geology

1. The Force of Geology-Part One
Endogenic and Exogenic Process
Widodo, S.T., M.T.
Mining Geology SMK N 1 Balikpapan
Plate Tectonic & Eartquake

2. Geology Process
 Endogenic
 Internal forces beneath or at Earth’s
surface
 Mountain building
 Earthquakes
 Exogenic
 External forces
 Erosion, water, wind, chemical

3. Endogenic Process
Plate Tectonics
 Fixed Earth Theory
 States that continents and oceans have
always been fixed in place
 Plate Tectonics Theory
 Proposed by Alfred Wegener, 1900s
 Became popular in the 1960s
 Pangaea Hypothesis
 First a supercontinent, and the tectonic
plates moved (see next slide – plate
boundaries)

4. Plate Boundaries
 Divergent
 Plates spreading apart, leading to:
 Seafloor spreading
 Rift Valleys in Africa
 Convergent
 Plates push together, leading to:
 Mountain building
 Volcanic eruptions as dense plates dive below
 Transform
 Grinding of plates past each other, leading to:
 Offset sidewalks
 E.g. along the San Andreas Fault, CA

5. Plate Boundaries

10. Earthquakes
 Focus
 Place of actual movement
 Epicenter
 Surface directly above focus
 See next slide – epicenters
 Seismic waves
 Recordable vibrations
 Seismograph
 Recording device for
seismic waves
 Richter Scale, 1935

11. Earthquakes

12. A 2.3 m coseismic displacement has distorted the railroad track near
the railway station Tepetarla in the region between Sapanca Lake and
Izmir Gulf, Turkey (www.geopages.co.uk/news/rev002.html).
Caused by Earthquakes

13. Earthquakes and the San Andreas Fault

15. India, Gujarat earthquake
Jan 26, 2001