4 4 Deformation
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The document discusses how stress deforms and shapes the Earth's crust through folding, faulting, and other tectonic processes. It describes the three main types of folds and faults, and how convergent, divergent, and strike-slip boundaries each produce different styles of deformation. Various mountain-building processes are also summarized, including folded mountains, fault-block mountains, and volcanic mountains formed at plate boundaries.
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1) A fault is a fracture along which blocks of rock have been displaced relative to each other due to tectonic forces. The displacement can range from less than a meter to kilometers.
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2. Studying folds provides important information about the nature of deformation, tectonic stresses, and orientations of forces that acted in the past. Folds also have economic significance as they can trap hydrocarbons and concentrate valuable minerals.
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This document discusses key aspects of volcanism including:
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- Most volcanoes occur at plate boundaries like divergent and convergent margins.
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Lineations are genetically related to the foliation planes on which they occur, particularly where both are shaped by mineral orientations. Therefore, the planar and linear fabrics are both together aspects of the same three-dimensional geometry, which is related to the shape of the finite strain ellipsoid or,
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Plate tectonics involves the constant motion of the Earth's crustal plates, which are divided into pieces and driven by geological forces. Some geologists believe convection currents in the mantle best explain plate movements, as heat from the core creates currents that cause magma to rise and spread beneath plates, dragging them apart, before cooling and sinking and dragging plates together in a continuous cycle of convection. Plates move by diverging, converging, or sliding past one another at different boundary types.
Endogenic influences on geomorphic landscapes
This document discusses endogenic processes and their influence on geomorphic landscapes. Endogenic processes are forces that occur beneath the Earth's surface, such as plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanism. These processes create different types of landforms at plate boundaries and through tectonic activity. Examples include fault scarps, horsts, and grabens at convergent boundaries, and rift valleys and volcanic islands at divergent boundaries.
earth movements Endogenic forces
This document summarizes different types of earth movements caused by endogenic forces. It describes sudden forces and diastrophic or slow forces, which include epeirogenic and orogenic movements. Epeirogenic forces cause upward or downward continental movements, while orogenic forces are horizontal and cause mountain building through compression or tension. Various types of geological structures like folds, faults, and warping result from these horizontal compressional and tensional forces. Folds can be symmetrical, asymmetrical, monoclinal, isoclinal, recumbent, overturned, or plunge folds. Faults displace crustal rocks and include normal, reverse, lateral, and step faults.
Exogenic Processes
Exogenic processes refer to activities that occur on Earth's surface, including weathering, soil formation, and erosion. Weathering breaks down rocks through mechanical or chemical means, reducing their size and preparing materials for transport. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks down physically by forces like wind, water, and gravity, while chemical weathering involves reactions with substances like water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen that alter the rocks' composition. Erosion then transports weathered materials from one place to another using natural elements such as moving water, wind, gravity, and animals. Over time, this leads to the formation of soil in areas with suitable conditions.
Endogenic processes - The Process Within
Geologic processes that shape the planet Earth, which occurs beneath the surface and associated with Interior forces. Download this so you can see some animations and some hidden images behind some pictures.
Movement Of The Earth’S Crust
The document discusses the movement and deformation of Earth's crust caused by stress from forces pushing and pulling on it. There are different types of stress including compression, tension, shearing, and fracture which cause the crust to break, tilt, fold, or move along faults. Over millions of years, the movement of faults and folding of rocks can build up mountains and other landforms as tectonic plates interact.
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Mountains form through various geological processes such as folding, faulting, and flow of rocks under stress. Factors like temperature, pressure, rock type, and time influence how rocks deform. Rocks near the surface deform through brittle fracturing while deeper rocks undergo ductile flow. Stresses like tension, compression, and shear cause folding, thrust faulting, and strike-slip faulting. Folded, fault-block, and volcanic mountains form at plate boundaries through convergence and divergence, while some non-plate boundary mountains result from accretion and isostatic adjustment.
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Rocks experience different types of stress that cause deformation. The three main types of stress are tension, compression, and shear. Tension causes rocks to pull apart and break, compression squeezes rocks together causing folding or fracturing, and shear stress causes slippage when forces slide past each other in opposite directions. These stresses result in the formation of geologic structures like folds, including anticlines and synclines, and faults, such as normal, reverse, and strike-slip faults.
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4 4 Deformation
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