1) A fault is a fracture in the Earth's crust where rocks on either side are displaced relative to each other due to compressional or tensional forces.
2) Key terms related to faults include the fault plane, fault trace, hanging wall, footwall, strike, dip, slip, separation, heave, and throw.
3) Faults can be classified based on their apparent movement (normal, reverse, strike-slip), their orientation relative to bedding (strike, dip, oblique), and their pattern of occurrence (parallel, en echelon, peripheral, radial).
This lecture includes the fold terminology and classification of folds based of different criteria.
Classification of folds based on:
Direction of closing
Attitude of axial surface
Size of interlimb angle
Profile
Ramsay Classification of folds
HOW THE JOINTS WERE FORMED ,WHAT ARE THE FORMATION OF JOINTS ,CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS ,ORIGIN AND OCCURENCE OF JOINTS ,AND ENGINEERING IMPORTANTS OF JOINTS HAS BEEN GIVEN HERE .FOR ANY CLARIFICATION PLEASE CONTACT VIA EMAIL .
This lecture includes the fold terminology and classification of folds based of different criteria.
Classification of folds based on:
Direction of closing
Attitude of axial surface
Size of interlimb angle
Profile
Ramsay Classification of folds
HOW THE JOINTS WERE FORMED ,WHAT ARE THE FORMATION OF JOINTS ,CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS ,ORIGIN AND OCCURENCE OF JOINTS ,AND ENGINEERING IMPORTANTS OF JOINTS HAS BEEN GIVEN HERE .FOR ANY CLARIFICATION PLEASE CONTACT VIA EMAIL .
What is fault?
Fault terminology
Fault plane:
Hanging wall
Foot wall
Slip and separation:
Separation
Classification of faults
Apparent movement as basis
Normal faults
Graben
Reverse faults:
Strike – slip faults
On the basis of altitude (dip and strike)
Mode of occurrences as basis
Parallel faults
Enechelon faults
Peripheral faults
Radial faults
On the basis of slip
Engineering consideration of faults
What is fault?
Fault terminology
Fault plane:
Hanging wall
Foot wall
Slip and separation:
Separation
Classification of faults
Apparent movement as basis
Normal faults
Graben
Reverse faults:
Strike – slip faults
On the basis of altitude (dip and strike)
Mode of occurrences as basis
Parallel faults
Enechelon faults
Peripheral faults
Radial faults
On the basis of slip
Engineering consideration of faults
Fault is a fracture discontinuity along which the rocks on either side have moved past each other . It describes about the parts and types of fault an also the various field evidences for the occurrence of a fault .
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
2. Fault definition:-
Fault, in geology, a planar or gently curved
fracture in the rocks of the Earth’s crust,
where compressional or tensional forces cause
relative displacement of the rocks on the
opposite sides of the fracture. Faults range in
length from a few centimetres to many
hundreds of kilometres, and displacement
likewise may range from less than a
centimetre to several hundred kilometres
along the fracture surface (the fault plane). In
some instances, the movement is distributed
over a fault zone composed of many individual
faults that occupy a belt hundreds of metres
wide. The geographic distribution of faults
varies- some large areas have almost none,
others are cut by innumerable faults.
3. Fault plane:
It is the planar surface along which
the relative displacement of blocks
takes place during the process of
faulting.
Fault trace:
The fault trace is the intersection of a
fault with the ground surface.
4. The walls:
a)Hanging wall: When rocks slip past each
other in faulting, the upper or overlying block
along the fault plane is called the hanging wall,
or headwall.
b)Footwall: The block below is called the
footwall.
Slip: Slip may be defined as the relative motion
of rock blocks along fault planes.
Strike: The fault strike is the direction of the
line of intersection between the fault plane and
the surface of the Earth.
Dip: The dip of a fault plane is its angle of
inclination measured from the horizontal.
5. Slip and Separation: Slip may be defined as the relative motion of rock
blocks along fault planes.
Strike Slip: The slip that occurs along the direction of the strike of the fault
plane.
Dip Slip: The slip that occurs along the direction of the dip of the fault plane.
Oblique Slip: The slip that occurs both in dip and strike directions of the fault
plane.
It is a combination of Strike slip and Dip slip.
6. Separation:
The amount of apparent offset of a faulted
surface, measured in specific direction.
There are strike separation, dip separation
and net separation.
Heave:
The horizontal component of dip
separation measured perpendicular to
strike of the fault.
Throw:
The vertical component measured in
vertical plane containing the dip.
7. Classification of
faults:
Apparent movement as basis:-
Dip-slip faults:-
a)Normal faults:-
Faults in which the hanging wall is moved
down with respect to the foot wall.
b)Reverse faults:-
Faults in which the hanging wall appears to
have moved up with respect to the foot wall
and dip at the angle more than 45 degrees.
8. Horst:-
When two normal faults are on the either
side of a central wedge shaped block such
that it appears high up with respect to
either blocks.
Graben:-
When two normal faults are on the either
side of a wedge shaped block such that it
appears downwards with respect to either
blocks.
Thrust fault:-
These are variety of reverse faults in which
the hanging wall has moved up with
respect to foot wall and the fault dip at the
angle below 45 degrees.
9. Strike-slip faults:-
It may be defined as the faults in which the faulted blocks have been moved against each other in
the horizontal direction along strikes.
There are two types of strike-slip faults:-
1)Right lateral strike-slip fault:-(Dextral)
Where the side opposite to the observer moves to the right.
2)Left lateral strike-slip fault:-(Sinistral)
Where the side opposite to the observer moves to the left.
10. On the basis of altitude(Dip and
strike):-
1)Strike faults:-
The faults that develop parallel to the
strike of the strata.
2)Dip faults:-
The faults that develop parallel to the dip
of the strata.
3)Oblique faults:-
The faults whose strike makes an oblique
angle with the strike of the rock in which it
has caused the displacement
11. Mode of occurrence as base:
1)Parallel faults:-A group of normal faults occurring in close proximities having same dips and
strikes.(figure(a))
2)Enechelon faults:-Faults that are approximately parallel to each other but occur in short
unconnected segments, and sometimes overlapping.(figure(b))
3)Peripheral faults:-When in any region, the majority of the faults are concentrated along the
border or margin of the area.(figure(c))
4)Radial faults:-The group of faults that appear emerging outward from a common point is called
Radial faults.(figure(d))
12. Some other kinds of faults:-
1)Wrench fault
2)Transform fault
3)Tear fault
4)Translational faults
5)Rotational faults
6)Listric faults
7)Scissor faults
13. Some other terms:-
Tip line: The line where fault displacement is zero.
Fault scarp: Topographic exposure of fault plane.
Slickensides: Striations or mineral lineations on fault plane
Fault zones: Fault zones consist of numerous closely spaced fault surfaces, commonly
separating masses of broken rock.
Nappe: A large body or sheet of rock that has been moved a distance of about 2 km or more
from its original position by faulting or folding
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