stem cells and their uses, stem cell therapy

3. Why self‐renew AND differentiate?
•Self renewal is needed to maintain a pool of stem cells to
use throughout your life.
•Differentiation – specialized cells need to be replaced for
the body to carry on working; also important for making all
the different kinds of cell in the body during development of
an embryo from a single fertilized egg.

5. Role of Stem Cells
Stem cells, by virtue of their properties mentioned above, play a vital role in the
genesis and maintenance of our bodies.
In Normal Human Body
•Normal development of the organs and connective tissues in babies.
•Normal day-to-day repair of tissues.
In Diseased Human Body
•Repair of different tissues after injury.
•Replacement of specific organs in particular diseases.
Using one's own stem cells (autologous transplant) for medical treatment means a
much lower risk of rejection by the body and decreases the need for powerful
drugs that weaken the immune system, both of which are negative but typical
realities that come into play when tissues or cells from a donor are used to treat
patients.

6. • Totipotent
• Pluripotent
• Multipotent
• Oligopotent
• Unipotent

9. Embryonic stem cells
• Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells obtained from the inner
cell mass of the blastocyst, a mainly hollow ball of cells that, in the
human, forms three to five days after an egg cell is fertilized by a
sperm.
• Embryonic stem cells can give rise to every cell type in the fully
formed body, but not the placenta and umbilical cord.

10. Adult Stem Cells
Adult stem cells can be derived from different parts of the body and
accordingly have different properties. They exist in several different tissues
including umbilical cord blood, bone marrow, blood, dental pulp and brain.
Adult stem cells can be found as hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem
cells.
• Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs):
These are adult stem cells found mainly in the bone marrow. They provide
the blood cells required for daily blood turnover and for fighting infections.
Hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow and umbilical cord blood
have been used for decades to treat blood cancers (e.g. leukemia) and
other blood disorders.

11. • Mesenchymal stem cells or marrow stromal cells (MSCs):
These stem cells, also found in the bone marrow, can form a variety of
cells of solid tissue in the laboratory, including fat cells, cartilage, bone,
tendon and ligaments, muscles cells, skin cells and even nerve cells.

12. Induced pluripotent (iPS) stem cells -
‘genetic reprogrammed cells’ which are made to behave like
embryonic stem cells.

14. STEM CELL THERAPY
•Stem cell therapy is introduction of new adult stem cells into
damaged tissue in order to treat disease or injury.
•The ability of stem cells to self-renew and give rise to different
cells, that can potentially replace diseased and damaged areas
in the body, with minimal risk of rejection and side effects.
•A number of stem cell therapies exist, but most are at
experimental stages, costly or controversial.

17. STEM CELLS IN TEETH
Most people are unaware that stem cells are also present in the tooth (dental
pulp).
• Baby teeth or milk teeth (especially the teeth in the front): The dental
pulp in the deciduous teeth of children contains stem cells. These teeth
start falling off normally from the age of five until the age of twelve.
• Permanent Teeth: The dental pulp in the adult permanent teeth, also
contains stem cells. Eg: wisdom teeth, premolars.
• Stem cells from teeth have been observed in research studies to be among the
most powerful stem cells in the human body. Stem cells from teeth replicate at a
faster rate and for a longer period of time than do stem cells harvested from
other tissues of the body

19. Why store dental stem
cells?
•Dental stem cells can be obtained easily
and painlessly.
•There are 20 milk teeth. Hence each child
has 20 chances.
•Dental stem cells are non controversial
adult mesenchymal stem cells that have
the potential to regenerate bone, muscle,
nerve, cartilage, fat and teeth.

20. Menstrual stem cells
Stem cells in menstrual blood are highly proliferative and possess the
unique ability to develop into various other types of healthy cells.
• The menstrual blood is collected in a physician’s office using a medical-
grade silicone cup in place of a tampon or sanitary napkin.
• The sample is shipped to Cryo-Cell and processed.
• Stored in cryovials that are overwrapped to safeguard them during
storage.
• Cryogenically preserved in a facility that is closely monitored at all times
to ensure that menstrual stem cells are safe and ready for future use.
What are the benefits of banking menstrual stem cells?
• It is an exclusive opportunity to build a personal healthcare portfolio that
will be a 100% match for the donor.

22. APPLICATIONS
•Liver cirrhosis
•Sports injuries
•Blindness/obscured vision
•Alzheimer’s disease
•Heart disease

23. • Stem cells can be harvested from potent sources such as Bone Marrow or
Adipose Tissue.
• Stem cells are injected back into the body at the targeted place for
differentiation into liver cells (using cytokines).
• The stem cell injection can also be coupled with stem cells stimulation therapy,
wherein resident stem cells are stimulated to multiply and differentiate inside
the body as a booster effect.

24.  Stem cells are the skilled cells, that can be collected from one part of the
body, enriched outside in the laboratory and implanted back into the
body, to repair damaged cells.
 Once inside the body, these stem cells have proven to
• improve vascularization
• reconstruct torn tissues
• regenerate lost ones

25. • Researchers have safely transplanted stem cells derived from patient's skin to
the back of the eye in an effort to restore vision.
• Modify small piece of skin from the patient's arm into induced pluripotent
stem cells (iPSC).
• Transform iPSCs into eye cells and transplant into the patient's eye.
• The transplanted cells survive without any adverse events for over a year and
result in slightly improved vision.
STEM CELL TREATMENT FOR BLINDNESS/OBSCURED VISION

26. • Deliver the sufficient number of Adult Autologous Stem Cells which will
travel into multiple areas of the brain where the damage has occurred.
• Transforms into new brain cells which are needed for the replacement of
damaged cells.
• They also help in creating a microenvironment that will secret some of the
enzymes required for making connections to replace lost parts of the
complex network.

27. • When muscles are damaged or
weakened, these cells can be
provided to travel at the site of
injury and heal the damaged
tissue.
• They turn into heart muscle cells
once inserted into the body and
also secrete growth factors that
facilitate the healing process.
• Once inside the body, they can
promote revascularization of
new artery by secreting growth
factors and cytokines to which
facilitate angiogenesis.
STEM CELL TREATMENT FOR HEART DISEASE

30. Ethical Issues of Stem Cells
Controversy surrounding research
• human embryo is a human life that is entitled to protection
• not all stem cell research requires the destruction of a human
embryo

31. • Cord Blood Banking
• Cord Tissue Banking
• Placenta banking
Why cord blood?
1. Easy Extraction
2. Immediately Available for Treatment With No Retrieval Fee
3. High Rate of Engraftment
4. Rarely Contaminated with Latent Viruses