This document provides information on bacterial classification and nomenclature. It defines taxonomy as the science of classifying organisms in a hierarchical system up to the species level based on their similarities and differences. Bacteria are classified through phenotypic, analytical, and genotypic methods. Phenotypic classification is based on microscopic and macroscopic characteristics. Analytical classification examines cell composition. Genotypic classification analyzes genetic material. Bacteria are named using binomial nomenclature, with a capitalized genus name and lowercase species name (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus). The document also distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and covers bacterial morphology and staining techniques.

1. Bacterial Classification and
Nomenclature

2. Definitions
 All organisms are classified primarily to enable easy
identification
 Taxonomy:Taxonomy is the science that studies organisms
in order to arrange them into groups;
 those organisms with similar properties are grouped together
and separated from those that are different.
 is a hierarchical system of classification of organism to the
species level.
 Taxonomy is the science of classification, identification and
nomenclature.

3. Taxonomy can be viewed as three separate but
interrelated areas:
1. Identification: The process of characterizing organisms via
microscopic examination, culture characteristics, biochemical
tests and nucleic acid analysis is used .
2. Classification: The process of arranging organisms into
similar or related groups, primarily to provide easy identification
and study.
3. Nomenclature: The system of assigning of names to
organisms and communicated among microbiologists

4. Eukaryotic cells
• It is derived from two Greece word: EU = True;
Karyon = nucleus
• Eukaryotic cells are more advanced, larger, contain
organelles
 E.g: animals, plants, fungi, protozoa,
• Contain double-membrane bound nucleus with DNA
chromosomes associated with basic proteins called
histones
• They divide /multiply/ by a process called mitosis.
Basic structures of cells

5. Eukaryotic cells

6. Prokaryotic cells
 Pro= primitive
 Karyon= nucleus
• Prokaryotic cells are more primitive, small and without membrane
bound organelles
• Have no true nuclei
• their nuclear materials (DNA) are packed in a structure called
nucleoid, which is distributed in the cytoplasm.
• divide by binary fission.
• E.g: Bacteria, Rickettsia, Mycoplasma etc.

7. Characteristic Eukaryote Prokaryote
Major groups Algae, fungi, protozoa, plants,
animals
Bacteria
Size (approximate) >5 μm 0.1-10 μm
Nuclear Structures
Nucleus Classic membrane No nuclear membrane
Chromosomes Strands of DNA diploid
genome
Single, circular DNA haploid
genome
Cytoplasmic Structures
Mitochondria Present Absent
Golgi bodies Present Absent
Endoplasmic reticulum Present Absent
Ribosomes (sedimentation
coefficient)
80S (60S +40S) 70S (50S +30S)
Cytoplasmic membrane Contain sterols Does not contain sterols
Cell wall Present for fungi; otherwise
absent
Is a complex structure
containing protein, lipids, and
peptidoglycans
Reproduction Sexual and asexual Asexual (binary fission)
Movement Complex flagellum, if present Simple flagellum, if present
Respiration Via mitochondria Via cytoplasmic membrane
Basic difference of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

8. Neither eukaryotic nor prokaryotic
 Virus: DNA or RNA, enclosed in a protein coat or
capsid; rely on the biochemical processes of the
host cell for their replication and propagation.
 Viroids: small single-stranded RNA molecules;
do not possess capsids.
 Prion: infectious protein without nucleic acid.
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9. Bacterial classification
 it is important to organize microorganisms in systematic
way with logical relationship
 Bacteria are classified and identified
 to distinguish one organism from another and
 to group similar organisms by criteria of interest to
microbiologists or other scientists
 Bacterial cell can be classified based on
 1. Phenotypic classification
 2. Analytical classification
 3 .Genotypic classification

10. Bacterial classification
1.Phenotypic classification
 based on microscopic and macroscopic morphology of the bacterial cell
 Corner stone for classification
 Microscopic morphology (G+,G-,Cocci, rods, curved and spiral)
 Macroscopic appearance of colony bacteria(hemolytic rxn
,pigmentation, shape &size of colony, odour of colony)
 Biotyping (fermentation of CHO, specific protease, lipases,
nucleases)
 Antibiogram pattern(susceptibility to antibiotics)
 Phage typing
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11. Phenotypic Characteristics
 Morphologic Characteristics
 Gram reaction of the organism;
 acid-fast staining ;
 its motility; the arrangement of its
flagella;
 the presence of spores, capsules,
 its shape.
 Antigens and Phage
Susceptibility
 Cell wall (O),
 flagellar (H), and capsular
 Phage typing
 Growth Characteristics
 O2 requirement
 pH
 Temperature
 Nutrient
 Biochemical
Characteristics
 CHO fermentation
 Nitrate reduction
 aa degrading enzyme

12. Bacterial classification ....
2.Analytical classification
 used to classify bacteria at genus ,species and
subspecies level
 Based on different composition of the cell
 Cell wall fatty acid analysis
 Whole cell lipid analysis
 Multifocus enzymatic electrophoresis
 Accurate but expensive
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13. Classification of bacteria...
3.Genotypic classification
 Most accurate method which based on genetic material
analysis
 Guanine plus cytosine ratio
 DNA hybridization
 Nucleic acid sequence analysis
 Plasmid
 Chromosomal DNA fragment analysis
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14. Classification below Species Level
 Particularly for epidemiological purposes
 For example, serotype O157:H7 E coli are identified in stool
specimens because of their association with bloody diarrhea
and subsequent hemolytic uremic syndrome.
 Below the species level, strains are designated as groups or
types on the basis of common
 serologic or biochemical reactions,
 phage or bacteriocin sensitivity,
 pathogenicity, or other characteristics

15. Scientific Nomenclature
1. Common names: Vary with languages and Vary with geography
2. Binomial Nomenclature (genus + specific epithet)
 scientific name consists usually of two words,
In this binomial (“two name”)
• system of nomenclature, every organism is assigned
• a genus and species name.
• Used worldwide (is the same throughout the world)

16. Binomial Nomenclature
 Bacteria are named according to the binomial system of
nomenclature devised by Linnaeus in 1753.
 This system of scientific naming uses two names for every
organism; genus and species,
 Each distinct kind of bacterium is recognized as a species.
 So, according to the binomial system of classification, each
species is given a two word name.
 The first word is a genus, the second a species.
 the genus and species names tell a great deal about the
organism.
 Only the genus name is capitalized.
 Genus =staphylococcus, species= aureus
 Staphylococcus aureus or S. aureus

17. Bacterial classification
 Based on the organization of their cellular structures, all
living cells can be divided into two groups:
 eukaryotic and
 prokaryotic
 Eukaryotic cells.
 (Eu- means true)
 (Karyote- means nucleus)
 The Eukaryotic cell is more complex,
 has membrane bound nucleus, and
 many organelles.
Eukaryotes include
• protozoa,
• fungi,
• algae, (green, brown and
red algae) and
• plant and animal cells.

18. Bacterial structure

19. Viruses:
 are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat,
 a few enzymes and little other material and depend on the energy
and metabolic machinery of the host cell to live and reproduce.
 are not truly viable cells, they are usually, placed in a completely
separate category and are not classified with the simple
prokaryotic cells

20. Classification of bacteria -Morphologic
Morphology and arrangement of bacterial cells are criteria
used for classification of bacteria into following groups:
1. Cocci (Singular: coccus).
2. Rods (bacilli), (Singular: rod, bacillus).
3. Vibrios (Singular: vibrio).
4. Spirilla (singular :Spirillum)
5. Spirochetes. (Singular: Spirochaete).
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21. 21

22. Bacteria
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Classification based upon staining
Gram Positive vs
Gram Negative
Hans Christian Gram -- 1884
-- Crystal violet
Gram positive structure
-- thick layer of peptidoglycan
Gram negative structure
-- inner vs outer membranes
-- lipopolysaccharides and endotoxins
Acid fast staining
-- Mycobacterium
Penicillin
action
Effect of penicillin

25. 
Bacteria Genus Species example
Clusters) Staphylococcus S. aureus
Aerobic S. albus ( s. epidermidis)
Cocci (Chains/pairs) Streptococcus s. pneumonia, S. pyogenes
S. viridians, s. faecalis
Gram-positive Anaerobic ------------------------------------Streptococcus S. putridus
Bacteria Aerobic ------------ Sporing Bacillus B. anthracis
(Non-sporing) Corynebacterium C. diphtheria
Listeria L. monocytogenes
Bacilli Nocardia N. asteroids
Anaerobic------------ (sporing) Clostridium C. tetani
C. welchii (perfringens)
(Non-sporing) propionibacterium P. acnes
Actinomycetes A. israelii
Aerobic pairs Neisseria N. meningitides
Cocci N. gonorrhoeae
Gram-negative Anaerobic Veillonella
Bacteria
bacilli Aerobic a. Enterobacteria e.g Escherichia E. coli
K lebsiella K. aerogenes
Proteus P. mirabilis
Serratia S. marcescens
Salmonella S. typhi
Shigella Sh.sonnei
b. pweudomonas Pseudomonas p. aeruginosa
c. Vibrios vibrio V. cholera
Campylobacter C. jejuni
d. parvobacteria Haemophilus H. influenza
Brucella B. abortus
Bordetella B. pertussis
Pastevrella, yersinia P. multocida,Y. pestis
e. Legionella Legionella L. pneumophila
f. Spirillum Spirillum S. minus
Anaerobic Bacteroides B. fragilis
Bacteria unstainable
By gram’s techniqke M. tuberculosis
M. Leprae
T. pallidum
B. recurrents
L. interogans Chlamydia
Rickettsiae
Mycoplasma

26. Any Last questions ???