Inborn errors of metabolism
Definition:- Inborn errors of metabolism occur from a group of rare genetic disorders in which the body cannot metabolize food components normally.
These disorders are usually caused by defects in the enzymes involved in the biochemical pathways that break down food components.
Definition:
Many childhood conditions are caused by gene mutations that encode specific proteins. These mutations can result in the alteration of primary protein structure or the amount of protein synthesized.
The functional ability of protein, whether it is an enzyme, receptors, transport vehicle, membrane, or structural element, may be relatively or seriously compromised.
These hereditary biochemical disorders are collectively termed as ‘’Inborn errors of metabolism’’
Inborn errors of metabolism
Definition:- These are a group of rare genetic disorders in which the body cannot metabolize food components normally.
These disorders are usually caused by defects in the enzymes involved in the biochemical pathways that break down very essential biochemical components.
Protein which are major component of our diet have amino acid as their precursor and also act as important energy source. Any imbalance in the metabolism of these amino acid cause disorders
Definition:
Many childhood conditions are caused by gene mutations that encode specific proteins. These mutations can result in the alteration of primary protein structure or the amount of protein synthesized.
The functional ability of protein, whether it is an enzyme, receptors, transport vehicle, membrane, or structural element, may be relatively or seriously compromised.
These hereditary biochemical disorders are collectively termed as ‘’Inborn errors of metabolism’’
Inborn errors of metabolism
Definition:- These are a group of rare genetic disorders in which the body cannot metabolize food components normally.
These disorders are usually caused by defects in the enzymes involved in the biochemical pathways that break down very essential biochemical components.
Protein which are major component of our diet have amino acid as their precursor and also act as important energy source. Any imbalance in the metabolism of these amino acid cause disorders
Coenzyme - Introduction, Definition, Examples for coenzyme, reaction catalysed by coenzyme, Types of coenzymes - cosubstrate and prosthetic group coenzymes, second type of classification of coenzyme- hydrogen group transfer , other than hydrogen group transfer.
Alkaptonuria is a rare genetic metabolic disorder characterized by the accumulation of homogentisic acid in the body. Affected individuals lack enough functional levels of an enzyme required to breakdown homogentisic acid. Affected individuals may have dark urine or urine that turns black when exposed to air.
Metabolism of amino acids (general metabolism)Ashok Katta
Metabolism of amino acids (general metabolism).
Part - I of amino acid metabolism.
This presentation covers Transamination, deamination, formation and Transport of Ammoniaand etc.
s an inherited autosomal recessive disease that is characterized by high concentrations of the amino acid cystine in the urine, leading to the formation of cystine stones in the kidneys, ureter, and bladder.
What is a metabolic disease?
Inborn errors of metabolism”
inborn error : an inherited (i.e. genetic) disorder
metabolism : chemical or physical changes in a biological system
Coenzyme - Introduction, Definition, Examples for coenzyme, reaction catalysed by coenzyme, Types of coenzymes - cosubstrate and prosthetic group coenzymes, second type of classification of coenzyme- hydrogen group transfer , other than hydrogen group transfer.
Alkaptonuria is a rare genetic metabolic disorder characterized by the accumulation of homogentisic acid in the body. Affected individuals lack enough functional levels of an enzyme required to breakdown homogentisic acid. Affected individuals may have dark urine or urine that turns black when exposed to air.
Metabolism of amino acids (general metabolism)Ashok Katta
Metabolism of amino acids (general metabolism).
Part - I of amino acid metabolism.
This presentation covers Transamination, deamination, formation and Transport of Ammoniaand etc.
s an inherited autosomal recessive disease that is characterized by high concentrations of the amino acid cystine in the urine, leading to the formation of cystine stones in the kidneys, ureter, and bladder.
What is a metabolic disease?
Inborn errors of metabolism”
inborn error : an inherited (i.e. genetic) disorder
metabolism : chemical or physical changes in a biological system
Disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolismAzeem Aslam
Disorders that involve abnormalities of nucleotide metabolism range from relatively common diseases such as hyperuricemia and gout, in which there is increased production or impaired excretion of a metabolic end product of purine metabolism (uric acid), to rare enzyme deficiencies that affect purine and pyrimidine.
Xanthinuria
Xanthinuria, also known as xanthine oxidase deficiency, is a rare genetic disorder causing the accumulation of xanthine. It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme xanthine oxidase.
Orotic aciduria
Orotic aciduria is a disease caused by an enzyme deficiency resulting in a decreased ability to synthesize pyrimidines. It is the only known enzyme deficiency of the de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway.
Gout
Gout is caused by a condition known as hyperuricemia, where there is too much uric acid in the body.
explains the breakdown of purine. source and excretion of purine is explained. hyperuricemia and hypouricemia is discussed. types of Gout, clinical features and treatment is included.
Similar to Inborn errors of protein metabolism (20)
Essential Textbook of Biochemistry For Nursing (B.Sc.Nursing & PBN)Tapeshwar Yadav
I have relished teaching Biochemistry during my more than Ten years teaching experience in a medical, dental, nursing and health science colleges. It was because of constant inspiration from my students that I could come up with Essentials Textbook of Biochemistry for Nursing book, which hopefully would meet the inadequacies the students face in other books. In this age when the concepts in this subject are constantly changing, this book attempts to summarise the fundamentals and current state of knowledge in Biochemistry.
Biochemistry has been primarily written for the students of B.Sc. Nursing & Post Basic of Nursing (PBN) in such a way that it will also be suitable for General Medicine, Radiography, Physiotherapy, Ayurveda, Optometry, Dental and Nursing. This book can also be used as Reference for B.Sc. MLT, Bachelor of Pharmacy (B. PHARMA), Bachelor of Public Health (BPH), Bachelor of Physiotherapy (BPT), B. Ophthalmology, Bachelor of Radiography (BRT) and Biomedical Engineering students of Tribhuvan University, Purbanchal University, Kathmandu University and Pokhara University. Similarly, it will be equally useful for all the teachers, academic writers and those who are involved directly or indirectly in teaching and practising Health Sciences.
This is a basic book on Essential Textbook of Biochemistry for Nursing. The book thoroughly discusses some of the major concepts of Biochemistry and provides adequate information to help the students understand its implications in various areas of the subject. Furthermore, the book aims at equipping the students with practical cum theoretical skills. The book covers almost all the topics which have been prescribed in the Syllabus.
This is an introductory course to Biochemistry and is about medical biochemistry including the biochemical processes of - digestion & absorption of foods, metabolism of different kinds of foods & their disturbance effects in our body together with the physiological roles of different kinds of vitamins & enzymes.
The book consists of Theory as well as Practical portion. The author has tried his best to make all the concepts of each unit as lucid and simple as required for the students with supportive examples, samples, diagrams, clinical disorders and practical works. The ultimate purpose of this book is to equip the reader with comprehensive knowledge in Biochemistry with reference to basic as well as clinical aspects.
At last, I have made every effort to make the book error free, I am under no illusion. I expect constructive comments and suggestions from learners and teachers who use this book which will obviously help me in improving the future edition of the book.
Amino acids are a group of organic compounds containing two functional groups amino and carboxyl. The amino group (-NH2) is basic while the carboxyl group (-COOH) is acidic in nature.
The plasma in the liquid medium of blood (55%) in which the cell components namely Erythrocytes, Leucocytes and Platelets are suspended.
If anticoagulated blood is centrifuged, the plasma separates out as a supernatant while the cells remain at the bottom.
Plasma consists of water electrolytes metabolites nutrients proteins and hormones.
Most of the plasma proteins are synthesized in the liver.
Plasma proteins are separated by electrophoresis.
The word protein is derived from the Greek word ‘Proteios’ which means holding the first place. Berzelius (Swedish chemist) suggested the name proteins to the group of organic compounds that are important to life.
Proteins are the most abundant organic molecules of the living system.
They occur in every part of the cell and constitute about 50% of the cellular dry weight.
Proteins form the fundamental basis of structure and function of life.
Out of the total dry body weight, 3/4th are made up of proteins.
Proteins are used for body building; all the major structural and functional aspects of the body are carried out by protein molecules.
Proteins are high molecular weight polypeptides containing α-amino acids joined together by peptide linkage (-CO-NH).
The endocrine system consists of a network of ductless glands that secrete chemicals (called hormones) that affect the function of specific organs within the body, thus regulating many of the intricate functions of the body itself.
These ductless glands secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream, as opposed to releasing them externally through ducts (as do the sweat glands and the oil glands).
The field of medicine that deals with the study of the endocrine system and the treatment of the diseases and disorders of the endocrine system is known as endocrinology.
The physician who specializes in the medical practice of endocrinology
is known as an endocrinologist.
Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules in nature.
They are commonly known as saccharides or sugars.
They are primarily composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
The name carbohydrate literally means “hydrates of carbon”.
Carbohydrates are widely distributed in nature in plants and animals.
The most important carbohydrate found in plants is starch.
It occurs abundantly in roots, tubers, vegetables and grains. The carbohydrate found in animals is glycogen.
It is a storage form of carbohydrate present in liver and muscles, which serves as important sources of energy for vital activities.
This field combines biology as well as chemistry to study the chemical structure of a living organism
Biochemistry is a basic science which deals with chemical nature and chemical behaviour of living matter and with the reactions and processes they undergo.
“The branch of science dealing with the study of all the life processes such as control and coordination within a living organism is called Biochemistry”
Medical parasitology : study of parasites that infect human, diseases caused by them, clinical picture, their diagnosis, treatment and prevention as well as controls.
It involves drug development, epidemiological studies and study of zoonoses.
To know various terms related to parasitology.
To know about general parasites and parasitic infections.
To get knowledge about laboratory diagnosis and its importance.
To gain idea about general epidemiological aspects of parasites that affect human.
Apply basic methods of specimen collection , preservation and processing in lab.
To prevent ourselves from these infections and apply control measures.
Microbiology is the study of
living organisms of microscopic
size which includes bacteria ,
Fungi , Algae , Protozoa and Viruses. It is concerned with the forms, structure , reproduction , physiology , metabolism and classification.
Principle Of Microbiology
Medical microbiology deals with the causative agent of the infectious disease of the human , the ways in which they produce disease in the body and essential information for diagnosis and treatment.
Hematology is the branch of medicine, that is concerned with the study of blood, blood forming organs and blood diseases. It includes study of etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention of blood diseases .
After the completion of this presentation we will know about:
What is hematology and its purpose.
hematology laboratory.
Blood and its compositions and collections
Hematology lab equipment's
Some hematological tests , disease and hazards too.
Biochemistry is the study of the structure and function of biological molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids.
Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of living things. This includes organic molecules and their chemical reactions.
Biochemistry deals with body substance like enzymes, carbohydrates, amino acids, fats, proteins, hormones, DNA, RNA, pigments etc.
The major objective of biochemistry is the complete understanding of all chemical processes associated with living cells at the molecular level. Some of the objectives can be listed as follows:
1. Isolation, structural elucidation and the determination of mode of action of biomolecules.
2. Identification of disease mechanisms.
3. Study of in born errors of metabolism.
4. Study of oncogenes in cancer cells.
5. The relationship of biochemistry with the genetics, physiology, immunology, pharmacology, toxicology etc.
Biochemistry is related to almost all the life sciences and without biochemistry background and knowledge, a through understanding of health and well-being is not possible.
It is a well known fact that metal ions have a profound effect on cellular processes
The importance or the role that ions play in cellular activity can be gauged by the fact that most cells maintain a very critical Na+ & k+ balance between the extracellular and the intracellular spaces.
Any distribution in this critical balance is to the cellular metabolism through a drastic change in the osmotic pressure resulting in cellular swelling.
An ISE operates an exactly the same principles as a PH electrode
In fact, a PH electrode is a type of ion selective electrode sensitive to hydrogen ion.
Just like a PH electrode, the electrode body contains a reference solution and an metal reference electrode
Safety cabinets are intended to protect a laboratory worker from aerosols and airborne particles.
They will not protect the person from spillages and the consequences of mishandling and poor technique.
Aerosol particles of less than 5 µm in diameter and small droplets of 5–100 µm in diameter are not visible to the naked eye.
The laboratory worker is generally not aware that such particles are being generated and may be inhaled or may cross contaminate work surface materials.
BSCs, when properly used, have been shown to be highly effective in reducing laboratory-acquired infections and cross-contaminations of cultures due to aerosol exposures. BSCs also protect the environment.
Most BSCs use high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters in the exhaust and supply systems.
The exception is a Class I BSC, which does not have HEPA filtered supply air.
The application of knowledge, techniques and equipment to prevent a personal laboratory and environmental exposure to potentially infectious agents or biohazard is known as biosafety.
Biosafety defines the containment conditions under which infectious agents can be safely manipulated.
The objective of containment is to confine biohazard and to reduce the potential exposure of the laboratory worker, persons outside of the laboratory, and the environment to potentially infectious agents.
A pipette (also called a point or a pipettor) is a laboratory instrument used to transfer a measured volume of liquid.
Pipettes are commonly used in chemistry and molecular biology research as well as clinical biochemistry tests.
Pipettes come in several designs for various purposes with different levels of accuracy and precision, from single piece flexible plastic transfer pipettes to more complex adjustable or electronic pipettes.
A pipette works by creating a vacuum above the liquid-holding chamber and selectively releasing this vacuum to draw and dispense liquid.
Safe Use and Storage of Chemicals and ReagentsTapeshwar Yadav
Even in the smallest laboratory, dangerous chemicals are used directly or incorporated into stains and reagents.
Hence the correct handling and storage of hazardous chemicals is essential to prevent injury and damage.
In addition to this, to reduce accidents caused by chemicals, labeling is very important.
Laboratory Hazards, Accidents and Safety RulesTapeshwar Yadav
Injury, damage and loss by fire can be minimized when laboratory staff:
Understand how fires are caused and spread;
Reduce the risk of fire by following fire safety regulations at all times;
Know what to do if there is a fire in their laboratory;
Know how to use fire fighting equipment;
Know how to apply emergency First Aid, for burns.
Revised Curriculum of Certificate in Medical Laboratory Technology(CMLT) by C...Tapeshwar Yadav
This curriculum of 3 years Certificate in Medical Laboratory Technology is designed to produce middle level skilled laboratory personnel equipped with knowledge, skills and attitudes of medical laboratory with a view to provide diagnostic, curative, preventive and promotive laboratory services to the community. Such technicians collect specimens, process, and perform tests to analyze body fluids, tissue, and other substances. The graduates perform lab procedures and maintain instruments. The graduates are expected to perform tests that help other healthcare professionals such as physicians to detect, diagnose, and treat diseases.
The program extends over three academic years. The first year course focuses on basic science and foundational subjects, the second year course focuses on theory and practical parts of basic medical laboratory subjects. Simultaneously the third year is given to the application of learned skills and knowledge in the comprehensive practical settings, in hospitals and medical laboratory. The graduates will have career opportunities in hospitals, diagnostic laboratories, clinics, industry and physicians' offices, research centers, blood bank, crime investigating laboratories etc. It is based on the code of conduct of Nepal Health professional Council.
Clinical Pathology is the application of laboratory techniques to find out the cause of disease. Clinical pathology laboratory involves all aspect of the medicine ranging from the field of biochemistry, microbiology, Parasitology, haematology, immunology and cytogenetics etc. Clinical pathology laboratory perform qualitative and quantitative analysis of body fluid such as urine, blood, CSF, sputum, other body fluid such as synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid and plural fluid. These determinations are useful in diagnosing various clinical conditions such as diabetes mellitus, jaundice, gout, hyperlipidemia, pancreatitis, rickets, etc. The clinical pathological tests are very useful in determining the severity of diseases of many organs such as liver, stomach, heart, kidneys, brain as well as the endocrine disorders and related status of acid-base balance of the body. The clinical pathology tests, in relation to the various clinical conditions can be applicable for:-
1) Reveal the causes of the diseases
2) Screen easy diagnosis
3) Suggest effective treatment
4) Assist in monitoring progress of a pathological condition and
5) Help in assessing response to therapy
Modern medicine says that: Your practice of medicine will be as good as your understanding of pathology.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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2. Inborn errors of metabolism
Definition:- Inborn errors of metabolism occur
from a group of rare genetic disorders in which t
he body cannot metabolize food components nor
mally.
• These disorders are usually caused by defects
in the enzymes involved in the biochemical path
ways that break down food components.
3. Introduction:-
• Protein contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
as the major components while sulfur and phosphorus
are minor components.
• Nitrogen is characteristics of proteins. On an average,
the nitrogen content of ordinary proteins is 16% by
weight. All proteins are polymers of amino acids.
Amino acids are linked by protein.
• A moderately active man consuming about 300g
carbohydrates, 100g fats and 100g proteins daily must
excrete about 16.5g of nitrogen daily.
• 95% is eliminated by the kidneys and the remaining 5%
for the most part as nitrogen in the feces.
4. Normal values of urea:-
• The normal concentration in blood plasma is 20-
40mg.
• Indians take less proteins, hence normal level in
Indians varies from 15-40 mg/dl.
5. Inborn errors of urea cycle :- These are divided in to
five type.
1.Hyperammonemia type-I
2.Hyperammonemia type-II
3.Citrullinemia.
4.Argininosuccinic aciduria.
5.Hyper argininemia.
6. Hyperammonemia type-I :-
• A familiar disorder, enzyme deficiency
carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1, produces
Hyperammonemia and symptoms of ammonia
toxicity.
• CO2+ NH3 Carbamoyl-(P)
8. Citrullinemia :-
• It is an autosomal recessive disorder.
• Enzyme deficiency is Argininosuccinate
synthatase.
• Citrulline+Aspartate Arginosuccinate
• Clinically :- Presents with, produces
Hyperammonemia and symptoms of ammonia
toxicity, and mental retardation.
• Urine:- large quantities of citrulline are
excreted in urine (1-2g/dl).
• Feeding arginine in the patients enhance
citrulline excretion.
9. Argininosuccinic aciduria :-
• Autosomal recessive disorder.
• Enzyme deficiency Argininosuccinase.
• Argininosuccinate Arginine + Fumarate.
• Clinically :- Hyperammonemia, ammonia toxicity and
mental retardation.
• The enzyme deficiency has been identified in brain,
liver, kidney and RBC.
10. Hyper Argininemia :-
• Enzyme deficiency is Arginase.
• Arginine Ornithine + Urea
• Defect in liver and RBC.
• Clinically:- Hyperammonemia.
• Urine :- increased urinary excretion of lysine,
cystine, ornithine and Arginine.
• Low protein diet result in lowering of plasma
ammonia levels and disappearance of urinary
lysinecystinuria pattern.
12. Phenylketonuria :-
• Deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine
hydroxylase.
• In some patients dihydrobiopterin reductase
deficiency, neurological symptoms appear.
• Frequency is 1 in10,000 births.
• Introduction of better diagnostic facilities
showed that the incidence is as high as 1 in
1,500 births (WHO-2003).
13. Biochemical abnormalities :-
• Phenyl alanine could not be converted to tyrosine.
• So phenylalanine accumulates in blood.
• So alternate minor pathways are opened, phenyl
ketone, phenyl lactate, phenyl acetate are excreted in
urine.
• Clinical conditions :-
• Mental retardation
• Failure to walk/talk.
• Failure of growth.
14. • This maybe because phenyalanine interferes
with neurotransmitter synthesis.
• The child often has hypopigmentation
explained by the inhibition of tyrosinase.
• Phenyllactic acid in sweet may lead to moucy
body odur.
15. Laboratory diagnosis :-
• Blood phenyl alanine normal level is 1mg/dl.
• In PKU the level is >20mg/dl.
• This is identified by chromatography.
Ferric chloride test :-
• Urine of the patient contains phenyl ketones,
about 500-3000mg/dl.
16. ALKAPTONURIA :- Alkaptonuria is an
autosomal recessive condition with an
incidece of 1 in 2,50,000 births.
• The metabolic defect is the deficiency of
homogentisate oxidase. This results in
excretion of homogentisic acid in urine.
• Homogentisic acid 4-maleyl aceto
acetate
• The only abnormality is the blackening of
urine on standing.
• The homogensic acid is oxidised by
polypheyl oxidase to bezoquinine acetate.
×
17. Homogentisic acid Benzoquinone acetate
• It is then polymerized to black colored alkapton
bodies.
• Black pigments are depositd over the connective
tissue including joint cavities to produce arthrities.
• No specific treatment is required.
• But low protein with phenylalanine less than
500mg/day.
18. Diagnosis of alkaptonuria :-
• Ferric choloride test :- It is positive for urine
• Benedict’s test :- It is strongly positve.
• Therefore alkaptonuria comes under the differential
diagnosis of reducing substance in urine.
19. Albinism :-
• It is an autosomal recessive disease with an incidence
of 1 in 20,000 births.
• Defect is tyrosinase enzyme leads complete absence
of melanin synthesis.
• The ocular fundus is hypopigmented and iris may be
grey or red. They will be associated photophobia and
decreased visual acuity.
• The skin has low pigmentation and so skin is
sensitive to UV rays.
• The hair is also white.
• Tyrosine DOPA
×
20. Hypertyrosinemias :-
• It is due to deficiency of phenylacetoacetate
hydrolase.
• Symptoms :- the first six months of life and death
occurs rapidly.
• Cabbage like odor and hypoglycemia are seen.
• Urine contains tyrosine, p-hydroxy phenyl pyruvic
acid and phenyl latic acid; and serum shows tyrosine
and methionine.
21. Hypertyrosinemia-2 :-
• It is due to deficiency of tyrosine amino transferase.
• Symptoms :- Mental retardation, keratosis of palmar
surface and photophobia are seen.
• There is increased excretion of tyrosine, tyramine in
urine.
22. • Hartnup’s disease :- It is a hereditary disorder of
tryptophan metabolism the clinical symptoms include
dermatitis and ataxia.
• The pellagra like symptoms are due to the deficiency of
niacin derived from tryptophan.
• The diagnosis is based on aminoaciduria and increased
excretion of indole compounds detected by the
Obermeyer test.
• Hartnup’s is characterized by low plasma level of
tryptophan and other neutral amino acids and their
elevated urinary excretion.
23. Glycine
• Glycine is a non-essential optically inactive and
glycogenic amino acids.
• Glycine is actively involved in the synthesis of many
specialized products in the body(Heme, purins,
creatinine).
24. Metabolic disorders of Glycine :-
• Glycinuria :- This is rare disorder, due to defect in the
glycine cleavage system.
• Glycine level is increased in blood and CSF.
• Very high amount of it is excreted in urine.
• Glycinuria characterized by increased tendency for the
formation of oxalate stones.
25. • Primary hyperoxaluria :- Increased excretion of
oxalates observed upto 600mg/day compared to a
normal of 50mg/day.
• Primary hyperoxaluria is due to defect in glycine
transaminase coupled with impairment in glyoxalate
oxidation to formate.
• Glycine Glyoxalate
×
26. • In vit-B6 deficiency, urinary oxalate is elevated it can
be corrected by B6 supplementation.
• However B6 administration has no effect on
endogenous hyperoxaluria.
27. Sulphur containing Amino acids
• Sulfur containing amino acids :- Methionine, Cystein
and Cystine.
• The other sources of sulfur in the body are sulfur
containing vitamins are the thiamin, biotin and lipoic
acid.
• Disorders :- Cystinuria, Cystanosis,
Homocysteinurias(I, II, III), Hyper methioninemias.
28. • Cystinuria :- It is one of the most inhereted disease with
a frequency of 1 in 7,000 births.
• It is primarily characterized by increased excretion of
cystine in urine.
• Defect :- it is considered to be due to a renal transport
defect in that re-absorption of the four amino acids,
lysine, arginine, and ornithine and diabasic amino acids
donot occur.
• A single re-absorptive site is involved.
• Complications :- Cystine is relatively insoluble amino
acids which may precipitate in renal tubules uterus and
bladder to form “cystine calculi”.
29. • Cystine stones account for 1-2 % of all urinary tract
calculi.
• It forms a major complication of the disease.
• Cyanide nitroprusside test :- It is a screening test
urine is made alkaline with ammonium hydroxide and
sodium cyanide is added cystine if present reduced to
cysteine. Then added sodium nitroprusside to get a
megenta red colored complex.
• Specific amino aciduria may be conformed by
chromatography.
30. Cystinosis:-
• Defect in the enzyme cystine reductase.
• It is a familial disorder characterised by the wide
spread deposition of cystine crystals in the lysomes.
• Cystine accumulates in liver,spleen,bone marrow,
WBCs, kidneys and lymphnodes.
• Microscopy of blood shows cystine crystals in
WBC’s.
• Treatment policies are to give adquate fluid intake so
as to increased urine output,alkalinasation of urine by
sodium-bi-carbonate as well as administration of D-
penicillamine.
Cystinosis:-
• Defect in the enzyme cystine reductase.
• It is a familial disorder characterised by the wide
spread deposition of cystine crystals in the lysomes.
• Cystine accumulates in liver,spleen,bone marrow,
WBCs, kidneys and lymphnodes.
• Microscopy of blood shows cystine crystals in
WBC’s.
• Treatment policies are to give adquate fluid intake so
as to increased urine output,alkalinasation of urine by
sodium-bi-carbonate as well as administration of D-
penicillamine.
31. Hypermethioninemias :
CAUSES
• Impaired utilization
• Excessive remethylation of homocysteine
• Oasthous syndrome is due to malabsorption of
methionine, in such children excrete methionin,
aromatic aminoacids and branched amino acids in
urine.
32. Homocystinuria Type-I
• These are a group of metabolic disorders due
to a defect in the enzyme cystathionine
synthase.
• Accumulation of homocystine results in the
various complications like thrombosis, mental
retardation etc.
• The deficiency of cystathionine is associated
with damage to endothelial cells.
33. TYPE-II
• N5
N10
METHYLENE THF reductase
TYPE-III
• N5
N10
METHYL THF HOMOCYSTEINE METHYL
transferase.
• This is mostly due to impairment in the synthesis of
methylcobalamin.
TYPE-IV
• N5
METHYL THF HOMOCYSTEINE METHYL
transferase, due to defect in intestinal absorption of
vit-B12.
35. MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE:
• The urine of effected individuals smells like maple
syrup or burnt sugar.
• Enzyme defect is α-keto acid dehydrogenase, which
causes a blockade in conversion of α-keto acid to the
respective acyl CoA thioesters.
• Elevated levels of branched aa & their ketoacids in
plasma & urine, so known as branched chain
ketonuria
36. Biochemical complications & symptoms
• Impairment in transport of other aa
• Protein biosynthesis is reduced
• The disease results in acidosis, mental retardation,
coma & finally leads to death within one year of
birth.
37. Isovaleric Acidemia
• Specific inborn error of LEUCINE
metabolism.
• Due to defect in enzyme isovaleryl CoA
dehydrogenase.
Isovaleryl CoA methylcrotonyl is impaired.
• Symptoms- acidosis & mild mental
retardation.
38. • Hypervalinemia
• Increased plasma concentration of valine
while leucine and isoleucine remain normal.
• The transamination of valine alone is
selectively impaired
39. Histidine
• Histidinemia :- defect in enzyme histidase
• Increased excretion of imidazole pyruvate &
histidine in urine.
• Symptoms – Defect in speech & mental
retardation.
40. Proline
• Hyperprolinemia type I:
• Defect in enzyme proline oxidase
Arginine :
• Hyperargininemia is due to defect in enzyme
arginase