Compiled while the recent outbreak of this year 2014 is still on. Although labeled as Ebola, includes one or two slide about viral hemorrhagic fevers and some more about Marburg virus as well. Being a budding microbiologist, I have focused on disease, agent and prevention. Statistics up to the date 31.10.2014 included with references. Indian scenario is also considered. Let us all hope that this will be the last update for this presentation.Suggestions are welcome.
The Ebola virus causes an acute, serious illness which is often fatal if untreated. Ebola virus disease (EVD) first appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, one in Nzara, Sudan, and the other in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The latter occurred in a village near the Ebola River, from which the disease takes its name.
The current outbreak in west Africa, (first cases notified in March 2014), is the largest and most complex Ebola outbreak since the Ebola virus was first discovered in 1976. There have been more cases and deaths in this outbreak than all others combined. It has also spread between countries starting in Guinea then spreading across land borders to Sierra Leone and Liberia, by air (1 traveller only) to Nigeria, and by land (1 traveller) to Senegal.
The most severely affected countries, Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia have very weak health systems, lacking human and infrastructural resources, having only recently emerged from long periods of conflict and instability. On August 8, the WHO Director-General declared this outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.
A separate, unrelated Ebola outbreak began in Boende, Equateur, an isolated part of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
The virus family Filoviridae includes 3 genera: Cuevavirus, Marburgvirus, and Ebolavirus. There are 5 species that have been identified: Zaire, Bundibugyo, Sudan, Reston and Taï Forest. The first 3, Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus, and Sudan ebolavirus have been associated with large outbreaks in Africa. The virus causing the 2014 west African outbreak belongs to the Zaire species.
Ebola virus disease (EVD; also Ebola hemorrhagic fever, or EHF), or simply Ebola, is a disease of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Ebola virus disease is a serious illness that originated in Africa, where there is currently an outbreak
The Ebola virus causes an acute, serious illness which is often fatal if untreated. Ebola virus disease (EVD) first appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, one in Nzara, Sudan, and the other in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The latter occurred in a village near the Ebola River, from which the disease takes its name.
The current outbreak in west Africa, (first cases notified in March 2014), is the largest and most complex Ebola outbreak since the Ebola virus was first discovered in 1976. There have been more cases and deaths in this outbreak than all others combined. It has also spread between countries starting in Guinea then spreading across land borders to Sierra Leone and Liberia, by air (1 traveller only) to Nigeria, and by land (1 traveller) to Senegal.
The most severely affected countries, Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia have very weak health systems, lacking human and infrastructural resources, having only recently emerged from long periods of conflict and instability. On August 8, the WHO Director-General declared this outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.
A separate, unrelated Ebola outbreak began in Boende, Equateur, an isolated part of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
The virus family Filoviridae includes 3 genera: Cuevavirus, Marburgvirus, and Ebolavirus. There are 5 species that have been identified: Zaire, Bundibugyo, Sudan, Reston and Taï Forest. The first 3, Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus, and Sudan ebolavirus have been associated with large outbreaks in Africa. The virus causing the 2014 west African outbreak belongs to the Zaire species.
Ebola virus disease (EVD; also Ebola hemorrhagic fever, or EHF), or simply Ebola, is a disease of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Ebola virus disease is a serious illness that originated in Africa, where there is currently an outbreak
Ebola virus (Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever) by S Shivani Shastrulagari shivani shastrulagari
WHAT IS EBOLA?
Ebola is the most lethal virus known to man.
Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a very contagious illness that is often fatal in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees).
In the absence of effective treatment and a human vaccine, raising awareness of the risk factors for Ebola infection and the protective measures individuals can take is the only way to reduce human infection and death.
Just a short update to bring awareness to health care professionals of the monkeypox virus dilemma in 2022,and to inform professionals in Nigeria to be alert as to make diagnosis and inform appropriate authorities. Also, to alert of some of the impediments we face in the undeveloped world in measures against viral infections.
Ebola virus (Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever) by S Shivani Shastrulagari shivani shastrulagari
WHAT IS EBOLA?
Ebola is the most lethal virus known to man.
Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a very contagious illness that is often fatal in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees).
In the absence of effective treatment and a human vaccine, raising awareness of the risk factors for Ebola infection and the protective measures individuals can take is the only way to reduce human infection and death.
Just a short update to bring awareness to health care professionals of the monkeypox virus dilemma in 2022,and to inform professionals in Nigeria to be alert as to make diagnosis and inform appropriate authorities. Also, to alert of some of the impediments we face in the undeveloped world in measures against viral infections.
Ebola outbreak instigates all scientists and researchers to make a detailed study and provide some solutions for the discovery of a cure for human welfare. This presentation is such an attempt trying to make a difference in the research and development of Ebola virus disease
a brief study on recent outbreaks in africa that is a deadly virus ebola consisting of its structure, epidemiology, statistical data, pathophysiology, microbiology, clinical features, management, precautions by cdc & WHO, biosafety measures.
Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a severe, often fatal illness in humans.
EVD outbreaks have a case fatality rate of up to 90%.
EVD outbreaks occur primarily in remote villages in Central and West Africa, near tropical rainforests.
The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission.
Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are considered to be the natural host of the Ebola virus.
Severely ill patients require intensive supportive care. No licensed specific treatment or vaccine is available for use in people or animals.
Since Mars was discovered, mankind has been interested in this planet. Many people find that saving humanity depends on the colonization of the Red Planet. Here are 10 interesting facts about the Mars.
The role and importance of social media in science Jari Laru
The role and importance of social media in science presentation in the course: 920001J - Introduction to Doctoral Training (1 ECTS credit). UNIOGS, University of Oulu, Finland.
Ebola Outbreak in Liberia : August 2014Amit Bhagat
This report is about the Outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) (also known as Ebola Hemmorhagic fever) in Liberia, which occurred mainly in most parts of the West Africa starting from Guinea and reaching to heart of Sierra Leone, Liberia, Nigeria and most other places. EVD is an epidemic disease and also highly infectious. This disease is very severe, rare and deadly, with a fatality rate of approx 90%. There is no such cure or vaccine is present, only some experimental drugs have been using (till date). Thus, many organizations viz WHO, CDC, Red Cross etc are working for prevention and relief of patients to fight against this epidemic disease.
This is a final year project report on Ebola Virus Disease.....
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for more information and materials for the project contact me @ www.facebook.com/abhishekurmate
There are nearly 100 viruses of the herpes group that infect many different animal species.
Official name of herpesviruses that commonly infect human is Humans herpesvirus (HHV)
herpes simplex virus types 1 (HHV 1)
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HHV 2)
Varicella-zoster virus (HHV 3)
Epstein-Barr virus, (HHV 4)
Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5)
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV 6)
Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV 7)
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV 8) (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus).
Herpes B virus of monkeys can also infect humans
hELMINTHS#corona virus#Aspergillosis#BUGANDO#CUHAS#CUHAS#CUHAS
ABSTRACT- Ebola can cause disease in humans and non-human primates like chimpanzees, gorillas, and monkeys). The spring of 2014 has brought a new calamity, the exotic infectious disease: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, which is caused by the highly contagious and pathogenic virus, transmitted directly by interpersonal contact or indirectly by common usage of the objects. The epidemic which occurred in Guinea tended to expand to neighboring countries; 83 deaths have been reported on April 1st 2014. Genetic analysis have revealed that the virus that causes this epidemic is similar in a proportion of 98% to Ebolavirus Zaire (EBOV) species that were responsible for the epidemic in Democratic Republic of Congo, in 2008. The Ebola virus belongs to the Filoviridae family and genus Ebolavirus. Each species of the genus Ebola virus has one member virus, and four of these cause Ebola virus disease (EVD) in humans, a type of hemorrhagic fever having a very high case fatality rate up to 90% in humans. There are five identified Ebola virus species Bundibugyo Ebolavirus (BDBV), Ebolavirus Zaire (EBOV), Reston Ebolavirus (RESTV), Sudan Ebolavirus (SUDV), and Tai Forest Ebolavirus (TAFV). Ebola viruses are present in numerous African countries. The four of the five virus strains occur in an animal host native to Africa. Key-words- Ebola Virus (EBOV), Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs), Emerging Infectious Disease (EID)
Ebola Virus Disease: An Emerging Global Public Health Concernpaperpublications3
Abstract: Ebola virus disease (EVD) formerly known as, Ebola haemorrhagic fever (EHF) is one of the most severe viral HFs often characterized by the sudden onset of fever, intense weakness, muscle pain, headache, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, impaired kidney and liver function, and in some cases, both internal and external bleeding. The 2014 Ebola outbreak is the largest Ebola outbreak in history and the first Ebola outbreak in West Africa affecting multiple countries in West Africa e.g. Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. The current outbreak threatens to spread more and cross the boundaries of West Africa to establish itself in realms of different continents. India is also vulnerable due to its susceptible ecosystem and unprepared health system. Our healthcare systems as well as communities are clearly not sensitised to the extent of the danger this possess, it’s time to take action before it is far too late.
Keyword: Ebola Virus Disease, Outbreak, West Africa, Laboratory Diagnosis, Vaccine, Prevention.
This webinar will focus on what health industry workers should know about the recent outbreak, and what it can all mean for your bottom line. Dr. Stacy Borans will present factual, up-to-date information that cuts through the media hype.
Some key takeaways:
- How Ebola is transmitted
- Who is at the highest risk of contracting
- Treatment and associated treatment costs
- Experimental therapies
1. transmission of ebola virus disease an overviewSuresh Rewar
Ebola is a viral illness of which the initial symptoms can include a sudden fever, intense weakness, muscle pain and a sore throat, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Airborne transmission of Ebola virus has been hypothesized but not demonstrated in humans. Ebola is not spread through the air or by water, or in general, by food. However, in Africa, Ebola may be spread as a result of handling bushmeat (wild animals hunted for food) and contact with infected bats. The disease infects
humans through close contact with infected animals, including chimpanzees, fruit bats, and forest antelope. Ebola virus can be transmitted by direct contact with blood, bodily fluids, or skin of patients with or who died of Ebola virus disease. As of late October 2014, the World Health Organization reported 13,567 suspected cases and 4922 deaths, although the agency believes that this substantially understates the magnitude of the outbreak. Experimental vaccines and treatments for Ebola are under development, but they have not yet been fully tested for safety or effectiveness.
Updated Lecture about Zika virus .
Currently I am working in Arar Central Hospital, Arar city
In Saudi Arabia
Please do not hesitate to contact us if you require any further information.
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Similar to Ebola virus November 2014- A final update? (20)
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
2. This is a group of viral diseases, apparently
zoonotic in nature, with typical hemorrhagic
features caused by viruses belonging to two
families- Arenavirus and Filovirus
Hemorrhagic manifestations can be seen in
other viral diseases also.
Arenavirus and Filovirus have localised
distribution in South America and Africa
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 2
4. Filum- thread
Size- 80 to 800-1000 nm
Two important viruses- Marburg and Ebola
These virus are among the most virulent
pathogens known to infect humans,
categorized under Bio safety level- 4
Both these virus are included in Class A of
Bioterrorism, along with Small pox, Plague etc
and other virus causing hemorrhagic fever
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 4
5. The research on these viruses is still in
primitive condition, mostly due to-
Difficulty in field studies in remote areas
Sudden and unexpected occurrence of cases
Very brief duration of outbreaks
Requirement of High level containment- BSL 4
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 5
6. First observed in 1967 In Marburg, Frankfurt
{Germany} and Belgrade {Yugoslavia} in
Laboratory workers.
Source- African green monkeys from Uganda
Person to person transmission
Fatality rate in primary cases was 30%,
secondary cases were non-fatal
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 6
8. Virus was then grown in tissue culture and
guinea pigs from blood and tissues of patients
Virus appeared to persist in the body and
isolated even after 80 days of onset of illness
from semen and anterior chamber of eye
A case of sexual transmission has also been
recorded
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 8
9. This virus is transmitted by direct contact
- with the blood, body fluids and tissues of
infected persons
Transmission of the Marburg virus also occurs
by handling ill or dead infected wild animals
(monkeys, fruit bats)
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 9
10. In Africa, the Old World fruit bats of the
family Pteropodidae, particularly species
belonging to the genus Rousettus aegyptiacus are
considered natural hosts for Marburg virus.
There is no apparent disease in the fruit bats
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 10
11. (formerly known as Marburg haemorrhagic
fever)
A severe and highly fatal disease
Rare, but have a capacity to cause dramatic
outbreaks with high fatality.
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 11
13. Illness begins abruptly, with severe headache
and severe malaise
Many patients develop severe haemorrhagic
manifestations between days 5 and 7
fatal cases usually have some form of bleeding,
often from multiple sites
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 13
14. After the first appearance, Marburg virus again
appeared in 1975 in South africa [3 cases]
And In 1980 in Kenya [2 cases]
And then in the Democratic Republic of Congo
from 1998-2000 and the outbreak in Angola in
2005, both having 80% fatality
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 14
15. Marburg virus infections can be diagnosed
definitively only in laboratories, by
•enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA);
•antigen detection tests;
•serum neutralization test;
•reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
(RT-PCR) assay
•virus isolation by cell culture.
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 15
16. No specific antiviral treatment or vaccine is
available.
The predominant treatment is general
supportive therapy
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 16
17. Avoid pigs becoming infected through contact
with fruit bats
Reducing the risk of bat-to-human
transmission by wearing gloves and other
appropriate protective clothing
avoid any exposure to blood and body fluids
and to direct unprotected contact with possibly
contaminated environment
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 17
18. Samples taken from suspected human and
animal Marburg cases for diagnosis should be
handled by trained staff and processed in
suitably equipped laboratories
People who have died from Marburg should be
promptly and safely buried.
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 18
19. Morphologically similar to Marburg virus but
antigenically different
First cases noticed in 1976, in Sudan and Zaire
[Democratic Republic Of Congo] beside Ebola
river
Reservoir of virus or natural course of this
virus are still unclear but Fruit bats of the
Pteropodidae family are considered to be the
natural host of the Ebola virus
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 19
20. Species name Virus name (Abbreviation)
Bundibugyo ebolavirus Bundibugyo virus (BDBV;
previously BEBOV)
Reston ebolavirus Reston virus (RESTV;
previously REBOV)
Sudan ebolavirus Sudan virus (SUDV;
previously SEBOV)
Taï Forest ebolavirus Taï Forest virus (TAFV;
previously CIEBOV)
Zaire ebolavirus Ebola virus (EBOV;
previously ZEBOV)
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 20
22. Ebola virus disease (formerly known as Ebola
haemorrhagic fever) is a severe, often fatal
illness, with a case fatality rate of up to 90%
one of the world’s most virulent diseases
Mode of transmission- by direct contact with
the blood, body fluids and tissues of infected
animals or people
Severely ill patients require intensive
supportive care
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 22
23. High risk group- health workers, family
members and others in close contact with sick
people and deceased patients.
Ebola virus disease outbreaks can devastate
families and communities, but the infection can
be controlled through appropriate protective
measures
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 23
24. Fever (greater than 38.6°C or 101.5°F)
Severe headache
Muscle pain
Weakness
Diarrhea
Vomiting
Abdominal (stomach) pain
Lack of appetite
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 24
26. Symptoms may appear anywhere from 2 to 21
days after exposure to ebolavirus, although 8-
10 days is most common.
Some who become sick with Ebola are able to
recover. However, patients who die usually
have not developed a significant immune
response to the virus at the time of death.
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 26
27. Endothelial cells, mononuclear phagocytes and
hepatocytes are the main targets of infection
After infection, a secreted glycoprotein (sGP)
known as the Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP) is
synthesized
Ebola replication overwhelms protein synthesis
of infected cells and host immune defenses.
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 27
28. The virus then binds to the endothelial cells
lining the interior surface of blood vessels
These white blood cells also serve as carriers to
transport the virus throughout the entire body
to places such as the lymph nodes, liver, lungs,
and spleen.
Fever and inflammation ensues
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 28
29. The cytopathic effect,
from infection in the
endothelial cells,
results in a loss of
vascular integrity
And damage to the
liver leads to
coagulopathy
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 29
31. The 2014 Ebola outbreak is one of the largest
Ebola outbreaks in history and the first in West
Africa. It has principally affected four countries
in West Africa:
Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Nigeria
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 31
32. The World Health Organization, in partnership
with the Ministries of Health in Guinea, Sierra
Leone, Liberia, and Nigeria reported 13567
suspect cases of EVD, including 7728
laboratory-confirmed cases, and 4960 deaths.
CFR- 64.18 %
Ref: http://www.cdc.gov
updated on 31.10.2014
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 32
33. WHO declared the outbreak an international
public health emergency on 8 August 2014
Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital in New Delhi
has been designated as a treatment centre for
Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) cases in India
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 33
34. Researchers believe that the first human case of
the Ebola virus disease leading to the 2014
outbreak was a 2-year-old boy who died 6
December 2013 in the village of Meliandou,
Guéckédou Prefecture, Guinea. His mother, 3-
year-old sister and grandmother then became
ill with symptoms consistent with Ebola
infection and died. People infected by those
victims spread the disease to other villages.
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 34
35. In Guinea-
total 1667 cases
1409 cases- laboratory confirmed
1018 deaths
In Liberia-
Total 6535 clinical cases
2515 cases laboratory confirmed cases
2413 deaths
Ref: http://www.cdc.gov
updated on 31.10.2014
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 35
36. In Sierra Leone
Total 5338 cases
3778 laboratory-confirmed cases
1510 deaths
In Nigeria-
Total 20 cases
19 laboratory confirmed cases
8 deaths.
Ref: http://www.cdc.gov
updated on 31.10.2014
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 36
39. Country Total Cases
Laboratory
-
Confirmed
Cases
Total
Deaths
Mali 1 1 1
Senegal 1 1 0
Total 2 2 1
Ref: http://www.cdc.gov
updated on 31.10.2014
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 39
40. Country Total Cases
Laboratory
confirmed
Cases
Total
Deaths
Nigeria 20 19 8
Spain 1 1 0
United
States 4 4 1
Total 25 24 9
Ref: http://www.cdc.gov
updated on 31.10.2014
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 40
41. The outbreaks of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in
Senegal and Nigeria were declared over on 17
October and 19 October 2014, respectively. A
national EVD outbreak is considered to be over
when 42 days (double the 21-day incubation
period of the Ebola virus) has elapsed since
the last patient in isolation became laboratory
negative for EVD.
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 41
42. The Guinean Ministry of Health, the Ministry
of Health and Sanitation of Sierra Leone, the
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of
Liberia, and the Nigerian Ministry of Health
worked with national and international
partners to investigate and respond to the
outbreak.
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 42
43. Ebola virus infections can be diagnosed
definitively in a laboratory by
•Antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA)
•Antigen detection tests
•Serum neutralization test
•Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
(RT-PCR) assay
•Electron microscopy
•Virus isolation by cell culture.
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 43
44. No licensed vaccine for EVD is available.
Several vaccines are being tested, but none are
available for clinical use.
Severely ill patients require intensive
supportive care. Patients are frequently
dehydrated and require oral rehydration with
solutions containing electrolytes or intravenous
fluids.
No specific treatment is available. New drug
therapies are being evaluated.
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 44
45. An experimental treatment is a combination or
cocktail of three monoclonal antibodies that is
designed to bind to the protein of the Ebola
virus, neutralizing the virus so it can’t do any
further damage.
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 45
46. Reducing the risk of wildlife-to-human
transmission from contact with infected fruit
bats or monkeys/apes and the consumption of
their raw meat
Animals should be handled with gloves and
other appropriate protective clothing
Animal products (blood and meat) should be
thoroughly cooked before consumption.
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 46
47. Close physical contact with Ebola patients
should be avoided, particularly with their
bodily fluids
Gloves and appropriate personal protective
equipment should be worn when taking care of
ill patients at home
Regular hand washing is required after visiting
patients in hospital, as well as after taking care
of patients at home.
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 47
48. Communities affected by Ebola should inform
the population about the nature of the disease
and about outbreak containment measures,
including burial of the dead
People who have died from Ebola should be
promptly and safely buried
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 48
54. On 21 July, three Dwarka, Delhi residents were
placed under surveillance after WHO
confirmation that one of the passengers on the
flight had tested positive for Ebola; however,
none of the three had shown any symptoms of
the disease
On 8 August, India placed all of its airports on
high alert and stepped up surveillance of all
travellers entering the country from Ebola-affected
regions
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 54
55. From 9 August, passengers coming from Ebola-affected
countries were made to complete a
form before landing; the form had a checklist
for symptoms and asked travelers from West
Africa for information about places visited,
length of stay and other important information.
A 24-hour emergency phone helpline is
functional. Its numbers are (011)-23061469, 3205 and 1302.
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 55
56. The estimated 47,000 Indians in the affected
countries were contacted by area diplomatic
missions and supplied with educational
material about the disease.
No confirmed case of EVD has been reported
from India until now.
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 56
57. This deadly outbreak stirred the whole world
with the grave consequences of so many
deaths.
All we can do is that take all the possible
rational effective measures to contain this
virulent pathogen and treat those who
acquired it, with great care.
Lets hope that this outbreak will end soon as it
did in Senegal and Nigeria.
Wish the best to us all.
11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans 57
58. http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/g
uinea/
http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2
014-west-africa/case-counts.html
http://www.who.int/csr/don/archive/diseas
e/ebola/en/
http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/en/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_West_Afri
ca_Ebola_virus_outbreak#India
Ananthanarayan and Paniker’s Textbook of
Microbiology, University p 11/02/14 Dr. Vaibhav V. Rajhans ress, 9th ed. 58