Review of Effective Parameters of Stir Casting Process on Metallurgical Prope...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) possess significantly improved properties including highspecific strength; specific modulus, damping capacity and good wear resistance compared to unreinforced alloys. There has been an increasing interest in composites containing low density and low cost reinforcements. Among various discontinuous dispersoids used, fly ash is one of the most inexpensive and low density reinforcement available in large quantities as solid waste by-product during combustion of coal in thermal power plants. Hence, composites with fly ash as reinforcement are likely to overcome the cost barrier for wide spread applications in automotive and small engine applications.
Review of Effective Parameters of Stir Casting Process on Metallurgical Prope...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) possess significantly improved properties including highspecific strength; specific modulus, damping capacity and good wear resistance compared to unreinforced alloys. There has been an increasing interest in composites containing low density and low cost reinforcements. Among various discontinuous dispersoids used, fly ash is one of the most inexpensive and low density reinforcement available in large quantities as solid waste by-product during combustion of coal in thermal power plants. Hence, composites with fly ash as reinforcement are likely to overcome the cost barrier for wide spread applications in automotive and small engine applications.
The important points of composite materials are mentioned. This file includes, what is composite materials, its classifications, applications, advantages and disadvantages.
: Part of inanimate matter, which is useful to engineer in the practice of his profession (used to produce products according to the needs and demand of society)
Material Science: Primarily concerned with the search for basic knowledge about internal structure, properties and processing of materials and their complex interactions/relationships
Composite Materials are widely used in day today life and as well as in automotive and aerospace industry which are monolithic composites.but most of the monolithic composites are not able to achieve required mechanical properties,so to achieve those mechanical properties Metal Matrix composites widely used in different sectors.some of Compiled information on MMC are presented in this presentation.
Experimental Investigation of Wear Properties of Aluminium LM25 Red Mud Metal...IJSRD
The use of different kind of Metal-matrix composite materials is in constant growing over the years, because they have better physical, mechanical and tribological properties comparing to matrix materials. In automotive industry they are used for pistons, cylinders, engine blocks, brakes and power transfer system elements. Research attempts have been made in the past toreduce the cost of processing of composites, decrease the weight of the composites, and increase the desired performance characteristics. This paper presents the findings of an experimental investigation on the effects of applied load, RPM, Sliding distance and pin temperature in dry sliding wear studies performed on red mud-based aluminum metal matrix composites (MMC). Red mud is an industrial waste during the production of aluminum from bauxite ore. A pin-on-disc apparatus was used to conduct the dry sliding wear test. Taguchi-based L9 orthogonal array has been used to accomplish the objective of the experimental study. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is employed to find the optimal setting and the effect of each parameter on wear rate.
The important points of composite materials are mentioned. This file includes, what is composite materials, its classifications, applications, advantages and disadvantages.
: Part of inanimate matter, which is useful to engineer in the practice of his profession (used to produce products according to the needs and demand of society)
Material Science: Primarily concerned with the search for basic knowledge about internal structure, properties and processing of materials and their complex interactions/relationships
Composite Materials are widely used in day today life and as well as in automotive and aerospace industry which are monolithic composites.but most of the monolithic composites are not able to achieve required mechanical properties,so to achieve those mechanical properties Metal Matrix composites widely used in different sectors.some of Compiled information on MMC are presented in this presentation.
Experimental Investigation of Wear Properties of Aluminium LM25 Red Mud Metal...IJSRD
The use of different kind of Metal-matrix composite materials is in constant growing over the years, because they have better physical, mechanical and tribological properties comparing to matrix materials. In automotive industry they are used for pistons, cylinders, engine blocks, brakes and power transfer system elements. Research attempts have been made in the past toreduce the cost of processing of composites, decrease the weight of the composites, and increase the desired performance characteristics. This paper presents the findings of an experimental investigation on the effects of applied load, RPM, Sliding distance and pin temperature in dry sliding wear studies performed on red mud-based aluminum metal matrix composites (MMC). Red mud is an industrial waste during the production of aluminum from bauxite ore. A pin-on-disc apparatus was used to conduct the dry sliding wear test. Taguchi-based L9 orthogonal array has been used to accomplish the objective of the experimental study. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is employed to find the optimal setting and the effect of each parameter on wear rate.
Engineering Materials are classified as metals , non metals.
metals are further classified as ferrous and non ferrous alloys. Nonmetals are classified as ceramics and plastics. Classification of advanced materials like composites are also discussed
http://www.williamhenry.com/materials/ | William Henry combines naturally beautiful organic materials and innovative man-made alloys in their men’s jewelry and accessory collection. Learn more about the fascinating materials they use in the following presentation.
Composite make them best contenders to be used in aviation industry. Composites have revolutionized the aircraft industry through their properties especially regarding their strength & light in weight nature.
Cold rolling of high entropy alloy and investigation of mechanical proeprties...virajsolankure
Cold rolling was done on the cantor alloy to better understand and investigate the characteristics of HEAs, and a breakthrough reduction ratio of 99% was reached. from 3 mm to 0.044 mm. The original sample is created utilising the PAAM operation. The cold rolling operation is done in four phases, with the initial sample rolled from 3mm to 0.36mm. The second sage moved from 0.36mm to 0.2mm. 3rd = 0.2 to 0.12mm; in the first step, 0.12mm was treated at 750C before being reduced to 0.044mm using the sandwich process. The UTM findings are linked to the ppt.
Fleet management these days is next to impossible without connected vehicle solutions. Why? Well, fleet trackers and accompanying connected vehicle management solutions tend to offer quite a few hard-to-ignore benefits to fleet managers and businesses alike. Let’s check them out!
In this presentation, we have discussed a very important feature of BMW X5 cars… the Comfort Access. Things that can significantly limit its functionality. And things that you can try to restore the functionality of such a convenient feature of your vehicle.
𝘼𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙮 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙨. 𝙒𝙚 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙪𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙪𝙨.
Over the 10 years, we have gained a strong foothold in the market due to our range's high quality, competitive prices, and time-lined delivery schedules.
Why Is Your BMW X3 Hood Not Responding To Release CommandsDart Auto
Experiencing difficulty opening your BMW X3's hood? This guide explores potential issues like mechanical obstruction, hood release mechanism failure, electrical problems, and emergency release malfunctions. Troubleshooting tips include basic checks, clearing obstructions, applying pressure, and using the emergency release.
What Does the PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual Message Mean for You...Autohaus Service and Sales
Learn what "PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual" means for your Mercedes-Benz. This message indicates a malfunction in the parking assistance system, potentially due to sensor issues or electrical faults. Prompt attention is crucial to ensure safety and functionality. Follow steps outlined for diagnosis and repair in the owner's manual.
Your VW's camshaft position sensor is crucial for engine performance. Signs of failure include engine misfires, difficulty starting, stalling at low speeds, reduced fuel efficiency, and the check engine light. Prompt inspection and replacement can prevent further damage and keep your VW running smoothly.
Learn why monitoring your Mercedes' Exhaust Back Pressure (EBP) sensor is crucial. Understand its role in engine performance and emission reduction. Discover five warning signs of EBP sensor failure, from loss of power to increased emissions. Take action promptly to avoid costly repairs and maintain your Mercedes' reliability and efficiency.
Things to remember while upgrading the brakes of your carjennifermiller8137
Upgrading the brakes of your car? Keep these things in mind before doing so. Additionally, start using an OBD 2 GPS tracker so that you never miss a vehicle maintenance appointment. On top of this, a car GPS tracker will also let you master good driving habits that will let you increase the operational life of your car’s brakes.
Comprehensive program for Agricultural Finance, the Automotive Sector, and Empowerment . We will define the full scope and provide a detailed two-week plan for identifying strategic partners in each area within Limpopo, including target areas.:
1. Agricultural : Supporting Primary and Secondary Agriculture
• Scope: Provide support solutions to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Tzaneen, Thohoyandou, Makhado, and Giyani.
2. Automotive Sector: Partnerships with Mechanics and Panel Beater Shops
• Scope: Develop collaborations with automotive service providers to improve service quality and business operations.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Lephalale, Mokopane, Phalaborwa, and Bela-Bela.
3. Empowerment : Focusing on Women Empowerment
• Scope: Provide business support support and training to women-owned businesses, promoting economic inclusion.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Thohoyandou, Musina, Burgersfort, and Louis Trichardt.
We will also prioritize Industrial Economic Zone areas and their priorities.
Sign up on https://profilesmes.online/welcome/
To be eligible:
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2. Generate revenue
3. Sectors : Agriculture ( primary and secondary) and Automative
Women and Youth are encouraged to apply even if you don't fall in those sectors.
What Are The Immediate Steps To Take When The VW Temperature Light Starts Fla...Import Motorworks
Learn how to respond when the red temperature light flashes in your VW with this presentation. From checking coolant levels to seeking professional help, follow these steps promptly to prevent engine damage and ensure safety on the road.
Ever been troubled by the blinking sign and didn’t know what to do?
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Save them for later and save the trouble!
Symptoms like intermittent starting and key recognition errors signal potential problems with your Mercedes’ EIS. Use diagnostic steps like error code checks and spare key tests. Professional diagnosis and solutions like EIS replacement ensure safe driving. Consult a qualified technician for accurate diagnosis and repair.
TRANSFORMER OIL classifications and specifications
materials eng
1. Ch 1: Engineering materials
Dr. Zuhailawati Hussain
EBB 224
Design of Materials
Engineering
1
2. Metal / Metallic materials
• Classifications & Specifications of Metallic Materials
• Major characteristics of metallic materials are
crystallinity, conductivity to heat and electricity and
relatively high strength & toughness.
• Classification: systematic arrangement or division of
materials into group on the basis of some common
characteristic
• Generally classified as ferrous and nonferrous
Ferrous materials-iron as the base metal,
• range from plain carbon (>98% Fe) to high
alloy steel (<50% alloying elements)
Nonferrous materials consist of the rest of the
metals and alloys
Eg. Aluminum, magnesium, titanium & their 2
alloys
3. • Within each group of alloy, classification can be
made according
(a) chemical composition, e.g. carbon content or
alloys content in steels;
(b) finished method, e.g. hot rolled or cold
rolled;
(c) product form, e.g. bar, plate, sheet, tubing,
structural shape;
(d) method of production, e.g. cast, wrought
alloys.
3
4. Designation: identification of each class by a
number, letter, symbol, name or a combination.
Normally based on chemical composition or
mechanical properties.
Example : Table 2.1 designation systems for steel
System used by AISI & SAE: 4, or 5 digits which
designate the alloy composition.
• 1st two digits indicate Alloy system
• Last two or three digits nominal carbon content
in hundredths of a percent
4
6. In most eng. application, selection of metallic is usually
based on the following considerations:
1) Product shape: a) sheet, strip, plate, (b) bar, rod, wire,
(c) tubes, (d) forging (e) casting
2) Mechanical properties-tensile, fatigue, hardness,
creep,impact test
3) Physical & chemical properties-specific gravity, thermal
& electrical conductivity, thermal expansion
4) Metallurgical consideration-anisotrophy of properties,
hardenability of steel, grain size & consistency of
properties
5) Processing castability-castability, formability,
machinability
6) Sales appeal-color, luster
7) Cost & availability
6
7. Design and selection for metals
One of the major issues for structural components
is deflection under service load.
A function of the applied forces and geometry,
and also stiffness of material.
Stiffness of material is difficult to change,
either shape or the material has to be changed
if order to achieve a large change in the
stiffness of a component.
7
8. • Load carrying capacity of component can be related
to the yield strength, fatigue strength or creep
strength depending on loading & service condition.
All are structure sensitive.
Changed by changing chemical composition of the
alloy, method and condition of manufacturing, as
well as heat treatment
Increasing the strength cause metal ductility &
toughness to decrease which affects the
performance of component.
8
9. Electrical & thermal conductivities
Thermal conductivity, K
• Is measure of the rate at which heat is
transferred through a material
Al & Cu- Manufacture of component where
electrical conductivity is primary requirement
• Corrosion resistance & specific gravity limits
the materials.
9
10. Manufacturing consideration
Majority of metallic components are wrought or cast
Wrought m/str:
• usually stronger and more ductile than cast.
• Available in many shapes & size tolerance
Hot worked products:
• Tolerance are wider thus difficult for automatic
machining
• Poor surface quality, esp. in sheet/wire drawing
Cold worked product:
Narrow tolerance
Residual stress cause unpredictable size change during
machining
10
11. Weldability – a function of material composition.
So structure involve welding of the components
need to consider. Also for other joining means.
Machinability:
• Important if large amounts of material have
to be removed
• improvement by heat treatment or alloying
elements
Economic aspects:
material able to perform function at lowest
cost
Plain carbon steel & cast iron are the least
11
expensive
12. Design for polymer
• Classifications of Polymers
• Polymer – low density, good thermal & electrical
insulation, high resistance to most chemicals and
ability to take colours and opacities.
• But unreinforced bulk polymer are mechanically
weaker, lower elastic moduli & high thermal
expansion coefficients.
• Improvement Reinforced variety of fibrous
materials Composites (PMC).
12
13. Advantages : ease of manufacturing & versatility.
• Can manufacture into complicated shapes in one
step with little need for further processing or
surface treatment.
• Versatility : ability to produce accurate
component, with excellent surface finish and
attractive color, at low cost and high speed
• Application: automotive, electrical & electronic
products, household appliance, toys, container,
packaging, textiles
• Basic manufacturing processes for polymer parts
are extrusion, molding, casting and forming of
sheet.
13
14. Thermoset & thermoplastic
• Differ in the degree of their inter-molecular
bonding
• Thermoplastic-litle cross bonding between
polymer, soften when heated & harden when
cooled
• Thermoset-strong intermolecular bonding which
prevents fully cured materials from softening
when heated
• Rubber are similar to plastic in structure and the
difference is largely based on the degree of
extensibility or stretching.
14
15. Design consideration for polymer
Structural part/When the parts is to carry load
•Should remember the strength and stiffness
of plastics vary with temperature.
•Troom data cannot be used in design calculation if
the part will be used at other temp.
Long term properties cannot be predicted from
short term prop. Eg. Creep behavior
Engineering plastics are britle (notched impact
strength < 5.4 J/cm)
Avoid stress raiser
15
16. Design for ceramics
• Classification of Ceramic Materials
• Ceramics – inorganic compounds of one or more metals
with a nonmetallic element. Eg Al2O3, SiC, Si2N3.
Crystal structure of ceramic are complex
• They accommodate more than one element of
widely different atomic size.
The interatomic forces generally alternate
between ionic & covalent which leave few free
electrons
• usually heat & electrical insulators.
Strong ionic & covalent bonds give high hardness,
stiffness & stability (thermal & hostile env.).
16
17. Structure:
(1) Amorphous or glass-short range order, (2)
crystalline (long range order) & (3) crystalline
material bonded by glassy matrix.
Clasiification:
• Whitewares, glass, refractories, structural clay
products & enamels.
Characteristics:
Hard & brittleness,
low mechanical & thermal shock
High melting points
Thermal conductivities between metal & polymer
17
18. Design consideration for ceramics
Britle, low mechanical & thermal shock-need special
consideration
Ratio between tensile strength, modulus of rupture &
compressive strength ~ 1:2:10. In design, load ceramic
parts in compression & avoid tensile loading
Sensitive to stress concentration
• Avoid stress raiser during design.
Dimensional change take place during drying and firing,
should be consider
Large flat surface can cause wrapping
Large changes in thickness of product can lead to
nonuniform drying and cracking.
Dimensional tolerances should be generous to avoid
machining
18
19. Design for composite
Introduction
A composite material can be broadly defined as
an assembly two or more chemically distinct
material, having distinct interface between them
and acting to produce desired set of properties
• Composites – MMC, PMC & CMC.
The composite constituent divided into two
• Matrix
• Structural constituent / reinforcement
19
20. Properties / behavior depends on properties, size
& distribution, volume fraction & shape of the
constituents, & the nature and strength of bond
between constituents.
Mostly developed to improve mechanical
properties i.e strength, stiffness, creep
resistance & toughness.
Three type of composite
(1) Dispersion-strengthened,
(2) Reinforcement – continuous & discontinuous
(3) Laminated (consist more than 2 layers
bonded together).
20
22. Designing with composite
A composite materials usually are more expensive on
a cost.
Used when weight saving is possible when the
relevant specific property (property/density) of the
composite is better than conventional material
• E.g. specific strength (strength/density), specific
elastic modulus ( elastic modulus/density)
Efficient use of composite can be achieved by
tailoring the material for the application
E.g., to achieve max. strength in one direction in a
fibrous composite, the fibers should be well
aligned in that direction
22
23. If composite is subjected to tensile loading,
important design criterion is the tensile
strength in the loading direction
Under compression loading, failure by buckling
become important
• Fatigue behavior:
Steel- show an endurance limit or a stress
below which fatigue does not occur
Composite-fatigue at low stress level because
fibrous composites may have many crack, which
can be growing simultaneously and propagate
through the matrix
23