ELEMENTS OF FAULTS

1. ELEMENTS OF FAULT
GUIDED BY-
Dr. POONAM
BHATNAGAR
PRESENTED BY
SHRUTI JAIN
CLASS- M.Sc.I-SEM
GOVT. HOLKAR SCIENCE
COLLEGE, INDORE (M.P.)

2. INDEX
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS FAULT
ELEMENTS OF FAULT-
 FAULT PLANE , FAULT LINE, FAULT SCRAP
 STRIKE OF FAULTT
 DIP OF FAULT
 DIP DIRECTION OF FAULT
 HANGINGWALL SIDE
 FOOTWALL SIDE
 THROW OF FAULT
 HEAVE OF FAULT
 NET SLIP OF FAULT
 RAKE
 HADE OF FAULT
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
• In geology, a fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a
volume of rock , across which there has been significant
displacement along the fractures as a result of earth
movement.
 There are number of elements of fault- Fault plane , Fault line
 Strike of fault
 Dip of fault
 Dip direction of fault
 Hanging wall side
 Footwall side
 Throw of fault
 Heave of fault
 Net slip of fault
 Rake
 Hade of fault

4. WHAT IS FAULT
• Where there is displacement or where the rock on one side has
moved along the fracture relative to other side , the fracture is
termed a fault.
Fig. Showing
reverse fault.

5. • FAULT PLANE – Fault plane is the planer surface along which
relative displacement of blocks takes place during the process of
faulting. Fault plane may be vertical , inclined & horizontal.
Fig. Showing fault plane,fault line

6. FAULT LINE AND FAULT SCARP
• FAULT LINE – The intersection of the fault with the surface of
the earth known as the fault line .
• It is also know as fault trace and fault outcrops.
• FAULT SCARP-The relative displacement on either side of
the fault line results in an upstanding structure with a steep
side which is called fault scarp.
Fig. Showing fault
scarp, location From
kazakhstan

7. STRIKE OF FAULT
• Strike is the trend of the line formed by intersection of a fault plane
and a horizontal plane , such as the ground surface or a map surface.
Dip is measured in a plane perpendicular to the strike.
figure-showing strike towards east to west direction

8. DIP
The Dip is the angle between a horizontal surface and fault plane.
Dip literally means slope or inclination. Dip is expressed both as
Direction & amount. The dip direction is the direction along
which the inclination of the bedding plane occurs.
• There are two type dip-
• True dip
• Apparent dip
• The true dip is defined as the maximum angle of dip on a rock
bed. It is measured in the direction at right angles to the strike
• A dip measured in any other direction than the true dip, is called
the apparent dip.
• The dip angle is measured with a clinometer & direction is
measured with a compass.

9. Blocks
• Hanging wall-where the fault
plane is non-vertical or inclined ,
the block above the fault plane is
referred to as the hanging wall. In
fig. The block of left hand side is
hanging wall.
• Footwall-The block below the
fault Plane is referred to as the
footwall. In fig. The block of right
hand side is foot wall.
• In normal fault, Hanging wall
down up and footwall Goes up.
• In reverse fault ,hanging wall
goes up and footwall goes up.
Fig.-Hanging wall and footwall

10. Blocks

11. HEAVE
 The horizontal
component of
displacement is
called heave.
 In horizontal
faults , there is
only heave, but
no throw
Fig.-Heave ,(horizontal
component)

12. RAKE/PITCH
 The Rake is the angle
between a line on an
inclined plane & the
horizontal line
(strike) on that plane.
 In given diagram the
plane ABGH dips to
the right and contains
the line BH. The angle
ABH is the rake of BH.
 Rake is also known as
pitch.
Source- M.P. Billings PDF

13.  The vertical component of the displacement of fractured rock
blocks, is called throw.
 The side on which the strata appear to have thrown is called the
down throw side.
 The side on which the strata appear to have gone up is called the
up throw side.
Fig.-Throw(vertical component)

14.  Hade is the angle between the fault plane & the vertical plane that strikes
parallel to the fault.
 Hade=90-dip of the fault.
HADE
Fig.- showing Hade

15. Net slip
 The total displacement measured along the fault plane is
called the net slip. It is measured between the two points which
were originally in contact.
There are three components of net slip.
 Dip slip
 Strike slip
 Oblique slip

16. DIP SLIP , STRIKE SLIP AND OBLIQUE SLIP
• Dip slip is movement parallel to the direction of dip of the fault
plane.
• The movement which is parallel to the strike of the fault plane is
called strike slip.
• The movement which is parallel to the strike as well as dip of the
fault is called oblique slip.

17. NET SLIP COMPONENT-
FIG.- COMPONENT OF SLIP(last
one is oblique fault.

18. ELEMENTS OF FAULT
Elements of fault.

19. Conclusion
• The study of fault elements, help us for field study of
fault.
• If we know about the elements of fault we can
understand the types of fault in field area.
• Characteristics topographic features Like fault scarp
and fault line scarp are useful for recognition of fault
• Change in the strike on the opposite side of the fault
plane is help in identification of fault.
• Dips and strikes are used to identify Geologic
structures.

20. REFERENCES
• Billings,M.P. structural geology published in NY. By PrenticeHall
(1946) Page no.(175 to 190).
• Park,R.G. foundation of structural geology, 3rd edition published
by Chapman Hall.page no.(9 to10)
• Twiss,R.J.& Moores E.M. structural geology, 2nd ed. Published by
Susan finnemore Brennan.(page no-61 to 63).
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_(geology) {accessed on 1
October 2019}

21. THANK YOU