This document discusses faults, beginning with definitions and terminology. Faults occur due to brittle deformation from differential stresses and cause displacement of rock blocks. There are two types of movement: translational and rotational. Faults are classified based on their geometry, such as dip, pattern, and apparent movement. They are also classified based on the forces causing them, such as tensional, compressional, or shear stresses. Faults form important structures as ore deposits can be associated with them.

1. Presented by
PRAMODA G
Geology, 4th semester
DoS In Earth Science,
University of Mysore

2. CONTENTS
What is fault
Fault terminology
Types of Movements
Relative movements
Causes of faults
Classification of faults
Conclusions
Reference
Introduction

3. INTRODUCTION
Deformation is the change in the shape, size or position
of the bed due to the applied forces.
Fault is brittle type of deformation in which fracture or
rupture when will be developed before the displacement
of block.
Due to the effect of differential stresses we can observe
verity of deformation structures.

4. What is fault:-
Faults are rupture along the opposite walls have move past
each other. The essential feature is differential movement
parallel to the surface fracture. Caused by the brittle
deformation.
Depending upon the nature and magnitude of stresses
and the types of the rocks, the rock bodies may get
fractured into different parts , and relative displacement
of blocks may occur for different distances.
These are varying from a few centi meters to many meters
and this displacement may occur in any direction.

5. Fault terminology:-
There are disposition of different type of faults

6. Fault terminology:-

7. Fault terminology:-

8. TYPES OF MOVEMENTS:-
There are tow types of movements

9. Transitional Rotational

10. Relative movements:-
Strike slip Dip slip
Net slip
a
b a
b
a
b
d
c

11. Causes of faults:-
Faults are essentially the shear or sliding failures, resulting
from tensional, compressional, rotational stress acting the
crustal rock masses.
They may be due to the shrinking Earth; or due to the
convection currents produced in the Earth.
Normal faults are assumed to have been formed under
the horizontal tension.
Thrust faults may be assumed to be originating from
compressive stress, which may throw the rocks into folds,
and these intensely folded getting fractured and faulted
under shear.
The faults occure in volcanic areas and mountain zones,
They are found in plains and plateaus.

12. Classification of faults:-

13. Geometrical classification:-
The bases of five different geometrical classification
1. The rake of the net slip.
2. The attitude of fault related to attitude of the
adjacent rocs.
3. The pattern of fault.
4. The angle at which the fault dip.
5. The apparent movement on the fault.

14. Based on the rake of the net slip.
Strike net slip fault Dip net slip fault
Oblique slip fault
Strike slip fault Dip slip fault

15. Based on attitude of fault related to
attitude of the adjacent rocks:-
Strike fault Dip fault

16. Oblique fault Bedding faults
SF

17. Based on the pattern of fault:-
Radial faults Enechelon faults

18. Peripheral faultStep faults

20. Based on the apparent movement:-
Normal fault Reverse fault

22. Classification basis of dip value:-
Tow important faults have been recognised on this basis.
They are,
A)High angle fault: where dip amount is more than 45ᵒ.
B)Low angle fault: These fault dip less than 45ᵒ.

23. Thrust
Gravity
SinistralDextral
Genetic classification:-

24. CONCLUSONS
Fault is a brittle deformation which can result due to
the different deformational activity.
Study of the faults are very important because ore
deposits of hydrothermal origin can be associated with
regional fault places.
There are two types of approches to classify the
faults ,
1)Based on geometry of the fault, and another one is,
2)Based on differential forces acting on the fault.

25. REFERENCE
Marland P. Billings(1984), structural geology, 3rd edition
Prentice-hall of India private Ltd, Pp(175-198).
Santosh Kumar Garg(1983), Phisical And Enginering
Geology, Seventh Revised Edition(2012), Published by
Romesh Chander Khanna, Pp(385-403).
D Venkata Reddy(2010), Engineering Geology, Vikas
Publishing House PVT Ltd, Pp(109-112).