The document discusses emerging viruses and contributions from group members. Momina Aamir introduces viruses in new host species like bunyaviruses and paramyxoviruses. Nimra Zafar discusses viruses in new areas such as the West Nile virus and bluetongue virus. Maria Jameel covers viruses in new host species and areas including filoviruses, monkeypox virus, and Ebola virus. Enam Ullah introduces new viruses such as SARS coronavirus and new strains of influenza A virus. Muhammad Mubashar Noor will discuss emerging viruses and dealing with outbreaks.

1. EMERGING
VIRUSES

2. Group Members
• Momina Aamir
• Nimra Zafar
• Maria Jameel
• Enam Ullah
• Muhammad Mubashar Noor

3. Contribution of Group Members
Momina Aamir Introduction Viruses in new
host species
Bunyaviruses
Nimra Zafar Viruses in new
areas
West Nile virus Bluetongue virus
Maria Jameel Viruses in new
host species and
in new areas
Filoviruses Monkeypox
virus
Enam Ullah New Viruses SARS
Coronavirus
New strain of
influenza A virus
Muhammad
Mubashar Noor
Emerging
viruses
Bioterrorism Dealing with
outbreaks

4. Duration: 95 min Middle School Grade: 6 - 8 CCSS, NGSS
Momina Aamir
04051813020
Emerging Viruses

5. Emerging viruses
• Emerging virus - causative agent of
a new or previously unrecognized
infection
• A virus that has recently appeared
within a population or whose
incidence or geographic range is
rapidly increasing or threatens to
increase in the near future.
• It causes new diseases, new
problems and new threats
• e.g., Ebola, corona viruses
Momina Aamir 1

6. Emerging infections:
For an emerging virus to become established
at least two events must occur
• Introduction of the virus into new
vulnerable population by emerging from
environment , another host species or
variants of existing human infections.
• Establishment and dissemination within the
new host population. the agent must have
the ability to spread readily from person-to-
person and cause disease, sustain itself
within the population.
Momina Aamir 2

7. Viruses in new host species

8. Bunyaviruses
Hanta viruses:
• History of emergence
In 1993 in south western region of US , Four
corners some residents became infected with
influenza resembling illness many developed a
severe lung disease and died.
The region is normally dry but because of
unexpected heavy rainfall and snowfall, there
was tremendous burst in plant growth. Some
local small mammals, also got increased in
population.
One of them was deer mouse, a mammal that is
attracted to human habitats.
Momina Aamir 3

9. Bunyaviruses
• Investigation:
deer mouse were infected by a virus, excreted
in their urine, droppings and saliva.
Humans on exposure to these materials,
became infected and developed a respiratory
disease.
The virus was characterized as a new Hanta
virus and the disease was called Hanta
pulmonary syndrome (HPS).
Named after Hantan river in Korea , it caused
hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS).
Similar viruses are also present in Asia and
Europe.
• Fatality rate:
It causes a rare disease but is frequently fatal,
possessing a 50% mortality rate In North
America
Momina Aamir 4

10. Hanta virus
• Nomenclature
Local people didn’t want to name it after
four corners as it would affect their tourism.
So, it was named Sin Nombre virus (SNV),
(the virus with no name) Spanish
• Characteristics:
Genome: ssRNA , circular genome because
of base pairing at the ends.
Capsid symmetry: helical
Enveloped virion
Momina Aamir 5

11. Paramyxoviruses
Hendra virus:
• Emergence History:
In 1994, at Hendra in south-east
Australia an outbreak of pneumonia in
horses was reported.
a trainer and a stable hand developed
severe respiratory diseases.
They were infected with a virus, the
isolated virus was previously unknown
13 horses and the trainer died of
infection. The virus was named as
Hendra virus.
Momina Aamir 6

12. Hendra virus:
• Emergence History:
A few years later, a man living close to
Hendra developed seizures and paralysis.
 He was infected with Hendra virus and died
from meningoencephalitis. investigation
showed, he had helped in the postmortem
of 2 horses, 13 months earlier.
Tissue from those horses was preserved,
upon examination it turned out to be
infected with Hendra.
• Fatality rate
Infection is rare, the case fatality is high:
4/7 (57%).
Momina Aamir 7

13. Hendra virus
• Genome: ssRNA (minus strand)
• Capsid: helical
• Enveloped virion
Momina Aamir 8

14. Transmission
Momina Aamir 9

15. Duration: 95 min Middle School Grade: 6 - 8 CCSS, NGSS
Nimra Zafar
04051813004
Viruses in new areas

16. West Nile Outbreak
West Nile virus is an arthropod borne virus (arbovirus) is
most commonly spread by infected mosquitoes.West line
virus can cause febrile illness,encephalitis or meningitis.
In 1937,west nile virus
was first identified in
africa
In 1984 it
outbroke in
Algeria.
In 1986,a large
outbreak in Romania.
In 1999,the first case was detected
in New York City.
Over the next five years,the virus
spread the across the continental United
States,north into canada and southward
into the caribbean island and Latin
America.
Nimra Zafar
10

17. 70% • No symptoms conditions
20%
• West Nile Virus
• Fever, Headache, Fatigue, nausea
,vomiting ,skin rash.
1%
• West Nile Encephalitis
• High fever severe headache, stiff
neck disorientation ,stupor
coma, tremors, muscle weakness
Sign and symptoms
Nimra Zafar 11

18. West Nile virus
West Nile Virus (WNV) can
cause neurological disease
and death in people.
WNV is commonly found in
Africa, Europe, the Middle East,
North America and West Asia.
WNV is maintained in nature in
a cycle involving transmission
between birds and mosquitoes.
Humans, horses and other
mammals can be infected.
West Nile Virus (WNV) is a
member of
the flavivirus genus.
Belongs to the Japanese
encephalitis antigenic
complex of the
family Flaviviridae.
The genome in positive
sense single stranded RNA
Envelop: virions
Capsid symmetry:
icosahedral
Nimra Zafar 12

19. Bluetongue virus
Bluetongue is a non-contagious, insect-borne,
viral disease of ruminants. Bluetongue virus
(BTV) belongs to the genus Orbivirus in the
family Reoviridae. There are 24 serotypes
identified worldwide, six of which have been
isolated in the U.S. Bluetongue primarily affects
sheep and wild ruminants, with asymptomatic
infections occurring in cattle, goats, deer, and
carnivores. This disease can result in significant
morbidity.
● First described in South Africa
Broad distribution worldwide
● Mediterranean outbreak, 1997-2002
Nimra Zafar
13

20. BTV Virus Spread
All ruminant's species susceptible to infection.
with BTV.
The virus is spread by infected midges.
The species that are infected with BTV, some of
the breeds of sheep and deer die while some
ends up with severe disease.
The symptoms of infected animals might
include the swollen tongue and change in
color.
The virus transfer between ruminant and midge in the
genus Culicoides species and the transmission is
restricted when midges after active.
Nimra Zafar
14

21. symptoms
Ulcers in around the mouth.
Mucous discharge from the nose and mouth.
Swelling of the head, neck, mouth sometimes ears.
Swelling of the skin where the legs meet top of the hooves known as the coronary band.
Swelling and the blush discoloration of the gums, lips and tongue.
Crusting around the nose and mouth.
Nimra Zafar
15

22. Mortality and Morbidity Risk factor
Sheep
Severity of disease varies with breed ,strain of virus,
environmental stress
Morbidity as high as 100%
Mortality usually 0 to 30%
Cattle, goats
Morbidity upto 5%
Mortality low
MONSOO
N
Poor
flock
nutrition
High
parasitic
burden
Lack of
affordabl
e
Veterinar
y care
Poor
immunog
enicity of
the
inactivate
d
vaccines.
Nimra Zafar
16

23. Bluetongue Virus ( BTV)
Outbreak
1881 first
describe in
south Africa
1933 it was first
diagnose in
cattle
1964 the disease
was first report
in India
1974
1981 was
widely spread in
southern India
1986-1995 the
disease was
recorded where
258 outbreak
recorded
1997-1998
cause the death
of 30,000 sheep
and goats
2004-2008 the
mortality and
mobility was
highly prone to
bluetongue with
a high mortality
rate.
Nimra Zafar
17

24. Duration: 95 min Middle School Grade: 6 - 8 CCSS, NGSS
Viruses in new host
species and in new areas
Maria Jameel
04051813032

25. Filoviruses:
Maria Jameel 18
Filovirus, virus
belonging to the
family filoviridae are
filamentous viruses
within the order
Mononegavirales.
Genome
• Linear
• Negative strand
RNA virus
• Non segmented.
Capsid
• Enveloped
• Helical symmetry

26. • Filoviridae consists of two genera :
1). Marburg virus
2). Ebola virus
 Marburg virus:
• It was first identified in 1967 during epidemics in
laboratories in Marburg and Frankfurt in Germany and
Belgrade in the former Yugoslavia from importation of
infected monkeys from Uganda for research and to
prepare polio vaccine. A virus was isolated from blood
and tissues of guinea pigs and cell cultures.
• A total of 31 people have been affected. Among them
seven deaths have been reported.
Maria Jameel 19

27. Marburg virus:
Maria Jameel 20
The virus was
named Marburg
virus after the
city in which it
was first
characterized
Out breaks and
sporadic cases
have been
reported in
Angola, Kenya,
South Africa,
Democratic
Republic of the
Congo.
The largest
outbreak
occurred in 2005
in Angola, and
involved 374
cases, including
329 deaths.
It causes a severe
and highly fatal
hemorrhagic
fever in humans.
It affects both
humans and
nonhuman
primates. It is
zoonotic virus.

28. Transmission
Transmission of virus from person
to person requires close contact
with an infected patient. Contact
with blood or other bodily fluids
transmits the virus.
Sexual transmission of the virus
can occur and may remain in semen
for up to 7 weeks after clinical
recovery.
Maria Jameel 21

29. Ebola virus :
• Ebola virus were discovered in 1976 with occurrence of
two severe epidemics of hemorrhagic fever in Sudan and in
Africa near the River Ebola in the Democratic Republic of
Congo.
• It cause a disease known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever
marked by fever and internal bleeding.
• In Sudan during first out break it infected 284 people and a
second was recorded in 1979 with 34 cases.
• In Congo during first out break it infected 318 people, in
1995 with 315 cases. In 2007 infected 372 people involving
166 deaths.
• The average case fatality rate is around 50%. Case fatality
rates have varied from 25% to 90% in past outbreaks.
Maria Jameel 22

30. Ebola virus:
The 2014–2016
outbreak in West Africa
was the largest Ebola
outbreak since the virus
was first discovered in
1976. The current 2018-
2019 outbreak in eastern
DRC is highly complex.
Maria Jameel 23

31. Monkey pox virus:
• It is member of family Poxviridae , genus
Orthopoxvirus.
• It is 200 to 250 nm brick-shaped enveloped virus.
The genome consists of linear double-stranded DNA.
• It causes a disease known as monkey pox. It can be
fatal in up to 10% of cases. Monkey pox virus was
discovered in 1958 when two outbreaks of a pox-like
disease occurred, although the disease in monkeys
was described in 1860. The disease was named
monkey pox because the lesions (pox) seen in
monkeys.
• The virus was sustained endemically in African
rodents.
• The first human case of monkeypox was recorded in
1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Maria Jameel 24

32. In 2017, an outbreak
of monkeypox
began in Nigeria
with 89 reported
cases and six
deaths.
Then virus spread
to 11 states and 74
suspected
individuals were
affected.
Maria Jameel 25

33. Duration: 95 min Middle School Grade: 6 - 8 CCSS, NGSS
New Viruses
Enam Ullah
09052013004

34. New Viruses
• A new virus is defined as the
appearance, identification of
a new virus for a host.
The example of new viruses
include
• SARS Coronavirus
• New strain of Influenza A virus
Enam Ullah 26

35. SARS coronavirus
• In 2002 human respiratory disease
emerged in southern China. The
following year one of the doctor who had
been treated patient traveled to Hong
Kong where he became ill and died.
Signs and symptoms
• Fever
• Aching muscles
• Sore throat
• Cough and shortness of breath
• Respiratory disease
• Diarrhoea
Enam Ullah 27

36. Enam Ullah 28

37. Spread of SARS
• Mammalian to Human species
It is likely that the corona virus have repeatedly crossed into humans from other
mammalian species.
• Human to human transmission
Weak human to human transmission.
The outbreak was brought Under control by quarantine measure but only after there had
been over 8000 cases with nearly 800 death
Enam Ullah 29

38. New strain of influenza A virus
• The family Orthomyxoviridae include the influenza A virus. The virion have two species of surface
glycoprotein :a haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) . There are 16 types of H antigen and nine type of
N antigen. Time to time a virus emerge with a new combination of H and N gene formed by reassortment.
• The host influenza A virus are principally bird that frequently aquatic habitat.
• Infection with most virus strain few are no sign of disease some strain are highly pathogenic and kill their
avian host. The virus spread to new area when birds migrate.
• Some influenza A virus infect mammalian species including pigs ,horses and human the respiratory tract is
the main site of virus replication. Normally human are infected only with virus have H type 1,2,3 and N type 1
or 2. Patients are commonly very ill and some die either direct result of virus infection or indirectly secondary
pathogens which are able to infect as a result of damage to respiratory epithelium.
Enam Ullah 30

39. Avian strain
• Some avian strain of influenza A virus
can be highly pathogenic in bird can be
transmitted from wild bird to domestic
poultry and can be transmitted to
human.
• This was the situation in Hong Kong
1997 when H5N1 virus can cause of an
outbreak of serious disease in poultry .
• Eighteen people also infected and with
virus and Six of them died.
Enam Ullah 31

40. Spread of virus
• In Asian countries 2003,in Europe 2005 in
Africa 2006 H5N1 viruses appeared
• Million of ducks, chickens and turkeys died
from disease were slaughtered.
• H5N1 also infected human.
• At about the same time H9N2 virus
emerged in Asia causing disease in poultry
with some transmission to humans.
• Little or no human to human transmission.
• Avian influenza viruses appear human to
human transmission. H5N1 viruses have
also infected other mammalian species.
Enam Ullah 32

41. Duration: 95 min Middle School Grade: 6 - 8 CCSS, NGSS
Re-emerging Viruses
Muhammad Mubashar Noor
04051813035

42. Re-emerging Viruses
• Re-emerging viruses are those that once were major health problems
globally or in a particular country, and then declined, but are again
becoming health problems for a significant proportion of the population.
• There are many complex reasons for the increase in re-emergence.
• The main factors that contribute to the re emergence of viruses are
1. Virus evolution and adaptation
2. Human factors
3. Ecological changes.
Muhammad Mubashar Noor 33

43. Muhammad Mubashar Noor 34

44. Re-emerging
Viruses
• Measles and Mumps
Until the late 1990s the cases of measles and mumps had
been declined as a result of widespread uptake of the measles, mumps
and rubella vaccine.
But measles and mumps began to re-emerge.
Muhammad Mubashar Noor 35

45. Bioterrorism
Bioterrorism is terrorism involving the
intentional release or dissemination of
biological agents.
The target for a terrorist attack with a viral
agent can range from humans to animals and
plants.
Viral agents are prone to genetic variation and
mutation and can be manipulated or created in
the laboratory.
Muhammad Mubashar Noor 36

46. History of Bioterrorism
• The use of viral agents for biological warfare has a long history.
In the 16th century, the Spanish explorer presented the indigenous peoples of South
America with variola-contaminated clothing, which resulted in widespread epidemics of
smallpox.
During the French and Indian War (1745–67), the commander of the British forces in
North America, suggested the deliberate use of smallpox to “reduce” Native American
tribes hostile to the British.
In 1775, during the Revolutionary War, the British attempted to spread smallpox among
the Continental forces by inoculating (variolation) civilians fleeing Boston.
Muhammad Mubashar Noor 37

47. Resources for the
diagnosis, research and
treatment of infectious
diseases must be available
Slaughtering of animals that
are infected and those that
have been in contact with
infected animals
Use of mask, protective
clothing, face shields
Medical staff, veterinary
staff and other personnel
staff dealing with infected
patients with high-risk
viruses must take
precautions
Eat proper healthy food
Infected patients and their
contacts must be quarantined
Dealing With
Outbreaks
Muhammad Mubashar Noor 38

48. References
• CDC - Hantavirus. (2020, september 9). Retrieved from Cdc.gov:
https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/index.html
• Hendra Virus Disease (HeV) . (n.d.). Retrieved from Cdc.gov:
https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/hendra/pdf/factsheet.pdf
• McManimen, S. L. (2017). https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijnn/international-journal-of-neurology-and-
neurotherapy-ijnn-4-066.php?jid=ijnn. International Journal of Neurology and Neurotherapy, 4(1).
• Viruses and Bioterrorism, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States, S.A.
Morse,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States R.F. Meyer
• Reasons for the increase in emerging and re-emerging viral infectious diseases, Eric Ka-Wai Hui Published
online 2006 Jan 6
• Measles: An Overview of a Re-Emerging Disease in Children and Immunocompromised Patients , Andrea
Misin, Roberta Maria Antonello, Stefano Di Bella, Giuseppina Campisciano, Nunzia Zanotta, Daniele Roberto
Giacobbe Manola Comar, and Roberto Luzzati ,Published online 2020 Feb 18