Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cell types and potentially be used to treat diseases. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Stem cell therapies show promise for treating conditions like Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injuries, blood disorders, and more. Key factors that must be considered for stem cell therapies include their availability, ability to differentiate, safety, and adherence to manufacturing standards.
A stem cell is a "blank" cell that can give rise to multiple tissue types such as a skin, muscle, or nerve cell.
Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.
The cell proliferation will generally decrease with the differentiation of cells, and most cells in adult animals are blocked in the G 0 phase of the cell cycle.
https://www.creative-bioarray.com/Services/cell-proliferation-assay-services.htm
A stem cell is a "blank" cell that can give rise to multiple tissue types such as a skin, muscle, or nerve cell.
Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.
The cell proliferation will generally decrease with the differentiation of cells, and most cells in adult animals are blocked in the G 0 phase of the cell cycle.
https://www.creative-bioarray.com/Services/cell-proliferation-assay-services.htm
iPSCs are pluripotent; unlike ESC, iPSCs are not derived from the embryo, but instead created from differentiated cells in the lab through a process – cellular reprogramming.
youtube link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=da69DB6dU58&lc=z13osnvyfnnryny2z22qh3y4rs2bd3h2d
Stem cells can be defined simply as cells which are not specialized in any specific tissue or organs.
In other words, stem cells have not differentiated into other cell types to form tissues and organs.
They are the base or foundational cells to develop into cells which specialized in certain functions.
Another distinguishing characteristics of stem cells is their ability to undergo division, giving rise to more stem cells.
The significance of stem cells in their application to the human body and human health boils down to the two important characteristics of differentiation and self-regeneration.
Imagine how powerful they can be if stems cells can be developed into heart cells, especially when someone’s heart is doomed to fail Or, for someone with damaged brain cells or nerve cells, wouldn’t it be extremely great news if stem cells can develop new brain cells or nerve cells for the person.
Indeed, the potential and possibilities of exploiting stem cells for medical science and health science are enormous.
Many untreatable diseases and ailments may in the near future become curable.
Stem cells are classified into various types based on their ability to undergo differentiation into different cell types.
In other words, their classification, and hence their name, is derived from their potential to develop into one, two or several other cell types.
In my presentation I’ll discuss the principals of formation the stem cell and its applications .
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
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Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renew and to differentiate into different cell types or tissues during embryonic development and throughout adulthood.
Have possibility to become a specialised cell.
Have the ability to divide continuously and develop into various other kinds of cells.
Have immune potential and can help to treat a wide range of medical problems.
Discovery of stem cells lead to a whole new branch of medicine known as Regenerative medicine.
iPSCs are pluripotent; unlike ESC, iPSCs are not derived from the embryo, but instead created from differentiated cells in the lab through a process – cellular reprogramming.
youtube link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=da69DB6dU58&lc=z13osnvyfnnryny2z22qh3y4rs2bd3h2d
Stem cells can be defined simply as cells which are not specialized in any specific tissue or organs.
In other words, stem cells have not differentiated into other cell types to form tissues and organs.
They are the base or foundational cells to develop into cells which specialized in certain functions.
Another distinguishing characteristics of stem cells is their ability to undergo division, giving rise to more stem cells.
The significance of stem cells in their application to the human body and human health boils down to the two important characteristics of differentiation and self-regeneration.
Imagine how powerful they can be if stems cells can be developed into heart cells, especially when someone’s heart is doomed to fail Or, for someone with damaged brain cells or nerve cells, wouldn’t it be extremely great news if stem cells can develop new brain cells or nerve cells for the person.
Indeed, the potential and possibilities of exploiting stem cells for medical science and health science are enormous.
Many untreatable diseases and ailments may in the near future become curable.
Stem cells are classified into various types based on their ability to undergo differentiation into different cell types.
In other words, their classification, and hence their name, is derived from their potential to develop into one, two or several other cell types.
In my presentation I’ll discuss the principals of formation the stem cell and its applications .
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renew and to differentiate into different cell types or tissues during embryonic development and throughout adulthood.
Have possibility to become a specialised cell.
Have the ability to divide continuously and develop into various other kinds of cells.
Have immune potential and can help to treat a wide range of medical problems.
Discovery of stem cells lead to a whole new branch of medicine known as Regenerative medicine.
Stem cell therapy regenerative medicine: Stem cells replace diseased tissue: Hematopoietic diseases: Bone marrow transplantation – leukaemia, Pluripotent stem cells – differentiate into all cell types. Three ways to pluripotency: Embryonic stem (ES) cells: Obtained directly from inner cell mass of the blastocyst, Reprogrammed stem cells / Nuclear reprogramming: SCNT somatic cell nuclear transfer, iPS cells induced pluripotency. Pluripotent stem cells and tissue compatibility: ES cells from embryo- limited immunological match, iPS cells from skin cells- complete immunological match. Therapeutic cloning: Production of patient specific embryonic stem cells with complete immunological match. Generation of egg and sperm from pluripotent stem cells: MEIOSIS, EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING, In vitro differentiation of stem cells to gametes. Pluripotent stem cells in ART – how far are we: Regenerative medicine: ES / iPS cells are produced and differentiated in vitro, Still, limited clinical use.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Somatic Cardiac Regeneration— An Explorato...Robert Chen
In the exploratory analysis, the functional pathway networks of nucleostemin and iPS interact via TP53 (tumor protein P53) and Fgf (fibroblast growth factor), which could be further investigated to provide clues for the future research of postnatal cardiac regeneration.
Dr. Kenneth Dickie from Royal Centre of Plastic Surgery in Barrie, Ontario explained the use of stem cells technology in plastic surgery.
If you have any questions, please contact Dr. Kenneth Dickie at http://royalcentreofplasticsurgery.com/
Stem cells for artificial organ regenerationElvis Samuel
A stem cell is a cell with the unique ability to develop into specialized cell types in the body. This presentation details the regeneration of artificial organs using stem cells
What to know before getting stem cellsMegan Hughes
Dr. Hughes discusses what you should know before getting stem cells, which stem cells are best for specific problems, and what to expect after the procedure.
Stem cell Therapy in Neurological diseases Ibad khan
Stem cell Therapy in Neurological diseases
difinition
mechanism
types
history
advantages or disadvantages
in this presentation all theses information include ,
This presentation deals with stem cell therapy & new avenues in stem cell therapy. It also discusses latest advances such as treatment against baldness, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, spinal cord injury, demyelinating diseases, deafness, eye, Parkinson's disease. Also discusses about umbilical cord stem cells and finally clinical trials without patients (organs on chips).
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Are There Any Natural Remedies To Treat Syphilis.pdf
Repair and regeneration of tissues using stem cells
1.
2. STEM CELLS
• Cells capable of unlimited cell cycles with the
capacity to become one of the wide variety of
specialized cells which make a specific tissue/organ
• undifferentiated collection of cells with undecided
fate
• Basically 2 types:
– Embryonic (ESCs)
– Adult stem cells (ASCs)
4. TISSUE REPAIR, REGENERATION,
HEALING AND FIBROSIS
• Tissue repair is the response of organism to overcome the damage caused
by toxics, inflammation and trauma
• Therefore 2 types of reactions occur:
– REGENERATION – tissue replaces damaged components and returns to a
normal state
– HEALING – damaged tissues incapable of complete restitution and/or
supporting structures of tissue are severely damaged
• Fibrosis is heavy deposition of collagen that occurs in organs such as
lungs, liver and kidney following chronic inflammatory processes or in
myocardial infarction
• Repair involves the proliferation of different types of cells and their
interaction with the ECM
5.
6.
7. Cell Proliferation
• Cell proliferation of cell types is driven by proteins collectively called growth
factors
• Cell repair depends on production of growth factors, cellular response to
them, and the ability of the cells to divide and expand in numbers. All these
factors determine the adequacy of the repair process
• main steps in proliferation are DNA replication and mitosis and this
sequence of events is known as the cell cycle
• The cell cycle consists of several steps in order to check the accuracy of cell
division
• Non-dividing cells are either in cell cycle arrest in G1 or they exit the cycle
(G0)
• Checkpoint controls prevent DNA replication or mitosis of damaged cells or
eliminate damaged cells by apoptosis
8. • growth factors: overcome the checkpoint controls by releasing
suppressors of CDK activity (cyclin dependent kinases)
9. Proliferation Capacity
• Ability of tissues to repair themselves is influenced by their intrinsic
proliferative capacity
• Three types of tissues
– Continuously dividing tissues (labile tissues)
• Lost and replaced by maturation from stem cells and by proliferation
of mature cells
• short life span
– Bone marrow, skin, oral mucosa, GI tract, ducts draining exocrine
glands
– Stable tissues
• Quiescent cells (G0 stage) – have minimal replicative activity - can
proliferate in response to injury and loss of tissue mass
• long life span
– kidney, liver, pancreas, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, smooth
muscle cells
– Permanent tissues
• Terminally differentiated and non proliferative in postnatal life
• Long life span - neurons, cardiac and skeletal muscle
10. • Cell proliferation can be triggered by:
– Growth factors, hormones, cytokines
– Growth factors produced by leukocytes, parenchymal cells, and
connective tissue
• Affects cell proliferation by:
– Expanding cell population
• Stimulating cell division (mitosis)
• Increase cell size (growth)
• Protection from apoptotic death (survival)
• Other functions
– Stimulate migration, differentiation, angiogenesis, contractility, and
fibrogenesis
– Involved in growth control – can stimulate or inhibit
– May act on multiple cell types
11.
12.
13. Plasticity
• Basis for generating tissue for transplantation
• Differentiate into cell types in organs / tissues other than those
expected from the cells predicted lineage
14. STEM CELL TREATMENT
• Parkinson’s Disease with iPSCs
• Spinal Cord Injury with human embryonic stem cells (hESCs)
• Sickle Cell, Thalassemia, hemophilia and other blood diseases with
iPSCs
• Bone Marrow Transplants (BMT) & haemopoietic stem cell therapy
(HCT)
– Lymphomas and thymomas
– Hematopoietic cells
– Metastatic cancers of other origins
• Autoimmune Diseases with hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
– Rheumatoid arthritis
– Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
– Type 1 diabetes mellitus
– Multiple sclerosis
– Pernicious anemia
15. Parameters of stem cells necessary
for use in regenerative repair
• found in abundant quantities (millions to billions of cells)
• harvested by a minimally invasive procedure
• reliably be differentiated along multiple cell lineage pathways
• safely and effectively transplanted to either an autologous or allergenic
host
• manufactured in accordance with current Good Manufacturing Practice
guidelines
22. Regenerative medicine
•Regenerative Medicine refers to a group of biomedical approaches to clinical
therapies that may involve the use of stem cells.
•Examples include the injection of stem cells or progenitor cells (cell
therapies); the induction of regeneration by biologically active molecules
administered alone or as a secretion by infused cells (immunomodulation
therapy); and transplantation of in vitro grown organs and tissues (Tissue
engineering)
•heparan sulfate analogues on (chronic) wound healing. Heparan sulfate
analogues replace degraded heparan sulfate at the wound site. They assist the
damaged tissue to heal itself by repositioning growth factors and cytokines
back into the damaged extracellular matrix
23. • Stem cell therapy, also known as regenerative medicine, is the
replacement of diseased, dysfunctional or injured cells with stem cells
or their derivatives. It's somewhat similar to the organ transplant
process but uses cells instead of organs.
• Researchers grow stem cells in the lab. These stem cells are manipulated
to make them specialize into specific types of cells, This manipulation
may involve changing the material in which the stem cells are grown or
even injecting genes into the cells. The specialized cells could then be
implanted into a person. For example, if the person had heart
disease, the cells could be injected into the heart muscle. The
healthy, transplanted heart cells could then contribute to repairing
defective heart muscle. In fact, researchers have already shown that
adult bone marrow cells guided to become heart-like cells can repair
heart tissue in mice, and much more research is ongoing.
24. Cord blood stem cell
• in treating conditions such as brain injury and Type 1 Diabetes is already being studied in
humans, and earlier stage research is being conducted for treatments of stroke, and hearing
loss
• animal models of myocardial infarction, cord blood stem cells have shown the ability to
selectively migrate to injured cardiac tissue, improve vascular function and blood flow at the
site of injury, and improve overall heart function
• cord blood stem cells injected intravenously have the ability to migrate to the area of brain
injury, alleviating mobility related symptoms. Also, administration of human cord blood stem
cells into animals with stroke was shown to significantly improve behavior by stimulating the
creation of new blood vessels and neurons in the brain
• Cord blood stem cells have shown the ability to selectively migrate to injured cardiac
tissue, improve vascular function and blood flow at the site of injury, and improve overall
heart function
• study is examining if an infusion of the child’s own cord blood stem cells facilitates repair of
damaged brain tissue, including many with cerebral palsy.
25. MESENCHYMAL CELLS
• Mesenchymal (stromal) stem cells give rise to a variety of cell types, bone cells (osteocytes), cartilage
cells (chondrocytes), fat cells (adipocytes), pancreatic islet cells and connective tissue cells such as those
found in tendons
• found in umbilical cord blood, fat, muscle and the pulp of baby teeth
• multipotent cells, lack the capacity to reconstitute an entire organ
• rich sources: adipose tissue, developing tooth bud of the mandibular (lower) third molar, (or wisdom
tooth).The stem cells found in developing third molars eventually form enamel, dentin, blood
vessels, dental pulp, nervous tissue and a minimum of 29 different unique tissues and organs
• mesenchymal stem cells add significantly to the field of regenerative repair. In addition to assisting the
function of bone marrow and adipose (fat) derived stem cells, recent advances include the use of
mesenchymal stem cells to:
– Regenerate damaged cartilage
– Regeneration of the meniscus (knee)
– Regeneration of damaged tendons
– Repair of bone fractures
26. NEURAL STEM CELLS
• Neural stem cells in the brain give rise to its three major cell types:
– Neurons (nerve cells)
– Astrocytes (star-shaped cells that regulate the transmission of impulses
in the brain)
– Oligodendrocytes (cells that form myelin, a protective sheath around
axons in the central nervous system)
• Neural stem cells have the potential to provide therapies for:
– ALS (Lou Gehrig’s disease)
– Alzheimer’s disease
– Brain injury
– Huntington’s disease
– Parkinson’s disease
– Spinal cord injury
– Stroke
– Myelin regeneration (for demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis
and leukodystrophy)
27. • There is evidence suggesting that human neural stem cells (NSCs), BM-
MSCs secrete glial cell- and brain-derived neurotrophic factors (GDNF
and BDNF), IGF-1 and VEGF, which may protect dysfunctional motor
neurons, thereby prolonging the lifespan of the animal into which they
are transplanted in models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• In addition, NSCs have been shown to secrete NGF and neurotrophin-3
(NT-3) The secretion of GDNF, BDNF and NGF by BM-MSCs has been
implicated in increased dopaminergic neuron survival in in vitro and in
vivo models of PD, and the release of anti-inflammatory molecules by
BM-MSCs has been shown to attenuate microglia activation, thereby
protecting dopaminergic neurons from death . BM-MSCs are also
capable of secreting NT-3, which supports the survival and
differentiation of existing neurons and encourages the growth and
differentiation of new neurons and synapses .
28. • After amputation, stem cells accumulate at the injury site in a structure
called the BLASTEMA
• Various questions arise so as to :
– how signals from the injury site cause the stem cells to form the
blastema
– Do the animals use a single type of stem cell in the blastema that can
differentiate into many different types of tissues
– Or is a separate set of stem cells responsible for making each of the
different tissues needed to make up the new body part
• The new work offers the most definitive evidence yet that the versatile
cells, derived from embryos, can help repair organs two ways: by filling in
damaged areas -- the primary focus of stem cell research to date -- and also
by secreting potent chemicals that can make tissues rejuvenate themselves.
29. ADVANTAGES
• medical benefits in the fields of therapeutic cloning and regenerative
medicine
• provides great potential for discovering treatments and cures to
Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, spinal cord
injuries, diabetes etc
• Limbs and organs could be grown in a lab from stem cells and then used in
transplants or to help treat illnesses will help scientists to learn about
human growth and cell development
• Scientists and doctors will be able to test millions of potential drugs and
medicine, without the use of animals or human testers
• A more comprehensive understanding of normal development will
ultimately allow the prevention or treatment of abnormal human
development
30. DISADVANTEAGES
• Ethics
• long term effect still not known
Embryonic stem cells may not be the solution for all ailments
• According to a new research, when it was used on heart disease patients. It
was found that it can make their coronary arteries narrower
• A disadvantage is that they are pre-specialized, for instance, blood stem
cells make only blood, and brain stem cells make only brain cells
• Rejection of ESCs as they are not that of patient’s.