Magmatism.pptx
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Magma is molten rock located beneath the Earth's surface, specifically in the mantle and oceanic plates. When magma solidifies, it forms igneous rocks. Magma differs from lava in that magma is found in the magma chamber of volcanoes, while lava is the molten rock found on the Earth's surface after a volcanic eruption. Magmatism is the process where magma forms and moves within the lower crust and upper mantle of the Earth.
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Magmatism.pptx
Magma forms deep in the Earth's crust and upper mantle through the process of partial melting. Heat from the mantle causes rocks like quartz and feldspar to melt at temperatures over 650°C. Additional melting occurs through decompression as magma rises to shallower depths and pressure decreases, or through flux melting when water or carbon dioxide are added to already hot rocks. Once a volcano erupts, the magma is called lava on the Earth's surface.
4. MAGMATISM.ppt
This is a PowerPoint Presentation about Magmatism, a lesson in Earth and Life Science, First quarter for Grade 11/12 Students. This will help them understand the lesson and make them familiar with the topic.
Classification of Rocks
EARTH MATERIALS AND PROCESSES
Topic: Classification of Rocks / Types of Rocks
Senior High School | Earth and Life Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11/12ES-Ib-10)
Senior High School | Earth Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11ES-Ic-6)
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11 formation of rock layers
Rock layers are formed through sedimentary processes over long periods of time. Stratified rocks are formed from sediments laid down in layers, and their formation depends on stratigraphy and stratification. There are several laws of stratigraphy that help geologists determine the relative ages of rock layers based on principles like original horizontality, superposition, cross-cutting relationships, inclusions and unconformities. Geologists use physical features of the rock layers as well as index fossils to correlate and match rock layers across different regions in order to reconstruct Earth's history.
Metamorphism
This document discusses metamorphism and metamorphic rocks. It defines metamorphism as a change in shape of pre-existing rocks due to heat and pressure below the surface. It describes different types of metamorphism including contact, dynamic, and regional metamorphism. It also defines foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rocks, providing examples like slate, schist, and gneiss. The document aims to explain metamorphic concepts and rock types to students.
10. Earth's Interior Heat Notes
Earth's interior heat comes from two main sources: residual heat left over from the planet's formation and ongoing radioactive decay within Earth's core and mantle. This heat keeps the outer core liquid through convection of iron and nickel, generating the Earth's magnetic field, and drives thermal convection in the mantle which powers plate tectonics at the surface. Heat is eventually released through volcanic and tectonic activity that forms and cools new crust.
Metamorphism and types of metamorphism
Metamorphism refers to the process of changes in pre-existing rocks caused by exposure to high pressures and temperatures. There are several types of metamorphism that result from different conditions, including contact metamorphism near igneous intrusions, regional metamorphism during mountain building, and subduction-related metamorphism at convergent plate boundaries. Key agents that control metamorphism are heat, pressure, chemical activity, and fluid phases, which can cause changes in minerals, textures, and introduce new mineral assemblages over long periods of time. Metamorphic grade describes the temperature and pressure conditions, ranging from low-grade to high-grade metamorphism.
Endogenic processes(Michelle Domingo)
This document discusses several endogenic (internal) geologic processes that occur within the Earth, including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, folding, faulting, and magmatism. These processes are driven by pressure deep within the lithosphere (Earth's crust and upper mantle) and the movement of tectonic plates, which can cause the surface to buckle, bend, or split apart. Magmatism and volcanism play key roles in mountain formation through the emplacement and eruption of magma at the surface. Various types of stress, such as compression, tension, and shear, influence these endogenic geologic processes.
Recommended
Magmatism.pptx
Magma forms deep in the Earth's crust and upper mantle through the process of partial melting. Heat from the mantle causes rocks like quartz and feldspar to melt at temperatures over 650°C. Additional melting occurs through decompression as magma rises to shallower depths and pressure decreases, or through flux melting when water or carbon dioxide are added to already hot rocks. Once a volcano erupts, the magma is called lava on the Earth's surface.
4. MAGMATISM.ppt
This is a PowerPoint Presentation about Magmatism, a lesson in Earth and Life Science, First quarter for Grade 11/12 Students. This will help them understand the lesson and make them familiar with the topic.
Classification of Rocks
EARTH MATERIALS AND PROCESSES
Topic: Classification of Rocks / Types of Rocks
Senior High School | Earth and Life Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11/12ES-Ib-10)
Senior High School | Earth Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11ES-Ic-6)
Please LIKE / FOLLOW and SHARE my other social media accounts.
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Simple-ABbieC-131584525051378/
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Youtube:
http://tiny.cc/SimpleABbieC
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Slideshare:
https://www.slideshare.net/AbbieMahinay
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Blogger:
https://simpleabbiec.blogspot.com/?m=1
11 formation of rock layers
Rock layers are formed through sedimentary processes over long periods of time. Stratified rocks are formed from sediments laid down in layers, and their formation depends on stratigraphy and stratification. There are several laws of stratigraphy that help geologists determine the relative ages of rock layers based on principles like original horizontality, superposition, cross-cutting relationships, inclusions and unconformities. Geologists use physical features of the rock layers as well as index fossils to correlate and match rock layers across different regions in order to reconstruct Earth's history.
Metamorphism
This document discusses metamorphism and metamorphic rocks. It defines metamorphism as a change in shape of pre-existing rocks due to heat and pressure below the surface. It describes different types of metamorphism including contact, dynamic, and regional metamorphism. It also defines foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rocks, providing examples like slate, schist, and gneiss. The document aims to explain metamorphic concepts and rock types to students.
10. Earth's Interior Heat Notes
Earth's interior heat comes from two main sources: residual heat left over from the planet's formation and ongoing radioactive decay within Earth's core and mantle. This heat keeps the outer core liquid through convection of iron and nickel, generating the Earth's magnetic field, and drives thermal convection in the mantle which powers plate tectonics at the surface. Heat is eventually released through volcanic and tectonic activity that forms and cools new crust.
Metamorphism and types of metamorphism
Metamorphism refers to the process of changes in pre-existing rocks caused by exposure to high pressures and temperatures. There are several types of metamorphism that result from different conditions, including contact metamorphism near igneous intrusions, regional metamorphism during mountain building, and subduction-related metamorphism at convergent plate boundaries. Key agents that control metamorphism are heat, pressure, chemical activity, and fluid phases, which can cause changes in minerals, textures, and introduce new mineral assemblages over long periods of time. Metamorphic grade describes the temperature and pressure conditions, ranging from low-grade to high-grade metamorphism.
Endogenic processes(Michelle Domingo)
This document discusses several endogenic (internal) geologic processes that occur within the Earth, including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, folding, faulting, and magmatism. These processes are driven by pressure deep within the lithosphere (Earth's crust and upper mantle) and the movement of tectonic plates, which can cause the surface to buckle, bend, or split apart. Magmatism and volcanism play key roles in mountain formation through the emplacement and eruption of magma at the surface. Various types of stress, such as compression, tension, and shear, influence these endogenic geologic processes.
Stratified rocks
Stratified rocks are formed from layers of sediment or volcanic material that build up over time. The layers can range significantly in thickness from millimeters to meters and come in different shapes. Examples of stratified rocks include sedimentary rocks with clear layering as well as some igneous rocks, such as granite, that form distinct layers when they cool and harden on the Earth's surface.
Unit 8: The Earth's internal energy
The document discusses the Earth's internal energy and how it causes tectonic plate movement and related geological phenomena. The main points are:
1) The Earth has internal heat from radioactive elements and impacts that causes plate tectonics and results in volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building.
2) Alfred Wegener proposed continental drift in 1912 to explain how the continents were once joined together before drifting apart, as evidenced by matching continental shelves.
3) The Earth's solid crust is made up of tectonic plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle, resulting in earthquakes and volcanic activity at plate boundaries.
Earth and Life Science: Minerals (SHS)
Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.
A mineral is a naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid with definite chemical composition and that exhibits a crystalline structure.
Characteristics of Minerals
1. A mineral is Naturally-Occurring
A mineral should be naturally-occurring with respect to its formation.
It should be made by natural processes without the aid of any organism.
In the case of laboratory studies, any material that is formed in laboratories or artificial conditions is not considered a mineral.
2. A mineral is Inorganic
It is formed by inorganic processes and does not contain any organic compound.
The process to produce a mineral by natural means is extended further by making sure that no organic material ( or what was once part of an organism) be considered a mineral.
This would mean that bones, shells, teeth, and other hard parts of an organism are not minerals.
3. A mineral is a homogeneous Solid
We should be able to see something that is uniform in appearance and is in the solid state of matter.
This property of minerals is very important especially when dealing with materials in other states such as liquids and gases.
A mineral should exhibit stability at room temperature, which can only be attained if it is solid.
4. A mineral has a definite Chemical Composition
Most minerals are chemical compounds and can therefore be represented using a fixed or variable chemical formula.
Example:
A mineral with a fixed chemical formula is quartz (SiO2). This indicates that the mineral quartz contains one silicon atom and two oxygen atoms.
5. A mineral has an ordered internal/crystalline structure
Minerals look like crystals since the arrangement of their atoms is ordered and repetitive.
Atoms of minerals are arranged in an orderly and repeating pattern.
NOTE: Knowing whether a material is crystalline or not would require sophisticated methods such as involving the use of X-rays (XRD).
Mineraloids
Any material which passes most of the criteria (but not all) we have set can be considered a mineraloid.
Most of the time, mineraloids are naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solids with definite chemical compositions but with no ordered internal structure.
Examples of mineraloids are volcanic glass and opal.
Earth Materials and Processes : ENDOGENIC PROCESS
Earth Materials and Processes : ENDOGENIC PROCESS
Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
geologic processes that occur within the Earth and
the folding and faulting of rocks
Earth and Life Science - Grade 11 (Minerals)
Mineralogy is the study of minerals, which are naturally occurring inorganic solids with a defined chemical composition and crystalline atomic structure. Minerals can be described as inorganic, naturally formed solids with consistent chemical compositions and ordered atomic arrangements. Key physical properties include luster, hardness, streak, cleavage, fracture, color, specific gravity, and crystal form. Minerals are important natural resources but are non-renewable, so wise use and conservation is important to ensure availability for future generations.
THE EARTH’s INTERNAL HEAT.pptx
The document discusses the sources and transfer of Earth's internal heat. It identifies two main sources: primordial heat from the planet's formation and radiogenic heat from the radioactive decay of elements in Earth's interior like uranium, thorium, and potassium. It describes three processes for transferring heat within Earth: conduction within solid portions, convection through mass movement in the mantle, and radiation between the Sun and Earth's surface.
II.A Minerals and Rocks
Core Subject: Earth and Life Science
II. Earth Materials and Processes
A. Minerals and Rocks
The learners
demonstrate an
understanding of:
1. the three main categories of rocks
2. the origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks
The learners:
1. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
2. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
magmatism.pptx
Magma is molten rock located beneath the Earth's surface, either in the mantle or within volcanoes. It differs from lava, which is molten rock found on the Earth's surface after a volcanic eruption. Magma is formed through the process of partial melting in the lower crust and upper mantle, which can occur due to an increase in temperature from heat transfer, a decrease in pressure during convection, or the addition of volatile materials like water and carbon dioxide.
geologic hazards.pptx
This document summarizes different types of geologic hazards including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. It describes earthquakes as the shaking or trembling of the ground caused by displacement below the surface. Major earthquake hazards are ground shaking, ground rupture, tsunamis, liquefaction, landslides, and fires caused by gas line ruptures. Volcanic eruptions occur when pressure builds up inside a volcano, causing ash, gas and magma to be released. Associated hazards are lava flows, lahars, pyroclastic falls, volcanic gases, and tephra falls. Landslides involve the downward movement of earth materials along slopes, often caused by earthquakes or heavy rain. Specific landslide
Shs11 earth and life science lesson 7
This document provides an overview of lesson 7 on minerals and rocks. It discusses the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and the processes involved in their formation. For each rock type, details are given on their origin, typical textures, classification schemes, and examples. The lesson also describes key concepts like magma, lava, intrusive/extrusive rocks, sedimentary features, and contact/regional metamorphism. Finally, students are assigned homework to research specific rock examples in more depth.
Rocks and minerals for grade 11; Earth and life sciences
please don't forget to like and leave your comments. this presentation is about rocks and minerals, grade 11, earth and life sciences; senior high school
3 main categories of rocks
The three main types, or classes, of rock are sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous and the differences among them have to do with how they are formed. Sedimentary rocks are formed from particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of material. Together, all these particles are called sediment.
Ii. c. endogenic processes
The document summarizes endogenous processes that generate heat within the Earth and how that heat is transferred. It discusses two main sources of internal heat: primordial heat generated during Earth's formation through accretion and radioactive decay of isotopes. Heat is transferred through convection in the mantle and conduction at boundaries. Magmas form through decompression melting at mid-ocean ridges and mantle plumes, or flux and heat transfer melting at subduction zones. Endogenous processes like magmatism, volcanism/plutonism, and metamorphism influence rock behavior and landform evolution.
Evolution of magma
- Magma forms by partial melting of the mantle or crust and consists of molten or semi-molten rock. It varies in temperature, pressure, density and composition depending on its origin and evolution.
- Magma evolves as it differentiates through fractional crystallization, assimilation, and mixing. Early crystallizing minerals remove elements from the magma, changing its composition over time according to Bowen's reaction series.
- Magma rises towards the Earth's surface where it cools and crystallizes to form either plutonic or volcanic rocks, depending on the cooling rate. Slow cooling results in large mineral crystals in plutonic rocks, while rapid cooling of lava forms volcanic rocks like obsidian with little
Relative & Absolute Dating
This document discusses two conceptions of Earth's history: catastrophism and uniformitarianism. Catastrophism assumes Earth's history was dominated by violent events while uniformitarianism assumes Earth's history can be understood through present-day geological processes and events. The document advocates for uniformitarianism, noting present processes provide keys to understanding the past. It also discusses concepts like relative and absolute dating, fossilization processes, rates of geological change, and radiometric dating techniques like carbon-14 dating that can determine absolute ages.
absolute and relative dating.pptx
Describe how layers of rocks (stratified rocks) are formed,
Describe the different methods (relative and absolute dating) to determine the age of stratified rocks, and
Explain how relative and absolute dating were used to determine the subdivisions of geologic time.
The relative age of a rock is its age when compared with the ages of other rocks The absolute age of a rock is a calculation of the number of years that have passed since the rock formed.
Folding and faulting
The document discusses endogenetic forces that cause folding and faulting within the Earth's crust. It describes several types of folds that occur due to compression, such as anticlines where rock layers bend upwards and synclines where they bend downwards. It also details different fault types like normal faults where rocks move apart and reverse faults where they move together. In total, the document outlines seven fold types and five fault types that shape the Earth's surface over millions of years through horizontal and vertical crustal movements.
Metamorphism and metamorphic rocks ppt
This document discusses metamorphism and metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks form from existing igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks through heat, pressure, and chemically reactive fluids. Metamorphism progresses incrementally and involves the growth of new minerals and deformation of existing ones. Metamorphism occurs in various settings like contact, regional, and burial metamorphism. Factors like heat, pressure, and fluids drive changes in mineralogy and texture. Metamorphic grade is indicated by index minerals and results in foliated and non-foliated rock types.
The Rock Cycle and Rocks
This document provides information about the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It describes how each type forms and gives examples. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma or lava. Sedimentary rocks form from compaction and cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from heat and pressure altering existing rocks. The document also explains key processes that change rocks, such as weathering, erosion, melting and cooling. It introduces the concept of the rock cycle to show how rocks continuously change between the three types.
3 TYPES OF ROCKS
The document outlines specific learning outcomes for a lesson on rock types. At the end of the lesson, students will be able to: identify and describe the three basic rock types; describe how each rock type forms and define their environments of formation; describe how rocks are transformed through the rock cycle; and identify and describe different geologic processes in the rock cycle.
MAGMATISM.pptx
Magma is molten rock located beneath the Earth's surface, specifically in the mantle and oceanic plates. Magma forms through the process of partial melting when rocks are exposed to high temperatures and pressures in the lower crust and upper mantle. The top two compositions of magma are silica and magnesium/iron. Magma is formed through three main processes: an increase in temperature through heat transfer, a decrease in pressure through decompression melting as rocks rise, and the addition of volatile materials like water and carbon dioxide which lowers the melting point during flux melting.
KOLOYALISMO AT IMPERYALISMO
Magmatism is the formation and motion of magma under Earth's surface. A volcanic explosion turns magma into lava when it escapes onto the surface, which is a relatively rare event. Magmatism helps form igneous rocks from molten rock and provides insight into how Earth and other celestial bodies function.
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Stratified rocks
Stratified rocks are formed from layers of sediment or volcanic material that build up over time. The layers can range significantly in thickness from millimeters to meters and come in different shapes. Examples of stratified rocks include sedimentary rocks with clear layering as well as some igneous rocks, such as granite, that form distinct layers when they cool and harden on the Earth's surface.
Unit 8: The Earth's internal energy
The document discusses the Earth's internal energy and how it causes tectonic plate movement and related geological phenomena. The main points are:
1) The Earth has internal heat from radioactive elements and impacts that causes plate tectonics and results in volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building.
2) Alfred Wegener proposed continental drift in 1912 to explain how the continents were once joined together before drifting apart, as evidenced by matching continental shelves.
3) The Earth's solid crust is made up of tectonic plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle, resulting in earthquakes and volcanic activity at plate boundaries.
Earth and Life Science: Minerals (SHS)
Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.
A mineral is a naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid with definite chemical composition and that exhibits a crystalline structure.
Characteristics of Minerals
1. A mineral is Naturally-Occurring
A mineral should be naturally-occurring with respect to its formation.
It should be made by natural processes without the aid of any organism.
In the case of laboratory studies, any material that is formed in laboratories or artificial conditions is not considered a mineral.
2. A mineral is Inorganic
It is formed by inorganic processes and does not contain any organic compound.
The process to produce a mineral by natural means is extended further by making sure that no organic material ( or what was once part of an organism) be considered a mineral.
This would mean that bones, shells, teeth, and other hard parts of an organism are not minerals.
3. A mineral is a homogeneous Solid
We should be able to see something that is uniform in appearance and is in the solid state of matter.
This property of minerals is very important especially when dealing with materials in other states such as liquids and gases.
A mineral should exhibit stability at room temperature, which can only be attained if it is solid.
4. A mineral has a definite Chemical Composition
Most minerals are chemical compounds and can therefore be represented using a fixed or variable chemical formula.
Example:
A mineral with a fixed chemical formula is quartz (SiO2). This indicates that the mineral quartz contains one silicon atom and two oxygen atoms.
5. A mineral has an ordered internal/crystalline structure
Minerals look like crystals since the arrangement of their atoms is ordered and repetitive.
Atoms of minerals are arranged in an orderly and repeating pattern.
NOTE: Knowing whether a material is crystalline or not would require sophisticated methods such as involving the use of X-rays (XRD).
Mineraloids
Any material which passes most of the criteria (but not all) we have set can be considered a mineraloid.
Most of the time, mineraloids are naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solids with definite chemical compositions but with no ordered internal structure.
Examples of mineraloids are volcanic glass and opal.
Earth Materials and Processes : ENDOGENIC PROCESS
Earth Materials and Processes : ENDOGENIC PROCESS
Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
geologic processes that occur within the Earth and
the folding and faulting of rocks
Earth and Life Science - Grade 11 (Minerals)
Mineralogy is the study of minerals, which are naturally occurring inorganic solids with a defined chemical composition and crystalline atomic structure. Minerals can be described as inorganic, naturally formed solids with consistent chemical compositions and ordered atomic arrangements. Key physical properties include luster, hardness, streak, cleavage, fracture, color, specific gravity, and crystal form. Minerals are important natural resources but are non-renewable, so wise use and conservation is important to ensure availability for future generations.
THE EARTH’s INTERNAL HEAT.pptx
The document discusses the sources and transfer of Earth's internal heat. It identifies two main sources: primordial heat from the planet's formation and radiogenic heat from the radioactive decay of elements in Earth's interior like uranium, thorium, and potassium. It describes three processes for transferring heat within Earth: conduction within solid portions, convection through mass movement in the mantle, and radiation between the Sun and Earth's surface.
II.A Minerals and Rocks
Core Subject: Earth and Life Science
II. Earth Materials and Processes
A. Minerals and Rocks
The learners
demonstrate an
understanding of:
1. the three main categories of rocks
2. the origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks
The learners:
1. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
2. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
magmatism.pptx
Magma is molten rock located beneath the Earth's surface, either in the mantle or within volcanoes. It differs from lava, which is molten rock found on the Earth's surface after a volcanic eruption. Magma is formed through the process of partial melting in the lower crust and upper mantle, which can occur due to an increase in temperature from heat transfer, a decrease in pressure during convection, or the addition of volatile materials like water and carbon dioxide.
geologic hazards.pptx
This document summarizes different types of geologic hazards including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. It describes earthquakes as the shaking or trembling of the ground caused by displacement below the surface. Major earthquake hazards are ground shaking, ground rupture, tsunamis, liquefaction, landslides, and fires caused by gas line ruptures. Volcanic eruptions occur when pressure builds up inside a volcano, causing ash, gas and magma to be released. Associated hazards are lava flows, lahars, pyroclastic falls, volcanic gases, and tephra falls. Landslides involve the downward movement of earth materials along slopes, often caused by earthquakes or heavy rain. Specific landslide
Shs11 earth and life science lesson 7
This document provides an overview of lesson 7 on minerals and rocks. It discusses the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and the processes involved in their formation. For each rock type, details are given on their origin, typical textures, classification schemes, and examples. The lesson also describes key concepts like magma, lava, intrusive/extrusive rocks, sedimentary features, and contact/regional metamorphism. Finally, students are assigned homework to research specific rock examples in more depth.
Rocks and minerals for grade 11; Earth and life sciences
please don't forget to like and leave your comments. this presentation is about rocks and minerals, grade 11, earth and life sciences; senior high school
3 main categories of rocks
The three main types, or classes, of rock are sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous and the differences among them have to do with how they are formed. Sedimentary rocks are formed from particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of material. Together, all these particles are called sediment.
Ii. c. endogenic processes
The document summarizes endogenous processes that generate heat within the Earth and how that heat is transferred. It discusses two main sources of internal heat: primordial heat generated during Earth's formation through accretion and radioactive decay of isotopes. Heat is transferred through convection in the mantle and conduction at boundaries. Magmas form through decompression melting at mid-ocean ridges and mantle plumes, or flux and heat transfer melting at subduction zones. Endogenous processes like magmatism, volcanism/plutonism, and metamorphism influence rock behavior and landform evolution.
Evolution of magma
- Magma forms by partial melting of the mantle or crust and consists of molten or semi-molten rock. It varies in temperature, pressure, density and composition depending on its origin and evolution.
- Magma evolves as it differentiates through fractional crystallization, assimilation, and mixing. Early crystallizing minerals remove elements from the magma, changing its composition over time according to Bowen's reaction series.
- Magma rises towards the Earth's surface where it cools and crystallizes to form either plutonic or volcanic rocks, depending on the cooling rate. Slow cooling results in large mineral crystals in plutonic rocks, while rapid cooling of lava forms volcanic rocks like obsidian with little
Relative & Absolute Dating
This document discusses two conceptions of Earth's history: catastrophism and uniformitarianism. Catastrophism assumes Earth's history was dominated by violent events while uniformitarianism assumes Earth's history can be understood through present-day geological processes and events. The document advocates for uniformitarianism, noting present processes provide keys to understanding the past. It also discusses concepts like relative and absolute dating, fossilization processes, rates of geological change, and radiometric dating techniques like carbon-14 dating that can determine absolute ages.
absolute and relative dating.pptx
Describe how layers of rocks (stratified rocks) are formed,
Describe the different methods (relative and absolute dating) to determine the age of stratified rocks, and
Explain how relative and absolute dating were used to determine the subdivisions of geologic time.
The relative age of a rock is its age when compared with the ages of other rocks The absolute age of a rock is a calculation of the number of years that have passed since the rock formed.
Folding and faulting
The document discusses endogenetic forces that cause folding and faulting within the Earth's crust. It describes several types of folds that occur due to compression, such as anticlines where rock layers bend upwards and synclines where they bend downwards. It also details different fault types like normal faults where rocks move apart and reverse faults where they move together. In total, the document outlines seven fold types and five fault types that shape the Earth's surface over millions of years through horizontal and vertical crustal movements.
Metamorphism and metamorphic rocks ppt
This document discusses metamorphism and metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks form from existing igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks through heat, pressure, and chemically reactive fluids. Metamorphism progresses incrementally and involves the growth of new minerals and deformation of existing ones. Metamorphism occurs in various settings like contact, regional, and burial metamorphism. Factors like heat, pressure, and fluids drive changes in mineralogy and texture. Metamorphic grade is indicated by index minerals and results in foliated and non-foliated rock types.
The Rock Cycle and Rocks
This document provides information about the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It describes how each type forms and gives examples. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma or lava. Sedimentary rocks form from compaction and cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from heat and pressure altering existing rocks. The document also explains key processes that change rocks, such as weathering, erosion, melting and cooling. It introduces the concept of the rock cycle to show how rocks continuously change between the three types.
3 TYPES OF ROCKS
The document outlines specific learning outcomes for a lesson on rock types. At the end of the lesson, students will be able to: identify and describe the three basic rock types; describe how each rock type forms and define their environments of formation; describe how rocks are transformed through the rock cycle; and identify and describe different geologic processes in the rock cycle.
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Rocks and minerals for grade 11; Earth and life sciences
Rocks and minerals for grade 11; Earth and life sciences
Similar to Magmatism.pptx
MAGMATISM.pptx
Magma is molten rock located beneath the Earth's surface, specifically in the mantle and oceanic plates. Magma forms through the process of partial melting when rocks are exposed to high temperatures and pressures in the lower crust and upper mantle. The top two compositions of magma are silica and magnesium/iron. Magma is formed through three main processes: an increase in temperature through heat transfer, a decrease in pressure through decompression melting as rocks rise, and the addition of volatile materials like water and carbon dioxide which lowers the melting point during flux melting.
KOLOYALISMO AT IMPERYALISMO
Magmatism is the formation and motion of magma under Earth's surface. A volcanic explosion turns magma into lava when it escapes onto the surface, which is a relatively rare event. Magmatism helps form igneous rocks from molten rock and provides insight into how Earth and other celestial bodies function.
Volcanoes (teach)
The Earth's crust is made up of large tectonic plates that are cracked and move, with magma from the mantle able to rise up through these cracks. When pressure builds from below, volcanoes erupt as the magma finds a way to escape either through faults between plates or by bursting through weak spots in the crust. Inside volcanoes is a magma chamber where magma collects until pressure is great enough for an eruption to occur, expelling lava, tephra, ash, and gases. The type of eruption depends on the viscosity of the magma and amount of dissolved gases, with more gas and thick magma causing explosive eruptions that blast material high into the air.
Magma and Volcanoes/EPCC/LM4
Magma is molten rock beneath Earth's surface that rises toward the surface due to being less dense than surrounding rock. Magma that reaches the surface erupts through volcanoes. There are different types of volcanoes that can have eruptions ranging from gentle lava flows to catastrophic explosions. The composition of magmas varies but is dominated by silica and results in three main types: basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolitic. Basaltic magma is erupted by most volcanoes and forms lava flows, while more viscous andesitic and rhyolitic magmas can lead to explosive eruptions due to gas bubbles rising slowly in the thick lava.
Petrology, Stratigraphy & Mineralogy
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This document discusses endogenic processes and magma formation within the Earth. It explains that magma originates from the upper mantle and lower crust where temperatures and pressures allow rock to melt. Factors like decompression, heat transfer, and flux melting contribute to magma generation. Magma has varying compositions from felsic to ultramafic depending on its silica and iron/magnesium content. It can be intruded as plutons or extruded as lava during volcanic eruptions. Rocks deform through stress, strain, joints and faults. Folds also form from ductile deformation at depth within the Earth.
Topic 3 igneous rocks
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Our Dynamic Earth
The document provides information about the Earth's layers, including the mantle and tectonic plates. It describes how igneous rocks are formed from magma underground or lava above ground. It also explains how sedimentary rocks are formed over millions of years from the erosion and deposition of earth materials. Metamorphic rocks are formed from intense heat and pressure changing other rock types over long periods of time.
Igneous And Magma
The rock cycle document describes the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and how they are related through geological processes. It focuses on igneous rocks, which form from cooling magma, and can cool underground to form intrusive rocks or above ground to form extrusive rocks like lava. The composition and cooling rate of magma determines the type of igneous rock formed. Magma is hot melted rock from deep in the Earth, and its viscosity is affected by temperature and silica content.
Intrusive igneous rock
The powerpoint goes into detail about the different intrusive rock structures and includes an activity for the learners.
MAGMATISM, PARTIAL MELTING, AND TECTONIC SETTING.pptx
This PowerPoint discusses the concept of magmatism, which is the formation and movement of magma in the mantle. This also provides necessary information about the factors that allow magmatism to happen.
our dynamic earth
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MODULE 2- VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS & ITS CHARACTERISTICS.pptx
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Lake Taupo
This document provides information about Lake Taupo in New Zealand, as well as definitions and explanations of magma, lava, and how volcanoes work. Lake Taupo is one of the largest volcanic lakes in New Zealand, covering 616 square kilometers. Magma is molten or semi-molten rock found below the Earth's surface. Lava is molten rock expelled during a volcanic eruption that can flow great distances before solidifying. Volcanoes are caused by movement of tectonic plates underground, which allows hot magma to escape and erupt on the surface.
Igneous rocks
Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and solidification of molten rock material. Magma, which is molten rock beneath the earth's crust, becomes lava when it reaches the surface through a volcano or fissure. Common igneous rocks formed by volcanic activity include basalt, rhyolite, pumice, and obsidian. As the lava, ash, and dust cool, minerals form and different igneous rocks develop depending on the speed and conditions of cooling.
Rocks With Miss Gow
Volcanoes form from hot lava where earthquakes occur. Volcanoes are deep and hot, forming lava that explodes out. Rocks make up hills, mountains, plains and valleys. Rocks are mostly made of mineral crystals or pieces of other rocks or shells of living things. Igneous rocks cool slowly underground and form large mineral grains that can be seen.
Rocks With Miss Gow
Volcanoes form from hot lava where earthquakes occur. Volcanoes are deep and hot, forming lava that explodes out. Rocks make up hills, mountains, plains and valleys. Rocks are mostly made of mineral crystals or pieces of other rocks or shells of living things. Igneous rocks cool slowly underground and form large mineral grains that can be seen.
Rocks With Miss Gow
Volcanoes form from hot lava where earthquakes occur. Volcanoes are deep and hot, forming lava that explodes out. Rocks make up hills, mountains, plains and valleys. Rocks are mostly made of mineral crystals or pieces of other rocks or shells of living things. Igneous rocks cool slowly underground and form large mineral grains that can be seen.
Magmatism.pptx
Magmatism is the activity or the motion of the magma. Rocks that are subjected to high temperature and pressure melt and become the magma.
Natural Disasters Topic 5b (Volcanic Eruptions)
The types and abundances of igneous rocks found are closely related to their tectonic setting. Basalt and gabbro are most common at divergent plate boundaries like ocean ridges, while rhyolite and granite are found more within continental interiors. Convergent plate boundaries produce andesitic and rhyolitic volcanoes along with intrusions of diorite and granite. The compositions of magmas range from mafic to felsic depending on the tectonic setting, source rock composition, assimilation, differentiation over time, and other factors. Common volcanic features include shield volcanoes, cinder cones, composite volcanoes, and calderas.
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MAGMATISM, PARTIAL MELTING, AND TECTONIC SETTING.pptx
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MODULE 2- VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS & ITS CHARACTERISTICS.pptx
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Magmatism.pptx
- 1. MAGMATISM
- 2. What is Magma? Magma is composed of semi-liquid hot molten rocks located beneath the Earth, specifically in the melted mantle rock and oceanic plate. This molten state, when solidified, creates igneous rocks found on the surface of the Earth.
- 3. Do you know the difference between magma and lava? Magma and lava are both molten rocks. However, they differ in location. Magma is found in the magma chamber of the volcano while lava is found on the surface of earth once the volcano erupts.
- 4. Magmatism is a process under the earth’s crust where formation and movement of magma occur. So where does these formation and movement take place? These happen in the lower part of the Earth’s crust and in the upper portion of the mantle, known as asthenosphere.
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