A comprehensive presentation on Enzymology Clinical significance of Enzymes & Isoenzymes for MBBS , BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
structure of proteins
definition of Digestion
sources of Proteins --> EXOGENEOUS SOURCES 50-100g/day and ENDOGENEOUS SOURCES 30-100g/day
Proteins DEGRADED BY --> HYDROLASES specifically PEPTIDASES(ENDOPEPTIDASES & EXOPEPTIDASES)
1. Gastric Digestion of Proteins
2. Pancreatic Digestion of Proteins
3. Digestion of Proteins by Small Intestine Enzymes
Absorption of Amino ACids by Na+Dependent, Na+ Independent, Meister Cycle or gama-glutamyl cycle
Protein which are major component of our diet have amino acid as their precursor and also act as important energy source. Any imbalance in the metabolism of these amino acid cause disorders
Inborn errors of metabolism
Definition:- Inborn errors of metabolism occur from a group of rare genetic disorders in which the body cannot metabolize food components normally.
These disorders are usually caused by defects in the enzymes involved in the biochemical pathways that break down food components.
structure of proteins
definition of Digestion
sources of Proteins --> EXOGENEOUS SOURCES 50-100g/day and ENDOGENEOUS SOURCES 30-100g/day
Proteins DEGRADED BY --> HYDROLASES specifically PEPTIDASES(ENDOPEPTIDASES & EXOPEPTIDASES)
1. Gastric Digestion of Proteins
2. Pancreatic Digestion of Proteins
3. Digestion of Proteins by Small Intestine Enzymes
Absorption of Amino ACids by Na+Dependent, Na+ Independent, Meister Cycle or gama-glutamyl cycle
Protein which are major component of our diet have amino acid as their precursor and also act as important energy source. Any imbalance in the metabolism of these amino acid cause disorders
Inborn errors of metabolism
Definition:- Inborn errors of metabolism occur from a group of rare genetic disorders in which the body cannot metabolize food components normally.
These disorders are usually caused by defects in the enzymes involved in the biochemical pathways that break down food components.
A comprehensive presentation on Enzymology :Types of Enzyme inhibition & Therapeutic uses for MBBS ,BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
ALT is an enzyme present in liver, heart skeletal muscles, highest concentration is present in Liver. it value increases when there is abnormality in liver, ALT is an amino transferase which transfer one amino group from an amino acid and transfer to another substance for production of non essential amino acid
Meta-genomics is the application of modern genomics techniques to the study of communities of microbial organisms directly in their natural environments, bypassing the need for isolation and lab cultivation of individual species”
Importance of enzymes : The two aminotransferases that are checked are the alanine aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST or SGOT). These liver enzymes form a major constituent of the liver cells. They are present in lesser concentration in the muscle cells.
Diagnostic enzymology
Enzymes are normally intracellular and LOW concentration in blood
Enzyme release (leakage)in the blood indicates cell damage (cell –death, hypoxia, intracellular toxicity)
Quantitative measure of cell/tissue damage
Organ specificity- but not absolute specificity inspite of same gene content.
Most enzymes are present in most cells-differing amounts
GGT is one of a large group of enzymes “Peptidases”.
A membrane bound enzyme whose active site faces the external side of cell.
Hepatobiliary tract enzyme.
this will be useful to understand about the new topics such as abzymes, ribozymes and also isoenzymes. You have to clear that ribozymes are not protein. because all enzymes are proteins but all proteins are not enzymes except ribozymes
The multiple forms of an enzyme catalyzing the same chemical reaction are called isoenzmyes. They, however, differ in their physical and chemical properties.
Examples: Isozymes of numerous dehydrogenases, and several oxidases, transaminases, phosphatases, transphosphorylases, proteolytic enzymes, aldolases.
Plasma proteins
Types of plasma proteins
Compositions of plasma proteins
Synthesis of plasma proteins
Separation Methods of plasma
proteins
Properties of Plasma proteins
Function of plasma proteins
Clinical Note on plasma proteins
Biotin (vitamin b7) biological functions, clinical indications and its techn...rohini sane
An illustrative presentation on Biotin (Vitamin B7), clinical indications and technological applications for Medical, Dental, Pharmacology & Biotechnology students to facilitate easy- learning.
An illustrative and lucid presentation on Scurvy (deficiency of vitamin C) for Medical, Dental, Pharmacology & Biotechnology students to facilitate easy- learning.
An illustrative presentation on Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) and Scurvy for Medical, Dental, Pharmacology & Biotechnology students to facilitate easy- learning.
An illustrative presentation on Microscopic examination of Urine for Medical, Dental, Pharmacology and Biotechnology students to facilitate easy- learning and self-study..
Urinalysis for detection of abnormal constituentsrohini sane
An illustrative presentation on Urinalysis for detection of abnormal constituents for medical ,dental , pharmacology and biotechnology students to facilitate easy-learning.
Urinalysis for detection of normal inorganic and organic constituentsrohini sane
An illustrative presentation on urinalysis for detection of normal inorganic and organic constituents for medical, dental , pharmacology and biotechnology students to facilitate easy-learning.
Biochemical kidney function tests with their clinical applicationsrohini sane
An illustrative presentation on Biochemical kidney function tests with their clinical applications for medical ,dental, pharmacology and biotechnology student to facilitate easy-learning.
A comprehensive presentation on Total parenteral nutrition(TPN) to facilitate easy -learning for medical , dental , pharmacology and biotechnology students.
Nutritional management of clinical disordersrohini sane
A lucid presentation Nutritional management of clinical disorders to facilitate easy-learning for medical , dental , pharmacology and biotechnology students.
Nutritional importance of vitamins and mineralsrohini sane
A lucid presentation on Nutritional importance of vitamins and minerals for medical , dental , pharmacology and biotechnology students to facilitate easy-learning.
A lucid presentation on Basal metabolic rate ( BMR) and nutrition for medical ,dental ,pharmacology and biotechnology students to facilitate easy-learning.
Physical activity of the human body and nutritionrohini sane
A lucid presentation on Physical activity of the human body and Nutrition for medical ,dental ,pharmacology and biotechnology students for easy learning.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. Clinical significance of enzymes
Enzyme units
• International units ( one micromole of substrate conversion / per
minute/l of serum sample ( IU /l )
• Standard international : /SYSTEM INTERNATIONAL /KATAL (catalytic
activity ) number of moles of substrate transformed /second /l of
sample KAT Or K( IU= 60 MICROKATAL )
3. Techniques for estimation of enzymes
• Colorimetry /spectrophotometry
• Fluorometry
• RIA
• ELISA
• Chemiluminescence
4. Factors affecting enzyme estimations
1. Age
2. Sex
3. Pregnancy
4. Time of sampling
5. Temperature
6. p H
7. Substrate concentration
8. Product concentration
9. Presence of drugs in plasma
Therefore strict control on estimation of enzyme is needed
5. Enzyme appear in plasma by 3 ways
1. Functional plasma enzymes
2. Non Functional plasma enzymes
3. Obstruction to secretory pathway
6. Functional plasma enzymes Non Functional plasma enzymes
High concentration in plasma in physiological
conditions
low concentration in plasma in physiological
conditions
Low concentration in tissue in physiological
conditions
High concentration in tissue in physiological
conditions
low concentration in plasma in pathological
conditions
decreased synthesis by damaged liver cells
High concentration in plasma in pathological
conditions( tissue damage )
eg Psuedocholine esterase, ipase SGPT , SGOT, LDH, CPK
7. Obstruction to Secretory Pathway
Physiological conditions balance between synthesis & release
Pathological conditions loss of balance between synthesis & release
8. CONDITIONS RELATED TO INCREASED SERUM ENZYME LEVELS
Significant elevation in serum levels of enzymes is observed under
following conditions :
1. Cellular damaged
2.Increase rate of cell turnover
3. Proliferation of cells
4. Increased synthesis
9. PRINCIPLE OF ESTIMATION OF ENZYMES BY COLORIMETRY /SPECTROMETRY
A:
I. Buffered Substrate + Serum (Enzyme) Product
II. Product + Chemical Reagent Colored Complex
III. Measurement of optical density of colored complex
B :
NADH dependent estimations using UV light as a source : increase or
decrease of Absorbance
10. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ENZYMES
Enzyme function Normal range Occurrence Clinical significance
Aldolase F1,6 P Triose
Phosphate
1.5-7.2micromoles /l Myocardium
Skeletal muscles
liver
Sensitive index in muscle
wasting
Muscular dystrophy
Poliomyelitis
Myasthenia Gravis
α-Amylase Starch Maltose Serum – 50-120 IU/L
URINE < 375 IU /L
Salivary gland
Pancreas
placenta
MUMPS > 1000IU/L
Ectopic pregnancy
Acute pancreatitis
Acid phosphatase
( optimum p H)
Hydrolysis of esters of
phosphoric acid
2.5 – 12 IU /L Prostrate
RBC
WBC
Platelet
semen
PROSTRATE CANCER
FORENSIC RAPE CASE
PSA-PROSTRATE
SENTSITIVE
ANTIGEN
(SERINE PROTEASE ) 1 -5 MICROGRAM /L Prostrate
semen
( LIQUIFICATION
OF COAGULUM )
PROSTRATE CANCER
( > 10 MICROGRAM /L )BEFORE
RECTAL EXAMINATION
BENIGN PROSTRATE
ENLARGEMENT (5- 10
MICROGRAM /L )
11. ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE (AST/SGOT )
PRINCIPLE OF ESTIMATION OF SGOT
α KGA +Aspartate ↔ Glutamate + Oxaloacetate
↓
Pyruvate
Pyruvate +DNPH BROWN COLOR COMPLEX ( Alkaline pH )
Clinical Significance of SGPT
1. Normal range of Serum SGOT = 2-20 IU/L
2. Significant increase observed in Myocardial Infarction
3. Moderate increase observed in liver disease including Hepatoma
4. Isoenzymes –Cytosolic ( Mild Injury )/Mitochondrial (Severe Injury )
12. ALANINE TRANSAMINASE (ALT/SGPT )
PRINCIPLE OF ESTIMATION OF SGPT
α KGA +Alanine ↔ Glutamate +Pyruvate
Pyruvate +DNPH BROWN COLOR COMPLEX (alkaline medium )
Clinical Significance of SGPT
1. Normal range of SGPT =(13-40 IU/L )
2. Significant increase observed in ACUTE HEPITITIS (100-1000 IU/L)
3. Moderate increase observed in liver disease including Hepatoma
4. Increase in Serum ALT>>>Serum AST is observed before clinical
manifestation
5. Chronic Liver Diseases (25-100 Iu/L ) /Cirrhosis /Malignancy
6. Bad prognosis is indicated by SUDDEN FALL in serum levels of SGPT
14. ENZYMES INDICATED IN HEART DISEASES
ENYZYME PATTERN IN HEART DISEASE (AMI )
CPK -MB First enzyme to increase in AMI
Aspartate Amino Transferase increase after CPK, half life 4-5days
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH1 ) Last enzyme to get elevated in AMI ,significant half life
15. ENZYMES INDICATED IN MUSCLE DISEASES
ENZYME WHICH SHOW SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN MUSCLE DISEASES
Creatinine Phosphokinase (CPK -MM )
SGPT
Aldolase (non specific )
16. Enzymes Indicated In Bone Diseases
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase increases Significantly in Paget Disease,
Rickets ,Hyperthyroidism.
17. Enzymes indicated in Prostrate Diseases
• Acid phosphatase (Tartaric acid labile ) - Prostrate Cancer ( Malignant /
Benign )
• Diagnosis conformed by estimation of PROSTRATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN
(PSA )–Prostrate Cancer ( Malignant / Benign )
18. Enzymes indicated in Kidney Diseases
Beta Glucuronidase –for diagnosis of urinary bladder diseases
19. Therapeutic uses of Enzymes
Enzyme Therapeutic use
1 Asparginase Acute Lymphatic Leukemia (cells need Asparagine for its
growth )
2 Streptokinase LYSE INTRACELLULAR CLOT
3 Uro kinase Lyse Intracellular Clot
4 Plasminogen PLASMIN /CLOT LYSIS
5 Streptokinase DNA ase applied locally
6 Hyaluronidase Enhance local anesthesia
7 Pancreatic (Lipase & Trypsin ) Pancreatic insufficiency – oral administration
8. Papain Anti-inflammatory
9. Alpha Anti Trypsin Emphysema
21. ISOENZYMES
Definition : Enzymes occurring in different molecular forms which differ in their
physiochemical prosperities but catalyze the same reaction
Physio-chemical properties of Isoenzymes
1. differential mobility on electrophoresis
2. differential mobility in column chromatography
3. differential kinetic properties
a. Km
b. V max
c. Optimum temperature
d. Optimum p H
e. Relative sensitivity to inhibitors
f. Degree of denaturation
22. Iso enzymes of Lactate dehydrogenase
Reaction is reversible & uses NAD⁺ as a coenzyme
23. Iso enzymes of Lactate dehydrogenase
Subunit composition of LDH isoenzymes
In heart cells conversion of Lactate to
Pyruvate favored by LDH1
In muscle cells conversion of Pyruvate
to Lactate favored by LDH5
25. Comparison of Isoenzymes of Lactate dehydrogenase
LDH1 LDH5
Optimum
condition
AEROBIC ANAEROBIC
Km high low
Affinity for
pyruvate
low high
Synthesis of
lactate
Not favored Favored
26. Iso enzymes of Lactate dehydrogenase
Electrophoretic mobility of LDH Isoenzymes
28. Iso enzymes of Lactate dehydrogenase in AMI
ENZYME HALF LIFE
LDH 1 8 DAYS
LDH 6- 8 DAYS
CPK -MB 2 DAYS
SGOT 4 DAYS
AREA UNDER CURVE ,SLOPE OF INITIAL RISE α INFARCT
30. MECHANISMS OF ISOMERISATION OF ENZYMES
1. Genetic factors
2. Polymerization
3. Conformational isomerization
4. Presence of charged group
5. Differential gene location on same chromosome or diffirent
chromosome
31. MECHANISM OF ISOMERISATION OF ENZYMES
I.GENETIC FACTOR : LDH
-------------------------------------------
H gene M gene
gene expression
^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
M POLYPEPTIDE H POLYPEPTIDE
H4 H3 M H2 M2 HM3 M4
• HEART LIVER /MUSCLES
32. MECHANISM OF ISOMERISATION OF ENZYMES
II Polymerization: eg Cholinesterase ( Type 1-5 )
Differ in surface charges differential electrophoretic mobility
Cholinesterase 5 ---(dilution ) yields 5 polypeptide chains
CHE 1 CHE2 CHE3 CHE4 CHE5
Separation of isoenzymes of Cholinesterase ( Type 1-5 ) by starch gel
electrophoresis of serum
34. MECHANISM OF ISOMERISATION OF ENZYMES
III Conformational isomerism
Iso enzymes have similar
1. Amino acid sequence
2. Active site
3. Enzymatic property
Dissimilar
1. Tertiary structure (folding of chain )
2. Electrophoretic mobility
eg Cytoplasmic Aspartate Transaminase
Microsomal Aspartate Transaminase are Conformational Isomers
36. MECHANISM OF ISOMERISATION OF ENZYMES
• IV PRESENCE OF CHARGED GROUPS
Isomers OF Alkaline Phosphatase differ in the number of Sialic acid
residues (charged groups ) attached to enzyme –Post transcription
modification
Position of alkaline phosphatase in electrophoresis location
α 2 (ALPHA 2 ) Liver
γ (GAMMA ) Intestine ( No Sialic Acid Residues )
PRE BETA Bone ( Heat Labile )
PRE BETA Placenta ( Heat Stable )
37. Catalysis of Alkaline Phosphatase
Optimum p H : 9- 10
Function :hydrolysis of phosphoric esters
Cofactors – Mg ⁺⁺,Mn ⁺⁺ ,Zn⁺⁺
38. Comparison of Isoenzymes of Alkaline Phosphatase
Iso enzyme of
Alkaline p04 ase
Occurrence % of
total
Alkaline
PO₄⁻ ase
in serum
Clinical significance ( increase in serum levels observed in )
1 α 1 Liver 10 Obstructive Jaundice ,Hepatoma
2 α 2 ( heat labile –
DENATURED BY
BOILING AT 65⁰ C
FOR 30 MINS )
Liver 20 Hepatitis
3 α 2 ( HEAT STABLE
INHIBITED BY Phe )
Placenta 10 Lung /liver/ GIT CARCINOMA
4 Pre beta heat labile Bone 5 Bone carcinoma ,Paget's, Osteitis , Osteomalacia
5 γ ( gamma )
INHIBITED BY Phe
Intestinal cells 10 Ulcerative colitis
6 Leucocyte (LAP ) MYELOID LEUKAMIA ,LYMPHOMAS
39. Clinical significance of Isoenzymes of Alkaline Phosphatase
Electrophoretic pattern for Isoenzymes Of Alkaline Phosphatase
40. MECHANISM OF ISOMERIZATION OF ENZYMES
V Differential gene location on
same chromosome or different
chromosome
1. Salivary & Pancreatic Amylase
2. Cytosolic & Mitochondrial
Malate Dehydrogenase
41. Iso enzymes of Creatinine phosphokinase (CPK)
• Normal range in serum( males) : 15-100 IU
• Normal range in serum (females ): 10-80 IU
Iso enzyme Abbreviation Location Elevated
serum levels
observed in
Electrophoretic
mobility
CPK 1 CPK-BB Brain Maximum
CPK 2 CPK-MB Heart Acute Myocardial
infarction
Intermediate
CPK 3 CPK-MM Muscles Muscular Dystrophy Least
CPK –MT
(MITOCHONDRIAL )
42. Genes coding Isoenzymes of Creatinine Phosphokinase (CPK)
Electrophoretic pattern for Isoenzymes Of Creatinine Phosphokinase (CPK)
44. TROPONINS ( MARKER OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION )
TROPONINS TYPE Property
TROPONINS C Calcium Binding
TROPONINS I ACTINO MYOCIN INHIBITORY ATPase
TROPONINS T Tropomyosin Binding Element
49. Genetic mutations in enzymes & diseases
Biochemical changes in Mutation of enzyme
1. Gain in amino acids
2. Loss in amino acids
3. Replacement by another amino acids
Gene mutation defective enzyme
A. Amino acid residues from active site of enzymes altered
B. Amino acid residues from catalytic site of enzymes altered
C. Three dimensional structure of enzymes altered
D. Catalytic activity of enzymes reduced ( different Km,V max ) or lost (inactive )
Defective Enzyme –Lethal Disturbance /Mental Retardation
Remedy : capsule containing normal enzyme enter blood circulation toxic
metabolites metabolized & normal products produced
60. Silent features of Alkaptonuria
Silent features
•Urine: turns black on standing (due to oxidation of homogentisic acid).
•On long standing urea is hydrolysed into ammonia which then reacts with
homogentisic acid in presence of oxygen to form a black pigment similar to
melanin.
•Ochronosis: Occurs due to deposition of homogentisic acid in skin and
connective tissue. Leads to bluish hue especially of the sclera and ear cartilage.
•Joints: Chronic osteoarthritis involving large joints (spine, hip, knee).
•CVS: Aortic/mitral valvulitis, myocardial infarction.