The document discusses endogenic and exogenic geological processes. Endogenic processes occur beneath the Earth's surface and include folding, faulting, volcanism, metamorphism, and earthquakes. They shape geological structures and form important mineral resources. Exogenic processes happen on the surface and include weathering, erosion, mass wasting, and sedimentation. Weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces through physical and chemical means. Erosion then transports weathered material, which can sediment in bodies of water. Mass wasting involves downward rock and soil movement due to gravity.

1. ENDOGENIC PROCESSES

2. DEFINITION
en·do·gen·ic
ˌendōˈjenik/
Adjective GEOLOGY
 Formed, located or occurring beneath the surface of the earth.

3. WHAT IS ENDOGENIC PROCESSES?
 Endogenic Processes are geological processes that
occur beneath the surface of the Earth.
 It is associated with energy originating in the interior of
the solid earth.
 The ground we live on is moving all the time. The
Forces within the earth that cause the ground to move
are called ENDOGENIC FORCES.

4. HOW DOES ENDOGENIC PROCESS WORKS?
 When the ground moves, Rock layers at the surface of
the earth are broken, twisted and shaken.
 Land is destroyed in many places and created in other
places.
 When the land is shaped by Endogenic Forces we
call this ENDOGENIC PROCESSES.

5. THE MAIN ENDOGENIC PROCESS
 The Main Endogenic Processes are FOLDING &
FAULTING or Tectonic Movements.
 They take place mainly along the plate boundaries, which
are the zones that are not stable.
 Endogenic processes cause many major landform features.

6. FOLDING
 When two forces push towards each other from opposite sides, the
rock layers will bend into folds.
 The process by which folds are formed are due to compressional
forces known as folding.
 There are large-scale and small-scale folds. Large- scale folds are
found mainly along destructive plate boundaries.

7. ILLUSTRATION: FOLDING

8. FOLDING

9. FAULTING
 Faulting is the fracturing and displacement of more brittle rock strata
along a fault plane either caused by tension or compression.
 A break in rock along which a vertical or horizontal rock movement
has occurred is called a fault.
 The process of forming a fault is faulting.
 The line of fault which appears on land surface is known as fault
line.
 These lines are often lines of weakness which allow molten rock to
rise up onto the earth surface when there is active volcanic activity
nearby.

10. TYPES OF FAULTING
 There are three types of fault which are caused by
different endogenic forces:
 Normal fault (Convergence)
 Reverse fault (Divergence)
 Tear fault (Transform)
 Faulting forms two major landforms - block
mountains and rift valleys.

11. ILLUSTRATION OF FAULTING

12. OTHER ENDOGENIC PROCESS (SUBSEQUENT)
These are Endogenic Processes that are subsequent to the main
ones.
 Volcanism (Volcanic Activity)
 Metamorphism
 Earthquake (Seismic Activity)

13. VOLCANISM
 VOLCANISM or magmatism (also known as volcanic activity or igneous
activity)
 Magma beneath the crust is under very great pressure. When folding
faulting occur, cracks or fractures which are lines of weakness are
created.
 When these lines of weakness develop downward in the crust and
the magma, they will release the pressure in the magma.
 This allows magma to rise up along the lines of weakness and intrude
into the crust. Some magma may even reach the earth's surface and
some don’t.

14. ILLUSTRATION OF VOLCANISM
 There are two types of
Volcanism: Intrusive
volcanism and
Extrusive volcanism.

15. RESULT OF VOLCANISM

16. METAMORPHISM
 Metamorphism is an endogenic process which occurs when
there is pressure and heat applied to geologic structures
which leads to the formation of Metamorphic Rocks.

17. ILLUSTRATION OF METAMORPHISM

18. RESULT OF METAMORPHISM

19. GRADING
METAMOPRHIC
ROCK

20. EARTHQUAKES
 An Earthquake or (Seismic Activity) is a sudden shaking or vibration
in the earth’s crust.
 When plates suddenly move past each other, the built-up strain is
released along the fault, and the rock fractures.
 An earthquake also can be triggered by molten rock moving up into
the chamber of a volcano before eruption.

21. ILLUSTRATION OF EARTHQUAKE

22. IMPORTANT DETAILS
 Endogenic Processes are Processes that is formed or occurring beneath the
surface of the Earth.
 The Main Endogenic Processes are Folding and Faulting (or tectonic
movements).
 The Subsequent Endogenic Processes are Volcanism,
Metamorphism, and Earthquakes.
 Endogenic processes cause many major landform features.
 Endogenic processes have been responsible for shaping the earth’s geologic
structures and the formation of many of the most important mineral resources.

23. EXOGENIC PROCESSES

24. EXOGENIC PROCESSES OR DENUDATION
Refers to activities or phenomena that occur on the Earth’s surface.
It is considered as destructive and are responsible for degradation and
sculpting the Earth’s surface.

25. TYPES OF EXOGENIC PROCESSES
WEATHERING
EROSION
MASS WASTING
SEDIMENTATION

26. WEATHERING
The process that breaks down rock into smaller pieces.
 The physical weathering happens when rock is physically broken into
smaller pieces.

27. FACTORS THAT AFFECT PHYSICAL WEATHERING
1. ICE WEDGING ~> H2O seeps in rock, expands, crack rocks into smaller pieces.
2. RELEASE OF PRESSURE ~> Surface rock erodes, rock flakes like onion layers.
3. GROWTH OF PLANTS ~> Roots grow into cracks and push rocks apart.
4. ANIMALS ~> Burrow and push apart rock.
5. ABRASION ~> Sand and rock carried by wind, water, ice wears away surface rock when
rocks collide. Most common in windy areas

28. The chemical weathering is the process of breaking down
rock through chemical changes.

29. FACTORS THAT AFFECT CHEMICAL WEATHERING
1. WA
TER ~> Water dissolves rock chemically.
2. OXYGEN ~> Rocks that has iron in it mixes with oxygen and rusts.
3. CARBON DIOXIDE ~> CO2 dissolves in rainwater and weathers marble and limestone.
4. LIVING ORGANISMS ~> Acids from plants and roots chemically weather rock.
5. ACID RAIN ~> Air pollution reacts with clouds and falls on rock as acid rain.

31. EROSION BY WATER
EROSION BY GRAVITY
Erosion by water changes the shape
of coastlines. Waves constantly
crash against shores. They pound
rocks into pebbles and reduce
pebbles to sand. Water sometimes
takes sand away from beaches. This
moves the coastline farther inland.
EROSION BY ICE
Erosion by ice can erode the land. In
frigid areas and on some
mountaintops, glaciers move slowly
downhill and across the land. As they
move, they pick up everything in their
path, from tiny grains of sand to huge
boulders.
EROSION BY WIND
Gravity pulls any loose bits down the
side of a hill or mountain. Gravity
Erosion is better known as Mass
Movement.
Erosion by wind carries dust, sand,
and volcanic ash from one place to
another. Wind can sometimes blow
sand into towering dunes.

32. RESULT OF EROSION

33. WEATHERING VS. EROSION
(EROSION BEGINS WITH A PROCESS CALLED
WEATHERING)

34. ADDITIONAL INFO (WEATHERING & EROSION)
 REGOLITH - When weathered rock remains in place and remains in its
pure state.
 SEDIMENT - When weathered material is removed from the site of
weathering.
 MOVING WA
TER - It is the main agent of erosion.
 PEOPLE - Nowadays, people became one of the causes of erosion.
 WEA
THERING AND EROSION - Weathered rock material will be removed
from its original site and transported away by a natural agent.

35. It is a natural process in which a material is carried to the bottom
of bodies of water and forms to solid.
SEDIMENTATION

36. Mass wasting is the movement of rock, soil and regolith
downward due to the action of gravity.
MASS WASTING

37. FACTORS THAT TRIGGERED the MASS WASTING
WATER EARTHQUAKE
Rainwater adds weight
and acts as a lubricant to
weathered material.
It is a vibration and also a
factor that triggers mass
wasting.
The lack of vegetation
cover to hold the loose
particles.
VEGETATION
REMOVAL
OVER-STEEPENED
SLOPE
Rapid movements are
commonly found in steep
slopes while slow
movements are found on
gentle slopes.

38. CLASSIFICATION OF MASS WASTING
SLUMP
A slump is a type of mass wasting that results in the
sliding of coherent rock materials along a curved
surface
SOLIFUCTION
The solifluction is the slow downhill
flow of soil.

39. CLASSIFICATION OF MASS WASTING
EARTHFLOW MUDFLOW
Earthflow is a downslope viscous flow of fine-
grained materials that have been saturated
water and moves under the pull of gravity
.
Mudflow occurs when mud travels down a
slope very quickly.

40. CLASSIFICATION OF MASS WASTING
DEBRIS SLIDE DEBRIS FLOW
A debris slide is a type of slide characterized by
the chaotic movement of rocks, soil, and debris
mixed with water and/or ice.
A debris flow is moving mass of loose mud, sand,
soil, rock, water and air that travels down a slope
under the influence of gravity

41. CLASSIFICATION OF MASS WASTING
ROCK FLOW SOIL CREEP
A Rock flow occurswhenpiecesofrockbreakloosefrom
asteeprockfaceorcliff..
Soil creep is a slow, gradual movement of soil or
regolith downhill over time