The document discusses the development of engineering materials over time. Early materials like stone, bronze, and iron occurred naturally and were dominant during different eras. The development of thermochemistry and polymer chemistry later enabled man-made materials. Engineering materials are broadly classified as metals, polymers, ceramics, composites, and natural materials. Each class has distinct properties that make them suitable for different applications. The document also discusses the materials cycle from extraction to manufacturing to use and disposal or recycling.

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4. The development of
materials over time. The
materials of pre-history,
on the left, all occur
naturally; the challenge
for the engineers of that
era was one of shaping
them. The development
of thermochemistry and
(later) of polymer
chemistry enabled man-
made materials, shown
in the colored zones.
Three - stone, bronze and
iron - were of such
importance that the era
of their
dominance is named
after them.

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Price and availability
Recyclability
Density / Relative heaviness
Modulus
Yield and tensile strength
Hardness
Fracture toughness
Fatigue strength
Creep strength
Damping

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Thermal conductivity
Specific heat
Thermal expansion coefficient
Resistivity
Dielectric constant
Magnetic permeability
Oxidation
Corrosion
Wear

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Ease of manufacture
Joining
Finishing
Colour
Texture
Feel

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Properties
Bulk Mechanical
Properties
Price and
Availability
Bulk Non-
mechanical
Properties
Surface
Properties
Production Properties
– Ease of manufacturing,
fabrication, joining, finishing
Aesthetic Properties
– Appearance, Texture, Feel
DESIG
N
INTRINSIC ATTRIBUTE
How the
properties of
engineering
materials affect
the way in
which
products are
designed

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• Metallic materials are normally combinations of metallic
elements. They have large numbers of non-localized electrons;
that is, these electrons are not bound to particular atoms.
Many properties of metals are directly attributable to these
electrons. Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity
and heat and are not transparent to visible light; a polished
metal surface has a lustrous appearance. Furthermore, metals
are quite strong, yet deformable, which accounts for their
extensive use in structural applications.

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 Metals in combination with other metals or non metal
elements.
 Examples: Steel (Iron & Carbon), Brass (Copper & Zinc)

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Iron and steels
Aluminium and its alloys
Copper and its alloys
Nickel and its alloys
Titanium and its alloys

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• Polymers include the familiar plastic and
rubber materials. Many of them are organic
compounds that are chemically based on
carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic
elements; furthermore, they have very
large molecular structures. These
materials typically have low densities and
may be extremely flexible.

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Polyethylene (PE)
Polymethylmethacrylate
(Acrylic and PMMA)
Nylon, alias Polyamide (PA)
Polystyrene (PS)
Polyurethane (PU)
Polyvinylchloride (WC)
Polyethylene tetraphthalate (PET)
Polyethylether Ketone (PEEK)
Epoxies (EP)
Elastomers, such as natural rubber (NR)

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• Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic
elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and
carbides. The wide range of materials that falls within this
classification includes ceramics that are composed of clay
minerals, cement, and glass. These materials are typically
insulative to the passage of electricity and heat, and are more
resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than
metals and polymers. With regard to mechanical behavior,
ceramics are hard but very brittle.

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 Ceramics are crystalline,
inorganic, non-metals.
 Glasses are non-crystalline (or
amorphous) solids.
 Most engineering glasses are
non-metals, but a range of
metallic glasses with useful
properties is now available.

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Alumina (AI2O3, emery, sapphire)
Magnesia (MgO)
Silica (SO2) glasses and silicates
Silicon carbide (SiC)
Silicon nitride (Si3N4)
Cement and concrete

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Fibreglass (GFRP)
Carbon-fibre reinforced polymers
(CFRP)
Filled polymers
Cermets

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Wood
Leather
Cotton / wool / silk
Bone

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Metals and
alloys
Polymers
Ceramics and
glasses
Composites
Wire-reinforced
cement cermetsSteel-cord Tyres
Filled Polymers
GFRPCFRP
The classes of Engineering materials from which articles are made

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MATERIALS
CYCLE
Recycling/disposing of
used products and
systems
Extracting Raw
materials
Creating bulk
materials, components
and devices
Manufacturing
engineered materials
Fabricating products
and systems
Service of products and
systems

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41. Materials
Science
Engineering
Mechanics
Durability
Engineering
Design
Manufacturing
Life-cycle concerns
Fundamental Laws
Interactions
Reliability
Quality
Cost

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49. The classes of process.
The first row contains the
primary shaping
processes; below lie the
secondary processes of
machining and heat
treatment, followed by the
families of joining and
finishing processes.

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Sand, Die, Investment
Injection, Compression,
Blow molding
Rolling, Forging, Drawing
Sintering, HIPing,
Slip casting

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Hand lay-up, Filament
winding, RTM
Rapid prototype, Lay-up,
Electro-form

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Cut, turn, plane, drill, grind
Quench, temper, age-
harden

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Shifts in manufacturing have resulted in a larger service work
force and a smaller manufacturing work force. The
complexity of products makes it harder for the average
person to make repairs on his or her own products. Special
diagnostic equipment is used to analyze everything from
automobiles to robots to appliances.
The demand for better quality in products and systems has
resulted in improved, long term warranties. Manufacturers
are very interested in analyzing materials that fail so that
they can improve materials engineering and product design.

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The last stage of the
materials cycle can become
the first stage through the
resurrection of material
when recyling is employed.
Most materials can be
recycled. However, It is very
difficult for manufacturers to
develop a full materials cycle
that will ensure recycling.

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Laws have put mandates on recycling by
restricting the amount of solid waste that
can be placed on landfills. Clean air and
water regulations have restricted the
amount and type of waste that can be
incinerated or dumped into the ocean.
But much remains to be accomplished to
develop the proper attitudes and habits
among our citizens if we are to make the
total materials cycle efficient and thus
protect the environment and natural
resources for future generations.

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