Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found in tissues and organs that can renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types. They help maintain homeostasis by replacing old or damaged cells through regeneration. When activated, adult stem cells divide asymmetrically to both self-renew and produce progenitor cells that differentiate into target cell types. Different types of adult stem cells exist in tissues like bone marrow, brain, skin, and muscle. Clinical trials study the safety and efficacy of potential stem cell therapies for diseases. While stem cell tourism offers experimental treatments, national regulatory processes provide oversight of legitimate therapies.
A stem cell is a "blank" cell that can give rise to multiple tissue types such as a skin, muscle, or nerve cell.
Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.
A stem cell is a "blank" cell that can give rise to multiple tissue types such as a skin, muscle, or nerve cell.
Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.
What are stem cells? This presentation provides an overview of multiple different stem cells including embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, cancer stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells and neural stem cells.
WHAT IS EMBRYONIC STEM CELL?
TYPES OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELL
RECENT RESEARCH OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELL
ADVANTAGES OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELL
LIMITATION OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELL.
Preventing Preterm Birth via Stem CellsShubhda Roy
Pregnant mother's body rejects the fetus, due to immune response caused by infection or local inflammation. This causes preterm birth. Stem cell therapy can prevent this reaction and prevent preterm birth.
Learn about the possibilities of what Adult Stem Cell pose for the future of curing chronic disease, cancers, and how nutrition plays a part in their ability to keeping you healthy.
What are stem cells? This presentation provides an overview of multiple different stem cells including embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, cancer stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells and neural stem cells.
WHAT IS EMBRYONIC STEM CELL?
TYPES OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELL
RECENT RESEARCH OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELL
ADVANTAGES OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELL
LIMITATION OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELL.
Preventing Preterm Birth via Stem CellsShubhda Roy
Pregnant mother's body rejects the fetus, due to immune response caused by infection or local inflammation. This causes preterm birth. Stem cell therapy can prevent this reaction and prevent preterm birth.
Learn about the possibilities of what Adult Stem Cell pose for the future of curing chronic disease, cancers, and how nutrition plays a part in their ability to keeping you healthy.
What is Stem Cell ?
History of Stem Cells ?
Stages of Embryogenesis
Blastocyst Diagram
Three types of stem cells
Differentiation of ESC
Adult Stem Cells
Bone Marrow
Umbilical cord stem cells
Factors known to affect stem cells
Niche cells activates Stem cells
Regenerative Medicine : Indian Scenario
1. Definition
2. History
3. Discrimination of stem cells from other types of cells
4. Types
5. Why stem cells are important
6. Properties
7. Application of stem cells
8. Advantages and disadvantages
Nine things know about stem cells treatmentpallaviparmar9
Many clinics offering stem cell treatments make claims that are not supported by a current understanding of science Stem cells have tremendous promise to help us understand and treat a range of diseases, injuries and other health-related conditions.
What to know before getting stem cellsMegan Hughes
Dr. Hughes discusses what you should know before getting stem cells, which stem cells are best for specific problems, and what to expect after the procedure.
Stem cell technology | Presented by pranjali V. Bhadanepranjali bhadane
This presentation is related to biological topic stem cell technology. stem cell technology plays an important role in life science. stem cell technology is most important for future researchers on personal genomics, personal drug and Complex Disease Research...
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. What are Adult Stem Cells?
• An adult stem cell is an undifferentiated (or
partially-differentiated) cell found in tissues
and organs
• They can self-renew and differentiate to
become most or all of the specialized cell
types within their specific tissue lineage.
• Adult stem cells
– Maintain cell populations
– Help you heal
– Play a role in aging
3. Homeostasis
• The ability to regulate internal conditions,
usually by a system of feedback controls
Stabilize health and functioning, regardless of the
outside changing conditions.
• One piece of homeostasis is the constant or
periodic generation of new cells to replace
old, damaged, and dying cells
• Adult stem cells fulfill this role through the
process of regeneration
4. How Regeneration Works
• Adult stem cells normally remain quiescent (non-
dividing) for relatively long periods of time until they
are activated by signals to maintain tissues
• When activated they divide through a process called
asymmetric cell division
• Through this process they are able to maintain their
populations and differentiate into the desired cell
types by the creation of a progenitor cell
• A progenitor cell, in contrast to stem cells, is already
far more specific: they are pushed to differentiate into
their "target" cell.
7. Location of Adult Stem Cells
• Adult stem cells and progenitor cells reside
through out your body
• These stem cells reside in a specific area of
each tissue called the “stem cell niche”
• This niche is a particular microenvironment
that fosters the growth of resident stem cells
• Mutations in cells, signals they receive, and
changes in the microenvironment can activate
a stem cell
9. Hematopoietic stem cells
Give rise to all the blood cell types:
• Myeloid (monocytes and macrophages,
neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, erythrocytes,
megakaryocytes/platelets, dendritic cells)
• Lymphoid (T-cells, B-cells, NK-cells)
Found in the bone marrow from very early on in
development, as well as in umbilical cord
blood and placental tissue
14. Tissue Specific Organs
• In November 2008, scientists
in Spain carried out a trachea
transplant for a woman whose
windpipe had been damaged
by tuberculosis.
• The doctors took adult stem
cells and some other cells
from the healthy right airway
of the woman needing the
trachea transplant, grafted
those cells onto the stripped-
down donated (cadaver)
trachea, and marinated the
trachea in chemicals in a lab to
coax the trachea into
rebuilding itself.
15. Clinical Trials
Clinical trials are conducted in phases. The trials at each phase have a
different purpose and help scientists answer different questions:
Phase I trials: researchers test an experimental drug or treatment in a
small group of people (20-80) for the first time to evaluate its safety,
determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase II trials: the experimental study drug or treatment is given to a
larger group of people (100-300) to see if it is effective and to further
evaluate its safety.
Phase III trials: the experimental study drug or treatment is given to large
groups of people (1,000-3,000) to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side
effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information
that will allow the experimental drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase IV trials: post marketing studies delineate additional information
including the drug's risks, benefits, and optimal use.
16. Risk vs. Benefits of Participating in a
Clinical Trial
Risk
• The patient must stop taking
other treatments before the trial
• There may be unpleasant, serious
or even life-threatening side
effects to experimental
treatment.
• The experimental treatment may
not be effective for the
participant, or given a placebo
• The protocol may require more of
their time and attention than
would a non-protocol treatment,
including trips to the study site,
more treatments, hospital stays
or complex dosage requirements.
Benefit
• Play an active role in their own
health care.
• Gain access to new research
treatments before they are
widely available.
• Obtain expert medical care at
leading health care facilities
during the trial.
• Help others by contributing to
medical research.
• The patient may get better as a
result of the experimental
treatment.
• Patients who receive the placebo
are usually, but not always, given
access to the treatment once the
trial ends
17. Stem Cell Tourism
• In what is called “stem cell tourism” patients travel to
other countries with less restrictions to receive stem
cell therapies.
• Sometimes experimental and can be dangerous
• There are many legitimate therapies going through
national regulatory processes in these countries.
• December 2008 study of stem cell clinic web sites
• Sites claimed to treat a range of diseases that go beyond
the scope of the early evidence on stem cells' efficacy
• Played up the benefits and talked little about risks
• Each treatment costs around $21,500
Editor's Notes
Undifferentiated - Of, or describing a cell that has not yet acquired a special structure and function; pertaining to an immature cell or a primitive cell
Self-renew - the ability to go through numerous cycles of cell division while maintaining the undifferentiated state.
Differentiate - the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type
Specialized - Specialized cells perform specialized functions in multicellular organisms. Groups of specialized cells cooperate to form a tissue, such as a muscle.
Q: How is a stem cell different from other normal (somatic) cells?
A1: A stem cell can divide over and over again. Embryonic stem cells can divide indefinitely in culture. “Adult” stem cells appear when those three distinct layers show up, but they can only divide a limited number of times in culture.
A2: Both embryonic and adult stem cells have the potential to differentiate (or mature) into a range of specialized cell types. Adult stem cells are more restricted than embryonic stem cells in what they can become. Which will be more useful for research and medicine has yet to be confirmed.
A3: Stem cells can migrate to where they are needed, although other non-stem cells can do this too.
Q: How many cell types can embryonic stem cells differentiate into?
A1: All of the 200+ mature cell types in the adult body, including all of the types of adult stem cells.
A progenitor cell further differentiates into CLICK! a mature cell type, like the skin cell in green.
The stem cell can divide again, CLICK! this time producing a different type of progenitor cell CLICK! which matures into yet another cell type, CLICK! like a neuron in pink.
In this way, stem cells can regenerate tissues after injury and maintain healthy cells and cell numbers.
Although they are more difficult to obtain than embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells do have therapeutic potential which some of you might have heard about. A well-established adult stem cell therapy is a bone marrow transplant. Bone marrow transplants have been practiced for 40 years as a treatment for diseases of the blood, bone marrow, and certain types of cancer like leukemia.
FIRST, a donor’s tissue type is matched with the patient’s tissue type to make sure the patient won’t reject the transplant. NEXT, bone marrow containing hematopoietic (hee-mat-oh-poetic), or blood-forming, stem cells is taken from the donor’s pelvis. THEN, right before the transplant, the recipient patient receives chemotherapy to destroy all of their malignant blood cells. FINALLY, the donor’s stem cells are filtered out and given in a transfusion to the patient, and the cells will find their way to the bone marrow and eventually repopulate the patient’s blood system.
Sometimes instead of receiving stem cells from a donor, the patient can receive their own stem cells. Umbilical cord, the tissue connecting baby to mother before birth, is a rich source of hematopoietic (hee-mat-oh-poetic) stem cells. The umbilical cord is usually thrown away after a baby is born, but some people choose to “bank” the umbilical cord blood cells in case the child needs to use those stem cells later on. Hematopoietic stem cells from umbilical cord do not have the same immune-rejection issues as hematopoietic stem cells from bone marrow, which makes them ideal for therapies.
