusher
• Impact crusher
– Ball mill and Rod mill
2Prof. Ashish Makwana
4. EQUIPMENTS USED FOR
PRODUCTION OF AGGREGETE
1. Crushers
a. Jaw crusher
b. Gyratory crusher
c. Roll crusher
d. Cone crusher
e. Impact crusher
2. Ball mill and Rod mill
3. Screens
a. Revolving screens
b. Shaking screens
c. Vibrating screens
4. Log crusher
Prof. Ashish Makwana 4
5. 1. Crushers:
• Crushers are used to break stones into different
sizes of aggregates.
• Based on the stage of crushing crushers are
three types:
– Primary crusher
– Secondary crusher
– Tertiary crusher
• Stones obtained from quarry are fed into the
primary crusher which reduces the size of
stones.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 5
6. 1. Crushers: (continued…)
• Stones obtained from primary crusher are fed
into secondary crusher where sizes of stone is
further reduced.
• Therefore, to obtain desired size of aggregate,
the stones are passed through 4 to 5 crushers.
𝐑𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 =
size of stone fed into the crusher
size of stone obtained from crusher
Prof. Ashish Makwana 6
7. (a) Jaw Crushers:
• It has two jaws, one is stationary and other is
moving.
• The surface of both jaw is flat/convex.
• The space between two jaws is wider at top and
narrow at the bottom.
• The size of jaw is 1.68 x 2.14 m.
• The stones are crusher by the pressure of two
jaws.
• Large size boulders can also be crushed using
this crushers.
• Power consumption is minimum.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 7
10. Single toggle jaw
crusher
Double toggle jaw
crusher
(i) In a single toggle jaw
crusher whole swing jaw
is lifted, hence require
higher power.
(i) Require lesser power.
(ii) Jaw plates wear out at
faster rate.
(ii) Jaw plates wear out at
slower rate.
(iii) Lower initial cost. (iii) Higher initial cost.
(iv) Used for non-abrasive
and non hard rocks.
(iv) Economical for
abrasive and hard rocks.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 10
11. Size of jaw crushers:
• Mouth opening of the jaws denotes the crusher
size. Thus, a jaw crusher having a mouth
opening of 1200 x 1000 mm is called a 1200 x
100 mm crusher.
• The size of stone piece is restricted to 70 to 80
% of the gap size. Thus, for 1200 x 1000 mm
crusher the feed size should be restricted to 700
to 800 mm (70 to 80% of 1000 mm).
Prof. Ashish Makwana 11
12. Jaw setting and jaw opening:
• The jaw setting is measured at the bottom of the
jaw plates with jaws in open position on the
bottom side.
• The jaw opening at the top determines the size
of the rock.
• The crusher will receive (70 to 80% of the small
opening size).
• The capacity of the crusher is dependent on the
area of the opening at the bottom of the jaws.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 12
13. Fig. Crusher jaw setting and jaw opening
Prof. Ashish Makwana 13
14. Wear limits:
• With use, the teeth of the jaws are worm out.
• When teeth plats gets worn out to about 1/3 of
the original corrugation height the jaw plates
must be turned end-to-end.
• Wear limit dead line is when there remained no
corrugation.
• When the entire crushing surface gets worn out,
the teeth plate should be replaced with new one.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 14
16. Tips for optimum use of jaw crushers:
• The feed size should be 70 to 80% of the
minimum opening size at top. Do not allow
biggest pieces going to the crusher mouth.
• Material fed should not be of same size. Mixed
feed of all sizes of material gives best results.
• For best results ratio of gap to jaw setting should
be 5:1 to 7:1. Gap is the longer distance
between the two jaws.
• The ratio of gap to width of jaws is 1:1.6 in
primary crushers and 1:4.5 in the secondary
crushers.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 16
17. (b) Gyratory crusher:
• A cone or head is fitted at the top for grinding.
• A bowl shaped head is known as mandrel.
• Stones are broken by the impact of the head.
• The frame of equipment is strong.
• Head is made of iron alloy
.
(c) Roll crusher:
• This equipment consists of heavy iron frame with
two hard iron rolls. Two rolls are fitted on
different horizontal shafts.
• They can be rotated by v-belt or flat pulley.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 17
18. (c) Roll crusher: (continued..)
• Stones are broken into small pieces between roll
and grinding plate.
• The equipment is light in weight and is suitable
for second grinding.
Feed size:
• The maximum size of material that can be fed to
a roll crusher is directly proportional to the
diameter of the rolls.
• If the feed contains stones that are too large, the
rolls will not grip the material and pull it through
the crusher.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 18
19. Feed size: (continued..)
The angle of grip, which is constant for smooth
rolls, has been found to be 16̊ 45’.
The maximum size particles that can be crushed
are determined as follows.
R = radius of rools
B = angle of grip (16̊ 45’)
D = R cos B = 0.9575 R
A = maximum feed size
C = roll setting (size of finished product)
X = R – D A = C + 2X
= R – 0.9575 R = C + 2 (0.0425 R)
= 0.0425 R = C + 0.085 RProf. Ashish Makwana 19
20. Capacity of roll crusher:
The capacity of roll crusher depends upon:
Type of stone Width of rolls
Size of feed Speed at which rolls rotate
Size of finished product Uniformity of feeding
Capacity of roll crusher:
Q = CWV x 3600 x η cum/hr.
Q = Capacity in cum/hr.
C = roll setting in metre
W = width of rolls in metre
V = surface speed of roll in m/sec.
η = efficiency
Prof. Ashish Makwana 20
21. Type of roll crusher:
i. Both roll shells smooth
ii. Double toothed roll crusher
iii. One smooth and on corrugated shell
iv. Corrugated rolls
v. Spiked roll crusher
Prof. Ashish Makwana 21
22. i. Both roll shells smooth:
• These are used when required size of finished
product is less than 12 mm.
• These are widely used in quarrying industries,
mining, ceramic and metallurgical industries.
• Out of the two rolls one roll is fixed and other is
floating.
• Each roll is individually driven by 3-phase electric
motor via v-belt.
• The gap can be adjusted to suit the size of the
material.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 22
23. ii. Double toothed roll crusher:
• These are generally used for the production of
material over 25 mm size and for reduction of
coarse soft and medium hard, non-abrasive
materials like coal, slag, ore, limestone etc.
• The principle of working is the same as that of
smooth roll crusher.
iii. One smooth and one corrugated shell:
• These are used for materials of medium hard
qualities.
• They are used for producing the material between
12 to 25 mm size.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 23
24. Fig. One smooth and one corrugated shell
Prof. Ashish Makwana 24
25. iv. Corrugated rolls:
• The size of corrugation (pitch and depth) is
related to the product size, and hence the smaller
the product, the finer is the corrugation.
• These can take bigger feed size than plain rolls of
the same diameter.
v. Spiked roll crusher:
• These can take large feed size, even a slab of 1.2
m x 1.5 m x0.3 m size.
• These have one spiked roll and one adjustable
jaw and are used for coarse crushing of material
like coal.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 25
26. (d) Cone crusher:
• Cone crusher are used for second or third
grinding.
• Uniform size aggregates are obtained.
• A head of manganese iron is fitted on the vertical
shaft, which act as grinding surface.
• The second surface is concave.
• The rotation of shaft produces gyratory effect
which causes grinding of stones.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 26
28. Salient features of Gyratory and cone
crushers:
• As moving parts are small in number, wear, tear
and maintenance is less.
• Longer life
• Dust has little effect.
• Hydraulic system enables finger tip control of the
machine.
• Wear is uniform and adjustment is simple.
• Cleaning by hydraulic system enables rapid
restart after a blockage during operation.
• These have devices to measure oil pressure, oil
temperature and oil circulation. In case of
abnormal condition there may be sound or visual
alarm. Prof. Ashish Makwana 28
29. (e) Impact crusher:
• Impact crushers are used where materials are too
hard and abrasive and finished product requirement
is for cubical shape well graded material.
• In this type of crusher, stones are broken by means
of impact and not by compression as in jaw crusher.
• Stone is normally fed into the top of a breaking
chamber and struck by rotating hammers while it is
in suspension.
• The hammers repeatedly throw the material against
breaker bars (repulsion plates) forming the roof of
the breaker chamber.
• Hammers are fixed to the rotor.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 29
30. Advantages:
• High reduction ratio
• Effective production of a high percentage of
fines
• Excellent shape i.e. free from flake
• High output per unit energy
• Better mechanical strength
• Lower initial cost
• Have fewer parts to maintain
• Produce well graded cubical shaped product
Prof. Ashish Makwana 30
32. Points to be kept in mind while selecting
crusher:
1. Type of rock 2. Size of rock pieces
3. Method of feeding rocks
in the crusher
4. Required capacity of the
plant
Prof. Ashish Makwana 32
35. Crushing plant:
• Crushing plants with capacities upto 1000 tons
per hour are being manufactured by various
manufacturers all over the world.
• These plants are either stationary or portable.
Crushing plant
Primary crushing units
e.g. Jaw crusher Impact crusher
Reduces the rocks to sizes
Between 75 to 250 mm
Secondary crushing units
e.g. Jaw crusher Cone crusher
Impact crusher
Reduces the rocks to sizes
Between 5 to 50 mm
Prof. Ashish Makwana 35
37. 2. Ball mill and rod mill:
• A rod mill consists of an iron cylindrical shell with
hard mineral coating on the inner surface.
• A number of iron rods are kept inside the cylinder.
• The length of rods is kept slightly smaller than the
length of cylinder.
• Stone pieces are fed from inlet and sand size fine
aggregates are obtained at the other end.
• The mill can be operated in dry or wet condition.
• The size of mill can be expressed in terms of
diameter and length of the cylinder, e.g. 2.5 m x 3.5
m.
• If steel balls are charged in the cylinder instead of
iron rods, it is called ball mill.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 37
40. 3. Screen:
• Screens are used to separate aggregates
according to different sizes.
• The size of aggregate is expressed as range,
e.g. passing 12 mm screen and retained on 6
mm screen.
Types of screen:
a. Revolving screens
b. Shaking screens
c. Vibrating screens
Prof. Ashish Makwana 40
41. a. Revolving screens
• They are more advantageous when they are
used to wash and screen sand and gravel.
• The operating action is slow and simple.
• Maintenance and repair costs are low.
• If the aggregate to be washed contains silt and
clay, a scrubber can be installed near the
entrance of a screen to agitate the material in
water.
• At the same time, streams of water can be
sprayed on the aggregate.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 41
42. b. Shaking
• In this type, the screen is kept inclined at 15̊ to
20̊ with horizontal.
• The screen is agitated in the direction of length
for a distance of about 15 cm at the rate of 100
strokes per minute.
• Fine material fall below the screen while coarse
material fall at the end of the screen.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 42
43. c. Vibrating screens:
• This type of screens are more frequently used
for screening of aggregate.
• They consists of one or more layers or ‘decks’ of
open mesh wire cloth mounted one above the
other in a rectangular metal box.
• The vibration is obtained by means of an
eccentric shaft, a counterweight shaft or
electromagnets attached to the frame or to the
screens.
• A unit may be horizontal or inclined with slight
slope (20̊ or less) from the receiving to the
discharge end.
• The vibration, 850 to 1250 stokes per minute
causes the aggregate to flow over the surface of
the screen. Prof. Ashish Makwana 43
44. 4. Log washer:
• When natural deposits of aggregate, such as
sand and gravel, or individual pieces of crushed
stone contain deleterious material, it will be
necessary to remove these materials before
using the aggregate.
• One method of removing the material is to pass
the aggregate through a machine called a “log
washer”.
• This unit consists of a steel tank with two electric
motor driven shafts, to which numerous
replaceable paddles are attached.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 44
45. 4. Log washer: (continued..)
• When the washer is erected in a plant, the
discharge end is raised.
• The aggregate to be processed is fed into the
unit at the lower end, while a constant supply of
water flows into the elevated end.
• As the shafts are rotated in opposite directions
the paddles move the aggregate toward the
upper end of the tank, while producing a
continuous scrubbing action between the
particles.
• The stream of water remove the undesirable
material and discharge it from the tank at the
lower end, whereas the processed aggregate
will be discharged at the upper end.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 45